CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Man in his environment encounters a
lot of difficulties such as physical and social factors in the environment. His
ultimate goal is to conquer both the physical and social problems of his
environment and to achieve this objective, he utilizes available human and
material resources. In the course of man acquainting himself with his immediate
environment and finding solutions to problems in the environment, physical and
social development take place. Development,
therefore, arose from
the need to find solution to problems of human environment.
The quest for development made for the
Federal government to create the necessary reforms that enable the government
at the third tier play her complementary role. The Federal government of
Nigeria, through the 1976 Local Government Reforms, explained local government
as follows:
“Local Government is Government at
local level exercised through representation councils established by law to
exercise specific power within defined areas” (Government print: 1976)
A political division of a nation (In a
Federal or State system) which is constituted by law and has substantial
control of local affairs including the power to impose taxes to exact labour
for prescribed purposes.
There are 774 Local Government
Councils in Nigeria, an average of 21 per state. In Enugu state where Udi Local
Government Area emanates from, the local government area are 17 in number.
There are condition for the creation
which has to be taken into consideration. People that has common culture,
affinity and are close with the required population would be easily to be
considered to be given local government. The likely problems within the area
should be considered. The Ibos lead an independent life of theirs for they like
to provide for themselves more basic needs which they could get through mass
participation in providing such as food, roads, shelter and protection. Their
communities were organized in such a way that most of their needs were provided
by the people as a body or by individuals on groups within the community.
Hence, the communities that have common affinity and almost common problem
should be tied as a local government.
The development centres as they were
created by Governor Chimaroke Nnamani around 2007 was to enable development to
get to the grass root. The government within her 17 local government recognized
by the Federal government created 54 LDC and that is Local Government
Development Council. The centres were to ensure that development is extended to
other parts of the mother local government. This 17 local government that is 54
Local Development Council carved out in Enugu State was also the pattern Lagos
State created about 54 or 74 local government and they wanted the Federal
government to fund the Local government
development council. The Federal government withheld the allocation and
asked the Lagos government to revert to the old local government. The fourth
tier of government as being practiced by some government is the town union.
This would enable the development to get to the town stretching from the local
government to local development council and then the town union. It makes
development faster and accessible to the people that were concerned if there
would be checks and balances.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS
The study focus on the local
government system. A case study of Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State
(1999-2009).
From our background exposition, it is
important to note that the problems of local government in Nigeria and in fact,
Udi local government area in particular are multi-faceted. Despite the justification for the
establishment of local government and its inevitable importance to the people
at the grass root level; Udi rural populace in particular, this tier of
government seems not to have justified the reasons for which it was
established.
The
questions that summarily come to one’s mind are:
- Why has local government not lived up to
its expectations?
- What are the causes of those seemingly
conspicuous weaknesses?
- What are the challenges of the local
government?
- And how can those weaknesses be corrected
and the challenges met?
1.3
OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The Nigeria State created local government of the third tier
of government whose objective is to ensure effective, measurable and efficient
service delivery to the people. Unfortunately, in spite of this aim, autonomy
to local government became a mirage, shifting sand.
The autonomy so created was hijack by
the State and Federal government that they do not allow the third tier to
function well. The fund so far allocated to the third tier of government often
time were misused by the people trusted with the mandate of the poor masses. In
fact there is a lot of maladministration in the system.
There are situation whereby the people
entrusted with the fate of the masses were not professionals or may be half
baked educationally, the tendency is that whatever action that is taken may not
address the problems of the people. The poor identification of a peculiar
problem people have coupled with poor allocation of fund tend to set
development programmes backwards. There is also inadequate staffing.
A lot of issues that hinder the local
government is that there are non uniformity and corruption in the systems and
the operators tend to call it a unified local government system. They would
have allowed each local government to operate at her own frequency. There would
not be building of bridges where there are no flowing rivers. The local
government where such problem is not peculiar to would not be disturbed and
fund is allocated for such programme would divert the fund. There is much intra
ethnic interest going on within the system.
The local government should be allowed
to operate on their own. The different local government in the country should
be allowed to be managed by professionals who know the where without. The
system is faced with various difficulties. Udi local government is not an
exception in these difficulties.
It is also hoped that this study will stimulate interest in
local government in order to evolve mere effective approaches to local
government administration means of achieving balanced national development.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study is very significant in that it goes a long way to
offering suggestions for improvement in rural development with the ultimate aim
of improving the economic and social conditions of the communities and integrating
them into the life of the nation thus contributing fully to national progress.
It is also hoped this study will
stimulate interest in community theorists in order to evolve more effective
approaches to rural diversifications as means of achieving balanced national
development.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
The scope of our study is Udi local government of Enugu State,
as a point of contact to other local government areas of Enugu State Nigeria.
However, a number of handicap to the researcher
in the period of this work. The most basic handicap was lack of fund on the
part of the research to get to all remote villages in Udi local government area
in order to obtain the bird’s eye-view report. In effect, the researcher tried
to visit a reasonable member of communities that help her to come to a
convincing conclusion.
Another factor that proves no less a
modeling handicap was the question of time since the researcher was at the same
time facing other compelling necessities as a final year student.
Finally, although there may have been
some work done on Udi local government area as a study subject, but most of
them were either unpublished or presented in a blazed frame which render them
irrelevant to our researcher. On the side of unpublished works, we only laid
reference to the authoritative works of classroom lecture. And to the other, we
avoided to ensure non-sentimental presentation or representation.
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW/ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
It is pertinent to note that some
scholars have done some interested works on this topic under study.
Here, I will dwell heavily on the
concepts of local government system in Nigeria and Udi Local Government Area in
particular.
According to Agi (2002:103), He said
that there has been no universally accepted definition of the term local
government. Thus, like every other concepts in the field of the social
sciences, the concept of local government is faced with institutional and
authoritative bias from people of the Lexicol Icon.
Agugu (1997:18) defined local government as a government at
the grassroots level of administration meant for meeting peculiar grassroots
need of the people. The concept of local government involves a philosophical
commitment to democratic participation in the governing process at the
grassroots level. This implies legal and administrative decentralization of
authority, power and personnel by a higher level of government to a community
with a will of its own performing specific functions as with the wider national
framework.
