tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-56698556354254018982024-02-20T09:00:03.821-08:00Online ResearchersAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.comBlogger25125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-13340324187048436322014-08-12T01:46:00.002-07:002014-08-12T01:46:36.861-07:00THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF TABOO IN THE IBITE OLO LAND<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER ONE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">INTRODUCTION <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Taboos were introduced to regulate the
moral order of the society. They took their origin from the fact that people
discerned that there were certain things which were morally approved or
disapproved by the deity. These are not contained in any written law but are
preserved in the tradition, asserted that taboos and superstitions were often
regarded as integral part of traditional education. Every society in the world
cares for its tradition because in a society without schools, a type of
education known as traditional/informal education goes on. In Ibite Olo, Ezeagu
Local Government Area in Enugu State, traditional education is supported and
encouraged because of its contribution to the growth, renewal and development
of the society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Taboos
were found in the early man’s effort to explain nature and his own existence,
to propitiate fate and invite
fortune; to avoid evils he could not understand and to pry into the future.
They are therefore deeply rooted in the culture as well as the religious
beliefs of the society. A culture as a sociological construct is a complex
phenomenon. It takes time and conscious effort to be able to understand a
particular culture. As a complex reality, culture consists of many elements
which are essential to the very nature of that culture and without them such a
culture would not have taken the shape it has now. Hence the notion of taboos
has been a vital component of African religion and culture especially among the
Ibos of Southeast of Nigeria. In fact, certain norms and code of conduct such
as taboos were entrenched which facilitate orderly maintenance of the society.
They are not written in any revealed law. People learn them, practice them and
teach others in the society. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Therefore, the purpose of this work is
to explore the concept of taboos in the community Ibite Olo land in Ezeagu LGA
in Enugu state. It is also, to confirm whether taboo means the same thing in
the community of Ibite Olo land. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CONCEPT OF TABOO <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Etymologically, taboo is a derivation
of the Polynesian term ‘tapu’ which means forbidden. It is similar to the sacer
in the Greek, Kadesh in Hebrew and Nso in Igbo language of Nigeria. Within its
historical context taboo was a sacred term for a set of cultic or religious
prohibitions instituted by traditional religious authorities as instruments for
moral motivation, guidance, and objectivity for protecting the sanctity of
their shrines and the well-being of their worshipping communities. The term is
also applicable to any sort of social prohibition imposed by the leadership of
a community regarding certain times, places, actions, events, and peoples in
order to regulate contacts between a particular circumstance but not
exclusively, for religious reasons for the well-being of the society. In
another vein, taboo shade into other rules of law, custom, or morality; they
indicate membership of a given community, just as they support the dominant
social system. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Taboo may therefore be used in two
senses. The narrower sense represents the cultic or purely religious usage,
while the broader sense represents its usage in socio-economic and political
contexts. Therefore cultic or religious taboos represent a subset of taboos,
but not taboos as a whole set. For the same reason, religion is useful, but not
a necessary condition for the existence and existential application of taboos while
certain taboos are only prevalent in specific cultures, there are some taboos
that are thought of as universal, such as swearing, cannibalism, incest, and
murder. Using profane language is considered disrespectful. It is not
appropriate for people to walk around cursing other people, or even themselves.
In addition, killing someone is obviously illegal anywhere in the world. There
is no justification for murder, and it is a taboo worldwide. Incest is also a
known universal taboo that is rarely talked about. Certainly, the various taboos in the world today help to
define certain cultures and help to characterize the people who live in them.