Also according to Lawaly (2000:60) Local government can be
defined as that tier of government closet to the people, “which is vested with
certain powers to exercise control over the affairs of people in the domain”
A
local government is expected to play the role of promoting the democratic deals
of a society and co-coordinating development programme at the local level. It
is also expected to serve as the basis of socio-economic development in the
locality.
Appadorai, (1975:287) defined local
government as government by the popularly elected bodies charged with
administrative and executive duties in matters concerning the inhabitants of
the particular district or a place.
Thomas Jefferson (1816) defined local
government as a political and administrative unit that is empowered by law to
administer a specified locality. The new Columbia Encyclopedia (1975) 4th
edition defines local government as a political administration of the smallest
sub-divisions of a country’s territory and population (with such other features
as, a continuing organization, the authority to undertake public activities,
the ability to enter into contracts, the ability to collect taxes and determine
a budget.
It is discovered from the above three
definitions that local government is related as a political administration
geared towards administering a specified locality. The federal government of
Nigeria, through the 1976 local government reforms, explained local government
as government at local level exercised through representative councils
established by law to exercise specific power within defined areas.
On the other hand, Andrain (1972)
defines local government as “A political subdivision of a national or regional
government which performs functions that are culturally defined as local in
character, which in nearly all cases receives its legal powers from the
national or regional government but possesses some degree of discretion in the
making of decisions, and which normally has some taxing, powers”.
According to the United Nations
Division of Public Administration (Abubakar 1993:4) local government is defined
as “A political division of nation (in a federal or state system) which is
constituted by law and has substantial control of local affairs including the
powers to impose taxes or to exact labour for prescribed purposes.
Also the Encyclopedia Americana,
International Edition (1978), volume 17, defines local government as “a
political subdivision of national government or in the case of Federal systems,
a subdivision of regional government”.
W. A. Robson, in the Encyclopedia of
the social services, defines local government as involving “The conception of a
territorial, non-sovereign community possessing the legal right and the
necessary organ to regulate its own affairs. This, in turn, presupposes the
existence of a local authority with the power to act independently of external control
as well as the participation of the local community in the administration of
its affairs.
According to Egwurube in Ademolakun
(1988:157), local government is defined as, “a government at the local level
exercised through representative councils with statutorily defined powers to
initiate and direct resources allocation and resources location among a given
range of prescribed functions within delimited jurisdictional boundaries”.
Ozor (2004:2) in the other hand gives
his own view of local government as a concept and a practice.
He
noted that “Local government is a defector government (having Legislative,
Executive and Judicial capabilities) operating within the ambit (jurisdiction)
of (an) other higher government).
Okoli, (2000) noted that local government
is a creation of national government and it’s inferior. He viewed it as the
lens through which the people view the national government and its activities,
and it is the vehicle which transports peoples yearning to the national
government and also as the telescope that draws the national government nearer
to the grass root.
Though all the definitions and views of local
government from different scholars may tend to vary, yet they expose features
characteristic of local government and they include that:
Ø Local government is government at the
local levels;
Ø It comprises elected members, such as
Chairman and Councilors
Ø It has its autonomous existence and
endowed with a legal status;
Ø Special powers are reserved for it;
Ø It exists within a defined territory;
Ø It is seen as a distinct tier of
government
Ø It must provide avenues for the promotion
of the welfare of the members of the community;
Ø It provide authority over a given
population;
Ø It can impose taxes and incur expenses.
From
the above features or summary, we can conclude that local government in its
commonest explanation is the government closest to us at the grass root level.
2.2 HYPOTHESES
The following hypotheses apply to our
study and they include:
(i)
Udi
local government area does not represent nor pursue rural development of its
rural communities.
(ii)
Udi
local government area today lacks the requisite conditions or rather
constitutional authonomy that guarantee rural development.
(iii)
Udi
local government area is a devolution of Enugu State government, which has
affected all segments of her communities and deprive her the responsibilities
of an authonomy which by principles are stated in the constitution (1999:12) of
the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
2.3 OPERATIONALIZATION OF THE KEY CONCEPTS
Local Government: Several scholars
and institutions have given their definitions of the term and institution of
local government. However, Professor E.O. Awa defined the term local government
as follows:
Local government refers to a political
authority set up by a nation or state as a subordinate authority for the
purpose of dispersing or decentralizing political power.
Local government can also be defined
as “a political sub-division of a nation or (in a federal/system) state which
is constituted by law and has substantial control of local affairs, including
the powers to improve taxes or to exact labour for prescribed purposes. The
governing body of such an entity is elected or otherwise locally selected.
Guidelines for local government
reforms in Nigeria define local government as government at a local level
exercised through a representative council established by law to exercise
specific powers and functions within defined areas.
Development: Nnoli defined development as a process involving the individual
group and society in an upward movement from a situation of low productivity,
low level of skill and organized capacity to higher level of labour.
Development could be seen as a process
through which the various facilities of man are developed to actualize his
various aspirations of development which include socio/political, cultural
environment. Development is oriented towards the satisfaction of human needs
within his specified environment.
Community: A community may be
referred to as a group of people interactly among themselves in a
geographically defined space and time.
Rural/Community development: Rural
development is defined by UNESCO, as the process by which the effort of the
people are united with those of the government to improve the social, economic
and cultural conditions of communities.
Thus, Lek (1975:20) defined rural
development as ‘improving the living standards of the mass of low income
population residing in rural area and making the process of their development
self sustaining. In line with this, G.A. Odenigwe (1977) argued that it is a
system of local administration under which communities and towns are organized
to maintain law and order, provide some limited range of social services and
public amenities and encourage the co-operative and participation of the
inhabitants in joint endeavour toward the improvement of their condition.
Rural development is also defined as a
strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of the people in
rural areas.
The international co-operation:
Administration sees community development as a process of social actions in
which the people of a community organized themselves for planning and action
and the individual plans with a maximum reliance upon community resources and
supplement these resources when necessary with services and materials from
government and non-governmental agencies outside the community. (cited in
Okoli, 1985:14)
According to Akinbede (1985) rural
development is directed to the modernization of the rural areas. It involves a
broad spectrum of issues among which are problems of agricultural
modernization, rural industrialization, job creation, transport development and
provision of adequate housing and shelter for rural inhabitants.
Elekwe (1992) sees rural development
as a process through which the people in the same community first of all
discuss and define their goals and objectives and then plan and act together to
satisfy them. It is also a process by which the efforts of the people
themselves are united with those of the government to improve economic, social
and cultural conditions of communities in order to integrate these communities
into the life of the nation and enable them to contribute fully to the national
progress which requires citizen participation.
2.4 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK
Our choice of theoretical frame work of analysis here dwells
heavily on people centred approach. This approach was developed from the
intellectual discussions of Fred W. Riggs (1982) and colleagues in the book
‘Public Administration in Developing Countries: The Theory of Prismatic
Society?
According to them as adapted in Aba
(2000:73), ‘The people contred approach’ pays complete regard to the material
condition of the rural populace and consideration for their aspirations. The
people-centred approach therefore places emphasis on self-reliance and the
economic advancement of rural dwellers.
The use of this approach is justified
by the following conjectives.
1.
Since
it places emphasis on the condition of the rural people of the rural
communities, we shall assess Udi local government area to the extent it has
impacted on the lives of the rural people and communities under her
jurisdiction.
2.
The
approach equally pays attention to the self-reliance and economic advancement
of rural dwellers. We shall consequently asses the degree of interventions of
Udi local government are to the aspirations of Udi people and communities for
self reliance and economic advancement.
With the above specifics, we shall do our assessment or
research based on development index as provided or otherwise by Udi local
government area to its rural people and communities since its inception as a
local government area-third-tier level government.
2.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In the course of this work, relevance information
are gathered for the success of this work.
The following methods are applied:
(1)
the
consultation of written materials such as test book, newspaper and magazine
(2)
the
searching through internet
(3)
face-to-face
interview of the native, community leaders and local government officials of
the Udi Local Government
2.5.1 SOURCES OF DATA
The data for this study were generated
from two major sources namely; primary and secondary sources.
Primary
Sources of Date:
These include data generated from the filed, interview and
questionnaire instrument were used to generate the primary data.
Secondary
Sources of Data:
These are data from already existing
documents and literature for this purpose, a great deal of books, journals,
periodicals, internet articles monographs, seminar and research papers,
government document and unpublished research materials were collated and
studied. These complement the primary data and they were also used to verify
the primary data.
2.5.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY
The population of study cut across
different occupations. It comprises 100 people made up of career civil servants
and farmers. These groups of people represent the population study for this
research within Udi local government area.
2.5.3 SAMPLE SIZE/SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
It is extremely difficult if not impossible for study an
entire population. Thus for a research endeavour to be more practical and
realistic, there is a need to select some members of the population to
represent entire population. In this study, a sample size of one hundred
staff and farmers were chosen to represent the Udi local government area. This
entails that one hundred (100) questionnaires were produced and distributed.
In determining the sample populations
stratified and sample random sampling techniques were used.
2.5.4 METHOD OF DATA PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS
|
The data gotten
through the questionnaire instruments were presented in tables. Each table
shows the response distribution of a question item in the questionnaire. The frequencies
of the response options were shown and their corresponding percentages worked
out using the formular N X 100
Where
N = Number of respondents
T = Total number of the respondents
100 = Percentage
I – A Unit
In analyzing the data, the frequency
and simple percentage were used. The decision rule is to accept any option that
is endorsed by a simple majority of the respondents.
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 BACKGROUND
INFORMATION ON UDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA
Udi division was an authority that
could be linked to Oji River province of the then Eastern (later Anambra and
now Enugu State) of Nigeria. In 1967, under the General Gowon’s administration,
Nigeria was divided into twelve states. This was redoubled by Murtala Mohammed
administration in 1976 during the reform that gave Nigeria the former nineteen
(19) state structures. More local government areas emerged therefore in the
1991 states/local government creation (under the General Ibrahim Badamosi
Babangida administration of 1985-1993).
Udi Local Government is bounded by the
Coordinates: 60191N 70261E, 6.3170N
7.4330E. It is bounded on the North by Igbo-Etiti, on the South by
Enugu North, on the East by Enugu East and on the West by Eziagu local
government area all in Enugu State. Udi can be referred to as people living
West of the Coal City, Enugu State. The headquarters is in the City of Udi
town.
The Accessibility of Udi is easier
because of the improved development and Urbanization in the area. It is
accessible by road, air and mobile communication. 9th Mile Corner in
Udi serves as a junction or stopping place for the entire travellers coming to
Enugu from the North, South and part of South East.
However, the area has a good network;
most of the roads are tarred while others were well graded.
3.2 COMPOSITION AND POPULATION
The area has an area of about 897km2
and Population of 234,002 at the 2006 census. From this local government four
new development centres were created by Governor Chimaroke Nnamani
Administration in the year 2003. These development centres include: Ezedike,
Ojebeogene, Udi and Ugwunye local government development centres.
Ø Ezedike local government development
centre comprises of Akpakwume, Nze and Oghu
Ø Ojebe Ogene local government development
centre comprises Awhum, Ebe, Abor, Ukana, Okpatu, Umulumgbe and Umuoka
Ø Ugwunye local government development
centre comprises of Amaozalla Affa, Egede, Affa, Amafia Affa and Amokwu Affa.
Ø Udi local government development centre.
It comprises Udi town, Obioma, Abia, Agbudu, Obinagu, Umuaga, Nachi, Oji
Amokwe, Enugu Amokwe, Etiti Amokwe, Uwani Amokwe, Eke, Ngwo Asaa, Imeama Ngwo
Assaa, Ameke Ngwo, Nsude Uboji Ngwo, Amankwo Ngwo.
It is interesting to let you know how the
name Enugu is gotten from Ngwo.
According to Ikechukwu Ude-Chime in his story of the people we
now know as Ngwo, a part of today’s Udi local government area. Ngwu Nwangwuako
was a great hunter from Neke. He has ten children known collectively as Ngwuo
Ili. One of the sons was Amaudeneogu, whose name his descendants adopted for
their village and, because of the location of their village on a hilltop
“enuugwu”, they became Enuugwu Amaudeneogu. So Enugu is an Anglo adulteration
and shortening of the word “Enuugwu Ngwo”.
All these towns or cities fall inside Udi Local Governemnt
Area.
3.3 POLITICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS
It was discovered that before 1976
reform, that Udi like most communities in Igboland are republicans from time
immemorial. They had no kings, and they had no organized military or police
force. In fact, there have no formal judicial nor penal system.