Without taboos, societies would be left unstructured and with few rules. Taboos
serve as a set of social norms and help to explain the division between what is
appropriate and inappropriate. While different cultures hold a variety of
taboos, the general purpose for all of them is the same. Some might be
considered silly and impractical to others, but that is what makes each culture
unique. Taboos do not only constitute a part of African cultural heritage but
also provide a good explanation of that heritage. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Taboos are not a feature of
'primitive' societies' as it was assumed sometime ago by some anthropologists
but it is a characteristic of any society. Ritual prohibition is a rule of
behaviour which is associated with a belief that an infraction will result in
an undesirable change of ritual status which is conceived in many different
ways in different societies, but everywhere there is the idea that it involves
the likelihood of some minor or major misfortune which will befall the person
concerned. Taboos contain within them a certain quality of danger that will
befall those who break it, therefore “taboo is concerned (1) with all the
social mechanisms of obedience which have ritual significance; (2) with
specific and restrictive behaviour in dangerous situations. One might say that
taboo deals with the sociology of danger itself, for it is also concerned (3)
with the protection of individuals who are in danger, and (4) with the
protection of the society from those endangered - and therefore dangerous –
persons”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">In
Webster dictionary describes taboos in similar terms that they represent “a
system of prohibitions with regard to certain persons, things, acts or
situation. The objects considered as taboo are perceived to contain within them
certain assumed danger that always has repercussions against anyone who
transgresses them though it may not be well defined or perceived immediately by
senses. However, the consequences of that danger will always affect the one who
broke a taboo. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER TWO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">THE IMPORTANCE OF TABOOS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The importance of taboos, is
maintaining harmony between God and spirits (invisible world) and human beings
and the rest of creation (visible world). This harmony would be ruled “by moral
order which is preserved by tradition and, if followed, have the power or force
to sustain the existence and operation of the universe, ensuring a bountiful
life for humanity. To preserve that harmony is the duty of a human being, which
determines his character and influences the quality of life of a community and
the universe itself. Taboos are then seen as a moral ambience or moral codes
intended to create harmony and the order of the existence of the universe.
Taboos clarify which attitudes and behaviours are not acceptable because they
do not assure the continuation of life in its fullness, do not enhance the
quality of life of the community and do not preserve the social code of
behaving. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">THE ROLE OF TABOO IN THE IBITE OLO LAND<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> In the traditional African society
especially in Igbo society, taboos played significant and positive roles. They
provided a set of rules serving as a moral guidance or a law in the community
to ensure that peace and security were present in the community. Every moral
system requires the existence of guiding principles, source(s) of motivation,
and some grounds for objectivity. Even though formulated as 'negative'
principles stressing 'do not...' and teaching people about what was not
acceptable in <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">the
society, by implication, they were also pointing out to the actions that were
supposed to be done. By preventing people from doing wrong things, they were
helping them to focus on what was encouraged in the society. In a society where
there was no police, taboos served as a guardian of moral values. To a certain
extent, they were better than modern law enforcing agencies, because, in most
cases, breaking of a taboo was associated with an automatic punishment – one
did not have to be caught to be punished; They helped in the upbringing of
children and provided rules for marriage: They could be described as 'teaching
aids' when explaining some moral principles to them. When one lacked an
intellectual ability to impart the importance of some moral principles, taboos
were a useful way of transmitting the same value from a different perspective.