And it is on this condition that Ichie
NOO Udala of Umuaga on June 19, 1973 stated that “Before the white man came we
have no Chief that saw the affairs of the town. But we had several institutions
that helped us organize our activities. The government of this town was not
vested on man. In the olden days, each village had a person that we could now
call a chief to head the town’s political and administrative activities. This
man was normally the oldest man of that village, and was called Onyisi ani.
Within this village we have another man that heads the affairs of the “lineage”
or Umunna called Okenye Umunna. During any case affecting the whole town, the
ndi ishi ani, village heads would meet and discuss effectively the issues
involved.
And so it was until a certain Udi man
from Eke named Ozo Amulu Onwusi married a beautiful lady from Ebe named
Chinazungwa Ijeonyeabo. They had a son, Onyeama. He grew up to become the nearest
Udi man having one identifiable ruler in living memory.
During the colonial period, Udi did
not swallow colonialism hook, line, and sinker. Everyone, black or white could
settle in Udi and co-exist constructively and peacefully. However, when the European
tourists turned around to rule, the people refused the concept of taxation
without representation.
Chief Onyeama n’ Eke acquiesced to the
tyrannical repudiation of popular participatory politics (Oha ne eze). The
people revolted. So this spirit of revulsion at oppression was reenacted in the
Udi Revolt and the bloody coal miner’s strike (Iva valley, Enugu) on November
18, 1949 which signaled the beginning of the struggle for independence. It is
no coincidence that Udi was the first political capital of lands east of the
Nigeria. The capital was only moved to Enugu after the discovery of Coal in Udi
Hills.
In the present day, Udi Local
Government Area which involves democratic system of government, the head is the
Chairman of the Local Government Area, Sole Administrator for Local Government
Development Centre and Councilors down to traditional rulers.
Culturally, Udi has a certain
commonality of culture, but it varies as much as cultural diversity in Igbo
land. They include: Odo festival which occurs in northern parts of Udi (Odo ozo
area), while Mmanwu appears more from Oshie to Neke communities. Eke is a town
of both Odo and Mmanwu. Umuabi had the strongest attachment to the Mmanwu
phenomenon; Nachi, much less so. Umuaga; besides its strong Mmanwu culture, has
the popular rites of rebellion called “Okomoyo” during which the young are
allowed to revel all-night long under the supposedly watchful eyes of the older
folk.
Moreover, other traditional practices
include, marriage rites, New yam festival, Title-taking rites such as “Ichi
Ozor”. They believe in the sacredness of Ani, the earth deity, and in the
supremacy of Chi ukwu (Almighty God). Each town in Udi has at least one major
deity, a being force (alusi) to which a shrine is built. In the table below are
some towns in Udi Local Government Area and their various deities:
|
Town
|
Major Deity (alusi)
|
|
Udi
Umuaga
Abia,
Amaokwe and Udi town
Abia
Okpatu
Awhum
Umulumgbe
Affa
|
Ani
Udi
Nneche
Umuaga
Aniobodoishiokwe
Onu
Eke Oga
Affia
Ukwuakpu
Ugwuedem
Dinapata
|
When the white men came, they came
with their religion and their method of Education. The towns in Udi local
government areas embraced both their education and their religion. The Udi
north are predominantly of Roman Catholic denomination while the Southern Udi
embraced CMS (Anglican Church).
It was the politic in religion that
made it that Onyeama a paramount Chief within the Udi enclave did not allow the
Church Missionary Society to penetrate more into Agbaja area where he controlled.
Even though he openly desired no part of Christianity, he invited and
encouraged church missionaries – to teach his people the ways of the white man.
When the CMS would not teach English, but in Owere dialect of the Igbo
language, Onyeama expelled them and brought in the Roman Catholics, on the
condition that they teach in English and Latin and let his people speak their
own dialect of Igbo! From his kingdom, the Catholic Church reached all parts of
northern Igboland, Ogoja and Benue areas. He encouraged serious economic
development, including mineral exploration and railway construction linking
Enugu with Port Harcourt. This Kingdom stretched even down to Nsukka areas of
which most of the towns have more of Roman Catholic Churches than CMS. Through
the establishment of their religion they also introduced their education which
enabled people to interact with them. The churches so far established helped to
curb some of the devilish habits of the people. As they embraced these big
religious bodies they also allow the existence of other churches. In fact they
are not inclined only to traditional religion they practice Christianity to the
core.
The motives of their education were to
prepare ground for the exploitation of the hinterland so that their language
could be interpreted as to enable them get what they wanted. The Udi people
gained exceedingly from them as they not only interpreted but they delved into
other field of human endeavour. The first Igbo medical doctor was Dr Simon
Ezevuo Onwu, son of Ozo Offianaecheafa of Amaozalla Affa. The first Nigerian
World Court Judge Justice Charles Dadi Onyeama, a contemporary of Dr Onwu was
also an Udi son from Eke.
There were a lot of prominent men in
Udi that shone like bright star among whom were Justice Philip Nnaemeka Agu and
Anthony Aniagolu, Chief Gabriel Onoh the father of Chief C.C. Onoh. There are
Professors like Odenigwe, Egudu, Aneke, Chime, Nebo and others that could not
be included in this write up. There were also great teachers, technocrats and
technicians that had contributed immensely to the welfare of the Local
government and Nigeria at large.
Under this political dispensation the
son of Udi, His Excellency, Bar. Sullivan Iheanacho Chime is the governor of
Enugu State. Other intelligent and well educated ones occupied other positions
in Enugu State and they are men from Udi enclave.
It is important to note that, no Udi town speaks exactly the
same dialect as the other. It is obvious to detect the differences. The
different towns that made up Udi local government have different taboos. For
example, the people of Umuaga do not eat snails, in Ngwo, Afia usu market is
located beneath giant cotton tree on which bats habit in their thousands.
Though eating bat is not prohibited, no one would be allowed to kill any of the
bats at the giant cotton tree. Oshie communities curiously do not inter marry,
for they are descended from one man; curious because intra-marriage occurs in
these communities. Intermarriage is virtually zero between that people of Nsude,
Eke, Amaokwe, Abia and Udi.
3.4 OCCUPATION AND SOURCE OF REVENUE OF THE AREA
The occupation of the inhabitants of
Udi Local Government Area is predominantly agriculture. They involve in
agricultural activities such as cultivation of cassava, yams, cashew trees,
stringed beans, vegetables, oil beans, tropic fruits and assorted agricultural
products.
Some population embarks on trading
since there are areas like 9th Mile Corner which is a booming place
for business. For those who want natural drinks, the best palm wine in the
whole wide world “Aneke Achime” flow from Nkwo Agu market in abundance to
compliment the best “Okpa” (Udi bread) on earth. So Udi is said to produce the
best palm wine.
The land near or close to 9th
Mile Corner is blessed with a natural aquifer which is very close to the
surface of the earth. So the area serves as a good source of pipe borne water
which is used in all part of Enugu State and even beyond. Also because of this
aquifer, the largest brewery in West Africa (Amah brewery) and the major
bottling companies ranging from Coca-Cola bottling Company Plc, Limca and Seven
Up to create employment to the people of Udi Local Government Area and generate
revenue for the Udi Local Government Area.
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 DATA
PRESENTATION
Here in this chapter, the collected
data will be analyzed to reflect the research questions
Table
1: Distribution of Respondents by Sex
|
Sex
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
MALES
|
65
|
65
|
|
FEMALES
|
35
|
35
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
compiled field data 2012
Table
2: Distribution of respondents by age
group
|
Age
group
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
20-30
|
30
|
30
|
|
31-45
|
30
|
30
|
|
46-
more
|
40
|
40
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled field data 2012
Table
3: Distribution of respondents by
academic qualification or level of education.
|
Education
Qualification
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
(%)
|
|
FSLC
|
20
|
20
|
|
WASC/GCE
|
20
|
20
|
|
NCE/HND/DEGREE
|
40
|
40
|
|
MSC/PH.D
|
20
|
20
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
Table 4: How
do you feel with the performance of Udi Local Government Area since the new
democratic dispensation in 1999 to the present?
The first question in the questionnaire/interviews sought to
know how each of the respondents feels with the performance of Udi Local Government
Area since the new democratic dispensation in 1999 to the present. The opinions
of the respondent are represented in a tabular form below.
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Satisfactory
|
10
|
10
|
|
Fairly
satisfactory
|
15
|
15
|
|
Dissatisfactory
|
55
|
55
|
|
Highly
dissatisfactory
|
20
|
20
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
From the above table 100
questionnaires were distributed across the levels of respondents. 10 persons
responded that Udi local government area has performed satisfactory, 15
responded to the option of fairly satisfactory, while 55 and 20 responded to
the options of dis-satisfactory respectively. Therefore the total percentages
were including to dissatisfaction.
Table
5: What are responsible for your opinion in question one above
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Availability of
social amenities that creates happiness
|
18
|
18
|
|
Political
interference, administrative ineptitude
|
39
|
39
|
|
Political
interference lack of financial and administrative autonomy
|
43
|
43
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
The table above demonstrate the cause
of feeling of respondents to the performances or non-performances of Udi local
government area since 1999 to the present. In effect we discovered that the
majority of the population of study believe that political interference,
administrative ineptitude and lack of financial autonomy are highly responsible
for the non-performance of Udi local government toward ensuring accelerated
rural development in Udi local government area since 1999 democratic
dispensation.
Table
6: How many times were employment exercises under-taken by
Udi Local Government Area since 1999?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Once
|
95
(2004/2005)
|
95
|
|
Twice
|
0
|
0
|
|
More than twice
|
0
|
0
|
|
None
|
5
|
5
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
The researcher discovered that since
May 29, 1999, it was only once that employment exercise was carried out in Udi
Local Government Area. Furthermore, the researcher observed that of the
respondents, the 5 persons that responded to the “non option” were of the stack
illiterate and unaware. However, the table demonstrates that Udi Local
Government Area has only conducted one single employment exercise since 1999 to
date.
Table
7: What are responsible for the delays or failure to
conduct employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Lack of local
autonomy, State Government embanges, financial problem
|
75
|
75
|
|
Lack of qualified
personnel for recruitment
|
0
|
0
|
|
Over-staffing and
limited job vacancies
|
0
|
0
|
|
Lack of political
will, corruption and nepotism
|
25
|
25
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
From the indication of the responses
in the table we understand that both the literate and illiterate classes of the
respondents believe that lack of political autonomy, state government embargo
on employment, financial problems, occasional limited political will, added to
corruption and nepotism have been responsible for the failure of adequate
employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area.
Table
8: To what extent is Udi Local Government Area responsible
to your community’s demand?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Effectively
|
15
|
15
|
|
Periodically
|
10
|
10
|
|
Nonchalantly
|
75
|
75
|
|
Uninterested
|
0
|
0
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
The result above form the opinions of
respondent indicated that Udi Local Government does not respond effectively to
community demands.
Table
9: What are responsible for her success or failure in (5
above)?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Due to credible
seasoned leadership
|
15
|
15
|
|
Lack of credible,
tested leadership
|
35
|
35
|
|
Corruption,
political interference from higher authorities
|
50
|
50
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
From the opinion of the respondents,
one glaring factors were responsible for the failure or delay of Udi Local Government
area to respond to the individual demands of Udi rural communities.
Table
10: Are your people being adequately consulted in choosing/electing
the leaders of Udi Local Government Area?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Effectively
|
5
|
5
|
|
Periodically
|
15
|
15
|
|
Once
|
72
|
72
|
|
Scarcely
|
8
|
8
|
|
Not aware
|
0
|
0
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
From the responses, indication shows
that the people of Udi Local government area are scarcely consulted during the
exercise of choosing their local government representatives. This does not
imply that they were not aware of political time-table of political exercise.
Rather, in their opinion, the choice of those who often emerged as their local
government representative in the local government executive councils at various
episodes were more or less chosen without regards to their choice persons.
Table
11: How far has Udi Local Government Area impacted on your
community in terms of provisions of social amenities since 1999 to the present?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Effectively
|
5
|
5
|
|
Periodically
|
15
|
15
|
|
Non at all
|
72
|
72
|
|
Uninterested
|
8
|
8
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
From further investigations due to the
nature of the responses to the above question, we discovered that many of the
respondents chosen in our random selection have never felt the impact of the
government. The five people that responded positively were discovered to have
come from the constituencies of the Chairman of Udi local government council
since the changes that took place between 2004 to the present.