Those values, worded as taboos, were expressed at various occasions such as
circumcision, marriage negotiations and funeral rites. It was an effective
system of preserving and transmitting moral values, keeping in mind that Ibite
Olo land culture was an oral one. They were a means of social control and
without them there would be chaos: The motivation for abiding by the normative
principles are provided and reinforced by the religious sanctions from the gods
and the ancestors or directly from the Supreme Being. Keeping of taboos ensured
good harmony between the visible and the invisible world. Taboos represent the main
source of the guiding principles regulating and directing the behavior of
individuals and the community towards the Supreme Being and especially the gods
and the ancestors in the land of Ibite Olo in Ezeagu Local Government Area in
Enugu state. Those found guilty of serious moral or legal violations are made
to undergo ritual cleansing as a means of moral or ontological purification and
transformation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> People seemed to be aware that behind
prohibitions laid the true meaning of taboos – preserving harmony and
well-being in and of the community: Life and its quality was seen as crucial
and the society applied a variety of methods to preserve it and transmit it,
especially through taboos. While well-being virtues include modernization,
democratization qualitative education, and critical consciousness, the
well-being vices include dependency, bribery and corruption, unwarranted military
interventions, dictatorships and the abuse of human rights etc. Consequently,
if one could show that a given set of taboos, xyz, promote some well-being
virtues and help diminish some well-being vices one would have shown by
implication that some taboos promote development and harmonious living.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> It is obvious from the forgoing that
taboo is not a culture to be waved off so easily because it is a fruit of the
society and functional within the context of the society. One could rightly say that in Igbo worldview,
taboo is different from superstition because it regulates moral order of the
society. Hence, parents make use of them to inculcate good behavior in their
children. In which I highlighted seven reasons why taboo came into being. They
are to: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(a)
avoid accident; (b) have respect for religion; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(c)
respect elders; (d) obey rules of cleanliness; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(e)
teach moral values; (f) guide against being wasteful; <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(g)
explain things that are difficult to understand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Therefore, if people kept taboos, some
of the difficult situations such as post-election violence in Nigeria
especially in Ibo society, inter-tribal fighting, insecurity, drinking problems
would not be experienced both in Ibite Olo land and in Ibo Land general as a
whole. It is worthy of note that the impact taboo exercised in the contemporary
society seems to have diminished in comparison with a traditional African
society. It is due to influence of Christianity that, to a certain extent, took
over the role played by taboos and to the present style of life where people
from many various tribes live together in contrast to the traditional set up
whereby people of one tribe used to live in one area like we have in Ibo society.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> This weakening of the impact of taboos
on daily life is also due to, mainly oral way of transmitting them from one
generation to another. As a result people living in towns tend to know less
about taboos because they are away from what would be considered their
ancestral land and from the elders who played an important role in teaching
about taboos. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER THREE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">TYPES OF TABOOS IN IBITE OLO LAND<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> A wide variety of taboos was collected
from my village in Ibite Olo Land in Ezeagu Local Government Area in Enugu
State which is in southeast of Nigeria. Here are some examples of various
taboos: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Taboos to avoid accident <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• A
pregnant woman must not sleep with the stomach: so that the child will not die.
This is to guard against having a stillbirth. If a pregnant woman sleeps with
her stomach it will be difficult for the fetus to kick while still in the
stomach and this may claim the life of the baby. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• A
man must not have sexual intercourse with a pregnant woman whose expected day
of delivery is near; to avoid becoming wretched. It not convenient for a
pregnant woman nearing delivery to be having sexual relationship. If the man
has any infection like gonorrhea, it may be contacted by the baby and the baby
may become blind. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• We
must not use the cutlass to till bear ground; so as not to incur the wrath of
the earth goddess. This taboo is to avoid been cut when cutlass is used to till
bear ground instead of using it for clearing or planting. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• We
must not climb pawpaw tree the person who does so will die. Pawpaw tree is not
strong enough for anybody to climb. It may break and cause serious body
injuries which may eventually lead to death <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Taboo about Religion <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• The
Bible must not be dropped on the ground so that headache will not kill the
person. The Bible is a sacred book of Christians which must be handled with
care to avoid being dropped to the ground. This taboo is to instill fear into a
careless person to handle The Book with care. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• Women
must not enter the <span style="background: rgb(246, 246, 236);">Mbari<span class="apple-converted-space"> Shrine</span></span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: rgb(246, 246, 236); font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">to