Table 12: What are responsible for its failure to provide adequate
social amenities such as electricity, roads, pipe-borne water,
hospitals/maternities and employment to your people?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Corruption among
the leadership, political interference, lack of autonomy
|
85
|
85
|
|
Lack of political
will on the political leadership
|
0
|
0
|
|
Lack of political
awareness on the part of the people
|
10
|
10
|
|
No need for such
in rural places
|
5
|
5
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
From the above investigation, the
researcher found out that those people on the negative were more or less
illiterate, aged and resigned to fate.
Table 13: Of the available social amenities in your community they
were provided by
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Udi Local
Government Area
|
5
|
5
|
|
Udi Local
Government with community efforts
|
8
|
8
|
|
Enugu State
Government
|
72
|
72
|
|
Enugu State
Government with Community Assistant
|
15
|
15
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
We understand that only two relevant
sources were responsible for the provision of social amenities in Udi local
government are to include Enugu State government and Enugu State government
with Community support/self effort respectively.
Table
14: Have you been paying taxes, rates, dues/levies to your
Local Government (Udi) Area?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Regularly
|
55
|
55
|
|
Periodically
|
15
|
15
|
|
Financially,
Materially and kindly
|
10
|
10
|
|
None at all
|
20
|
20
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
From the response we understand that
20 of the respondents indicated were uninterested. They don’t pay tax due to
the fact that they had nothing doing as youths within the age of 20-30 years of
age. This does not indicate their adult but rather a consequence of their state
of unemployment and therefore lack a veritable source of taxable livelihood.
Table 15: Do
you have co-operative societies in your place?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Yes
|
95
|
95
|
|
No
|
5
|
5
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
The impression here indicate that there are co-operative
societies in various communities that make up Udi local government area.
Hoever, the few respondents in the negative were of the illiterate, aged and
unaware class form our interview reports.
Table
16: Of what assistance has Udi Local Government Area
rendered to the co-operative societies in your community?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Financially
|
16
|
16
|
|
Materially
|
4
|
4
|
|
Financially,
Materially and Kindly
|
0
|
0
|
|
None at all
|
80
|
80
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
From the responses to the above
question, we came to a conclusion that Udi local government area has not been
rendering assistance to rural co-operative societies in the communities that make
up Udi local government area.
Table 17: How do you sustain your community co-operative
societies?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Through loans from
Udi Local Government Area
|
0
|
0
|
|
Through loans from
leaders/financial institutions
|
45
|
45
|
|
Through self-help
efforts like thrifts
|
50
|
50
|
|
Through (b) and
(c) above
|
5
|
5
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
From indication shown in this response it is obvious that the
sources of sustenance of the Community/Rural co-operatives were through loans
from the banks and financial intuitions and through self help efforts such as
thrift system.
Table
18: What development programme has been effectively executed
in your community by Udi Local Government Area since 1999 to the present?
|
Options
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
|
Political
socialization through party politics
|
85
|
85
|
|
Infrastructural
provision and development
|
5
|
5
|
|
Massive
employment/ recruitment
|
0
|
0
|
|
None of the above
|
10
|
10
|
|
Total
|
100
|
100
|
Source
Compiled from field data 2012
From the responses to question 15, we
understand that Udi local government area was more or less concerned with
political socialization of the various communities. We sought to correlate this
question with our initial question in the numbers with respect to the
consultation of the localities (since they are spheres of political
socialization) in process of choosing the leader of Udi local government
council. Our discovery which did not indicate in our questions shows that the
splees of socialization were more or less concentrated on party infacts, the
programmes assisted by WHO has nothing to do with the areas of the rural
infrastructures developments, employments opportunities and governmental
assistance towards enhancing community/rural development in Udi local
government area.
4.2 DATA ANALYSIS
This section verifies the views expressed by the majority in
the questionnaire using interview data and secondary data. This leads us to
accept or reject the hypotheses.
Udi Local Government Area does not
represent rural/local development of its people and communities. From our
opinion of rural development, and development it signifies a positive change
that results in the elevation of a people to a higher level politically,
socially, culturally and economically (Ezeani, 2000). This implies improvement
in per capital income, Gross Domestic Production (GDP), provision of the
requisite amenities that are equally further agencies of production,
distribution and exchange (Igwe, 1998).
From our investigation research work,
we shall at this point dwell in testing our hypothetical statements, which
pivoted our research attempts. We shall thus take them in turns.
Hypothesis
One: Our first hypothesis states this; Udi Local
Government Area does not represent rural/local development of its people and
communities.
In testing the relevance of the above
hypothesis, we can draw from the responses in questions 1, 3, 4, 13, 14, and
15. To which each of the questions and their numerical responses are
represented thus.
How do you feel with the performance of
Udi Local Government Area since the new democratic dispensation in 1999 to the
present? Of the respondents 75% responded to the tone of dis-satisfaction. This
denotes that Udi Local Government Area has not performed in area under
investigation with the first question.
The
third question requests thus: How many time were employment exercise undertaken
by Udi Local Government Area since 1999 and when? From the responses, it was
only once and done between 2000/2001 (Enugu Gazettee) indicated by 95%.
The
fourth questions wishes to know the causes of delays or failures to conduct
employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area since 1999. In opinion of the
respondent two factors were responsible in the order of priority that lack of
political autonomy and lack of political will, corruption and nepotism
represented by 100%.
The
next question that is corroborates to the first hypothesis is question 13,
which state thus: of what assistance has Udi Local Government Area rendered to
the co-operative societies in your community? Of the above question, 80% of the
respondents responded in the negative signifying that Udi Local Government Area
has not been giving any significant assistance to the development of community
co-operatives in Udi Local Government Area.
The
final question with which to test hypothesis is question 14 which states thus.
How do you sustain your community co-operatives societies?
Responses
indicate that community co-operative societies in Udi Local Government Area are
being sustained through loans from banks, financial institutions and self help
efforts in the nature of thrifts.
From
our statement of problem, we posed that ‘Based on infrastructural index, how
far has Udi Local Government provided social amenities the cradle of economic
and social growth of societies, for the development of her rural communities?
Indication
from the responses in the above questions, 95% indicated that Udi local
Government Area has not ever embodied on any such programmes. Therefore Local
Government Area as demonstrated by Udi Local Government Area not represent
rural/community development. Therefore the first hypothesis is adjusted as
relevant and carried as aptly.
Hypothesis Two:
The
second hypothesis maintains that Udi Local Government Area today lacks the
requisite constitutional autonomy that guarantee to rural development of her
people and communities. In testing the above hypothesis, we shall draw from the
responses in the following questions 2, 4, 6, and 9.
Question
2 requests to know what were responsible for the negative outcomes in question
1, which invariantly wished to understand the feeling of the people with the
performance of Udi Local Government Area since 1999. It was understood that
administrative ineptitude, political interferences leading to lack of
administrative and financial autonomy were responsible for their responses to
question two, which by their percentage representative is 82%.
Question
4 requests to understand why Udi Local Government delayed or failed to conduct
employment exercises since 1999. At this, it was equally understood that it was
lack of political autonomy that impelled the efforts to conduct employment
exercise in Udi Local Government Area with the percentage representation of
75%.
Question
6 requests to know what were responsible for Udi Local Governments failure to
render assistance to community co-operative societies in Udi Local Government
Area. In understood from the scores that 85% of them attested to lack of
credible and tested leadership (since they are not consulted in choosing their
leaders) corruption and political interference from higher authority thereby
trampling on the autonomy of Udi Local Government Area.
Question
9 requests to understand the causes of Udi Local Government failure to provide
the necessary social amenities to the communities. Here we noted that 85% of
the responses agreed that it was a consequence of corruption, political
interference and lack of political autonomy of Udi Local Government Area to
make decision for herself. In the light of the above hypothesis II is thus
sustained and carried.
Hypothesis Three: The
third hypothesis states that Udi Local Government Area is devolution of State
Government in Enugu State which has affected all segments of the responsibilities
in Udi Local Government Area by the constitution f the Federal Republic of
Nigeria.
Schedule
four, section 7 of the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria spelt
out the areas of authority of Local Government Area in Nigeria. From
investigations corroborated by the responses to question 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 we
understand that the Local Government and Local Government Area in particular is
not allowed by the state government to perform these constitutional functions.
Rather, Udi Local Government becomes more or less an agency for the deliverance
of the policies and programmes of Enugu State Government instead of being
responsible for initiating, aggregating and executing public interests. To this point, hypothesis three is
equaling adopted and sustained.
From
the above hypothesis over view vis-à-vis our research findings, we can
understand that more surface and thus a quick measure becomes emergent.
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 SUMMARY
From
our background information, we understand that Udi Local Government Area is
made up of twenty three (23) communities as follows Akpakwume, Nze, Oghu,
Awhum, Ebe, Abor, Ukana, Okpatu, Umulumgbe, Umuoka, Egede, Affa, Udi, Obioma,
Abia, Agudu, Obinagu, Umuaga, Nachi, Amokwe, Ngwo, Eke and Nsude.
From
our investigations, we came to terms that even though there are a number of
social amenities existing in the communities. We were made to understand that
most or all those social amenities were not provided by Udi Local Government
Area. Rather, they were provided by Enugu State Government in conjunction with
community support efforts.
Furthermore,
in spite of the existence of the community co-operative societies in Udi Local
Government Area, we discovered that Udi Local Government Area has not provided
any assistance to the improvement of these socio-economic ventures.
On
another sphere, employment of qualified people remains a cardinal
responsibility of government at all levels. Udi local government area as a
level of government, though a third tiers and of lowest command of authority,
is and ought to be as well privileged to ensure adequate recruitment of her
qualified youths and adults. This ought to be one of the major responsibilities
of a government that enjoys obedience to law of the citizens, compliance with
the laws or bye-laws of the local territory and above it all, ensuring their
payment of taxes, dues, levies and rates. Udi local government area is still
found waiting in the area of recruitment of qualified personnel indigenes of
Udi local government area.
At
the bottom-line of our research is to investigate the impact of Udi local
government area in rural development. Consequently, we sought to understand as
a guided norm what constitute development and especially with respect to the
context under study. We posited that development is more or less an
incredemental positive process that tantamount to the changes in the living
standards that are no less a filliping to individual comfort.
In
cognizance of the above quest, we found out that Udi local government area,
even as a progenitor of several local government areas in the former Udi
provincial council, has not been of instrumental impact to the elevation of the
rural communities. Rather, it has been the state government that has proved of
relative impact toward the development of the rural communities that make up
Udi local government area.
5.2 CONCLUSION
At
this point, we wish to conclude this research project by restating thus: Udi
local government area does not represent rural, local development of its people
and communities. Udi local government today lacks the requisite constitutional
autonomy that gives fillip to rural development of her people and communities.
This is a consequence of political interferences of state government in the
activities or programmes of Udi local government area since its creation. Udi
local government area is a devolution of state government in Enugu State which
has affected all segments of the responsibilities in Udi local government area
by the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This is corroborated by
the imposing of employment, usurpation of programmes (development) that ought
to be initiated and executed by Udi local government area by Enugu State government
and the command structure in the administrative systems in Enugu State that now
renders Udi local government area and perhaps the rest of local government
areas of Enugu State to the tutelage of Enugu State government.
Thus,
Udi local government area is more or less a tier of government that tantamount
to a stage of the State government authority.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
At this juncture, it is pertinent to offer some relevant
suggestions towards the improvement of rural development by Udi local government
area thus:
Local governments (which include Udi
local government area) should be treated as a tier of government as accorded to
it by the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. By this, the State
government should concentrate on issues that concern the joint interest of the
state and allow local governments to function on their won merits and
capabilities. The present practice of joint financial allocation existing at
the state level should be dissolved forth with to allow the local government
areas in the state the opportunity and autonomy to pursue their different local
problems at their own paces. The monthly income/revenue and expenditures
accruing to Udi local government council should be made accessible to the
public. Through this measure, the public would be able to raise alarm whenever
the local council officials go out of prescribed financial regulations. The
people would be able to compare the various administrations to ensure a
people-oriented development. The state/local office (SLGO) in the presidency
should open offices in all the senatorial and local government areas across the
country to monitor the adequacy of delivery of federation monthly statutory
allocations to the entire local government areas in the country. This will help
the local government areas in Nigeria to checkmate the extent and degree of
interception of the monies meant for local government areas by their parent
state governments.