avoid being kidnapped by Mbari. This taboo is also put in place to have respect
for Ibite Olo traditional religion. Women are forbidden to know the secret of
this hence only men propitiate it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Taboo on Respect for Elders <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• A
child must not look at the elder by the eye; to show that the child has fear
and respect for the elder. It is a culture in Ibite Olo Land that children must
not look up when elders are talking. It is a sign of disrespect for a child to
look up and stare at the elders’ face. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• A
child must not talk when elders are talking; to show that the child has home
etiquette. When elders are talking, it is improper for children to talk because
such behaviour does not portray good home training and it is a sign of
disrespect for elders. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• A
child must not beat up his/her parents to avoid being wretched. This is to show
absolute respect for our parents. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Taboos on cleanliness <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• A
pregnant woman must not eat in a soup cooking pot; so that her child’s buttocks
will not be black. It is a sign of laziness and dirty habit for any person
especially a pregnant woman to eat in a soup cooking pot when there are serving
plates in the house. It is bad because when the soup in the pot is leaked, her
saliva will come into the pot meant to cook soup for the entire family. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• We
should not wash our hand in the plate we used to eat so that those who will use
the plate after may not feel nauseated. This taboo is to keep ethics of
cleanliness. Anyone who saw this dirty habit may feel nauseated to use the
plate again. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• One
must not fall down in the bathroom, so that the person will not die. Everybody
in the house takes their bath and urinates in the bathroom. This frequent use
may make the room to be slippery. If the bathroom is not washed properly and
become slippery it may cause accident which may actually lead to death. So this
taboo was put in place to keep the rules of cleanliness by washing the bathroom
always. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Taboos on moral values <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• A
woman should not deep her hand into the pocket of her husband, so that her
children will not be stealing around. This is to effect good habit. If a woman
deeps her hand into her husband pocket to take money her child who saw her may
think it is proper to do so. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• We
must not eat while lying down, so that the food will not go to a wrong place,
e. g. our head. This is to learn the ethics of table manner. It is not proper
and against table manner to eat while lying down. The food may go the wrong way
thereby causing problem. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• Dreams
should not be relayed in the afternoon, so that the dream will not come to
pass. Whoever relay dream in the afternoon is termed to be a jobless person.
This taboo teaches us not to be lazy. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Taboo against being wasteful <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• We
must not throw salt into fire so that the person’s body may not become
speckled. During the time of our fore-fathers, it is very difficult to get
salt. It was the colonial masters that brought salt to the shores of Nigeria in
an exchange for slave. Therefore salt is not a commodity to be wasted. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• Mortar
should not be left in the sun so that lightening will not strike the person
dead: - mortar is a household utensil and very difficult to carve. It must be
properly taken care of because if it is left in the sun, it may break. To avoid
wasting the mortar, the taboo was put in place. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Taboo on things that are difficult to
explain<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• An
albino must not put salt in his/her food so that his/her lip may not peel.
People do not know the reason for the peeling of an albino’s lip. They thought
it was as a result of a particular food he/she ate and because salt is sharp,
they concluded that it was salt that caused the peeling of albino’s lip.
Scientifically this has been proved wrong. Scientist has made it clear that
eating of vegetables and fruits are very essential to our wellbeing and that
eating of unbalanced diet can cause skin disease. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">• We
must not use bear hand to collect rain water during rain fall, so that thunder
will not strike the person dead. This taboo was put in place to avert accident
that thunder might cause if anybody collects rain water with hand during
rainfall. It is very difficult for people to give accurate explanation for this
scientifically.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CHAPTER FOUR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">CONCLUSION <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The foregoing exposition and analysis
of various types of taboos have demonstrated that most Ibos traditional taboos
enhance development in the society. It is also obvious from the forgoing that
taboo in Ibo concept is functional. It is not just a means of creating fear
into the children. Taboos have played important roles in the traditional
African society which include the Ibite Olo Land and also exercise great
influence on the modern society as well. They helped people to preserve moral
rules that help them as individuals and as communities to live a peaceful and
harmonious life. Though formulated in forms of 'don'ts' and sometimes being
ambiguous, they enabled people to maintain the moral order and hierarchy in the
society. In the contemporary society, which in a number of aspects is quite
different from the traditional one, there is a need to enforce taboos or to
come up with an alternative way that will promote traditional values.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ahn,
J,B-K. (2003). “Sexual taboos and morality among the Agikuyu people of Kenya”.