Public awareness other than party
political activities should be instilled on all the communities to participate
in the activities of the Udi local government area, so as to be able to raise
alarm officially whenever and wherever official corruption is discovered. Such
alarm would be channeled through the SLGO in their district to the appropriated
authority for prompt corrective actions.
The internal audit department of Udi
local government and the State auditor general of local governments should be
attached to the office of SLGO and recognized as federal monitoring offices in
Udi and other local government areas in Nigeria for adequate monitoring.
Finally, selection or election of
leaders or political office holders of Udi local government area should be done
at all time with the consent of the rural and entire people-oriented administration.
This will help to accelerate development and by the inference rural development
in Udi local government area.
At this juncture, the researcher
believes that if the above suggestions are in place, and in view of the fact
that Udi people have been law-abiding, paying their taxes, rates, levies to Udi
local government area adequately, the rural development question in Udi local
government area would receive a vigorous attention.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Adrain, R. Charles (1992) local
polities in international encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 4th
ed. New York.
Agagu, A. A. (1997) “Local
Government” in Kolawole, D. (ed) Readings in Political Science, Ibadan, Dekaal.
Appadorai, A. (1975) The
Substance of Politics. New Delhi , Oxford University
Lawal, S. (2000) “Local
Government Administration in Nigeria
M. U. Akpan Pub Admin in Nig. Ikot Ekpere Longman
Nig. Ltd. 1982
Odenigwe, G. (1979 encyclopedia
of the Social S) “Mobilizing Citizen for Community Development under the New
System of Local Government “in Administrative and Roland, L. (ed). The Local
Government in Nigeria :
Problem and Prospect: Ibadan
Okoli, F. C. (2000) Theory and
Practice of Local Government: A Nigeria perspective John Jacob’s classic
publishers Ltd.
Ozor, Ebonyi (2004) Third Tier
Government in Nigeria :
Evaluation, Development and Future Ibadan
Robson, W. A. in Enclopedia of the Social Sciences,
International Edition, -1978
The New Columbia
JOURNALS/ARTICLES
Agi S. P. I. (2002) “Local
Government As a Tie of Government: Theoretical Problem” in Nigeria
Okoli, F. C. (1985) Western
Ideology and Community Development in Africa :
A Nigerian case study to Ikenga Journal of African studies vol 7 No 1 and 2
GOVERNMENT
DOCUMENTS
Guidelines for Local Government
Reforms in Nigeria Local Government Yearbook (1976)
The Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria 1999 Section 7 schedule 4
INTERNET
^ “Post Offices-with map of LGA”. NIPOST. http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx. retrieved on 17 May, 2011
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udi, Enugu
http://www.kwenu.com/history/udi/udi moehtm. retrieved on 12 July, 2011
INTERVIEWS
Ochiaka, Simeon Oral Interview about Udi Community
and their deity on December 13, 2011
Ogbuzulu, Christian Oral Interview about Udi Local
Government on December 16, 2011
UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS
Okafor KNC Self Help and Community development Unpublished
Thesis, 1983 Sociology and Anthropology. UNN
APPENDIX
II
PERSONAL
DATA
I. Sex Male Female
II. Age (a) 20 – 30 (b) 31 – 45 (c) Above -
III. Educational Status (a) FSLC (b) WASC/GCE 
(C) NCE/HND/Degree (d) Master/PHD (e) Illiterate
1. How do you feel with the performance of Udi Local Government
Area since the new democratic dispensation in 1999 to the present?
(a) Satisfactory (b)
Fairly satisfactory (c) Dis-satisfactory
(d) Highly Dis-satisfactory
2. What are responsible for your opinion in
question one above
(a) Availability of social amenities
that creates happiness(b)
Political interference, administrative ineptitude (c)
Political interference lack of financial and administrative autonomy
3. How many times were employment exercises under-taken by Udi Local
Government Area since 1999?
(a) Once (b) Twice
(c) More than twice (d) None
4. What are responsible for the delays or failure to conduct
employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area?
(a) Lack of local autonomy, State
Government embanges, financial problem (b)
Lack of qualified personnel for recruitment
(c)
Over-staffing and limited job vacancies 
(d) Lack of political will, corruption
and nepotism
5. To what extent is Udi Local Government Area responsible to
your community’s demand?
(a) Effectively (b) Periodically
(c) Nonchalantly (d) Uninterested
6. What are responsible for her success or failure in (5 above)?
(a) Due to credible seasoned
leadership (b) Lack
of credible, tested leadership (c) Corruption,
political interference from higher authorities
7. Are your people being adequately consulted in
choosing/electing the leaders of Udi Local Government Area?
(a) Effectively (b) Periodically
(c) Once (d) Scarcely (e) Not aware
8. How far has Udi Local Government Area impacted on your
community in terms of provisions of social amenities since 1999 to the present?
(a) Effectively (b) Periodically
(c) Non at all (d) Uninterested
9. What are responsible for its failure to provide adequate
social amenities such as electricity, roads, pipe-borne water,
hospitals/maternities and employment to your people?
(a) Corruption among the leadership,
political interference, lack of autonomy (b)
Lack of political will on the political leadership 
(c)
Lack of political awareness on the part of the people
(d) No need for such in rural places
10. Of the available social amenities in your community they were
provided by
(a) Udi Local Government Area(b)
Udi Local Government with community efforts (c)
Enugu State Government (d)
Enugu State Government with Community Assistant
11. Have you been paying taxes, rates, dues/levies to your Local
Government (Udi) Area?
(a) Regularly (b) Periodically (c)
Financially, Materially and kindly (d) None at all
12. Do you have co-operative societies in your place?
(a) Yes (b) No
13. Of what assistance has Udi Local Government Area rendered to the
co-operative societies in your community?
(a) Financially (b) Materially
(c) Financially, Materially and Kindly (d) None at all
14. How do you sustain your community co-operative societies?
(a) Through loans from Udi Local
Government Area (b) Through loans from
leaders/financial institutions (c) Through self-help efforts like
thrifts (d) Through (b) and (c) above
15. What development programme has been effectively executed in your
community by Udi Local Government Area since 1999 to the present?
(a) Political socialization through
party politics (b) Infrastructural provision and
development (c) Massive employment/
recruitment (d) None of the above
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