In Katola, M (Ed). MIASMU Research Integration Papers to Moral Teaching and
Practices of African Religion. Jan-Apr semester. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Andemariam,
M. (2001). “Place of taboos in Gikuyu morality”. In Magesa, L. (Ed). MIASMU
Research Integration Papers to Moral Teaching and Practices of African
Religion. August session <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Blakemore,
C. And Shelia J. (2001). Taboos. Oxford. Oxford University Press </span><a href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/taboo.aspx#2"><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/taboo.aspx#2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Callaway,
A. (1964). Nigeria indigenous education: the apprenticeship system. Odu .
University of Ife journal of African studies 1 (1). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cassier,
E. (1972). An Essay on Man Introduction to a Philosophy of Human Culture. New
Haven and London, Yale University Press. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Durkheim,
E. (1963). Incest: The nature and the origin of the taboo. New York: Lyle
Stuart. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Holden,
L. (2000). Encyclopedia of Taboos. Oxford: ABC CLIO Ltd. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Lexicon
Universal Encyclopedia (1989). Taboo. N.Y Lexicon pub. Inc.v.19 p. 57.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Magesa,
L., (1997). African Religion: the Moral Traditions of Abundant Life, Maryknoll,
New York, Orbis Books, passim. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oladele,
F. K. (1996). The integration of Indigenous knowledge system (IKS) into courses
in Polytechnic curriculum. In Warren, D. M., Egunjobi, L. and Wahab, B. (eds.)
indigenous knowledge in education. Ibadan. Indigenous knowledge study group. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Osei,
J. (1995). Towards the Philosophy of Development: Africa’s Dilemma of
Development and the Way out, International Third World Studies Journal and
Review, Vol 7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Steiner,
F. (1956). Taboo. London: Cohen &West Ltd Taboos
http://mojaafryka.weebly.com/taboos.html. retrieved: 15-08-2012 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ABSTRACT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The alarming rate of indiscipline in
our society has called for concerns. Therefore, this paper examines the germane
to the understanding ways in which social order was maintained. This will also
facilitate our grasp of the peculiarity and relevance of taboos in providing
peace and tranquility in Ibite Olo Community. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> Taboo forbids anything akin to evil as
perceived by the people of my community and any act of fraud. The paper relies
heavily on oral traditions and other written materials, this also work explores
the concept of taboos in Ibite Olo community. It also confirmed whether taboo
means the same thing in all the Ibo society and also the importance of taboos
in Ibite Olo community is also discussed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-74048200333121345632014-05-13T03:26:00.003-07:002014-05-13T03:26:55.392-07:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE
POLITICS OF HUMANITARIAN INTERVENTION: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF UNITED NATIONS
SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 1973 ON LIBYA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 1in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Any government derives true legitimacy only from the willing
consent of the governed and the first obligation of government is to provide
security for its people. A government that cannot protect its people from
external threats has failed in its primary responsibility, while a government
that itself threatens the lives and security of its citizens forfeits any claim
to legitimacy (Global Focus, n.d)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The year 2011 brought with it a number of issues on the front
burner of international politics; it also unleashed a wave of political crisis
in a number of countries in the Middle East and Africa leading to mass
protests, regime change and internal democratization of formerly dictatorial
states. This has been christened the Arab Spring or Arab revolution. This wave of
crisis triggered off by the self immolation of a Tunisian street vendor
Mohammed Bouazizi after his cart was confiscated and his face slapped by local
law enforcement agents on December 17, 2010 in Tunisia saw to the unseating of
several diehard dictators that prior to this crisis would have been considered
impossible. The first victim of Bouazizi self-immolation was the 23 years old
regime of Zine el-Abidine Ben Ali of Tunisia, as Bouazizi's self-immolation sparked protests
in his rural town of Sidi Bouzid which spread to other cities and the capital
Tunis (Noor 2011, Arab Spring in Wikipedia 2012). Initially the government
responded coercively using the old tactics of the stick, when this failed to
yield result, it brought in the carrots in the form of cabinet reshuffle and promise
of 300,000 jobs for teeming youths that formed the core of the mass protest.
This did not assuage the anger of the people who persisted in the demand that
President Ben Ali vacate office. By January 14, 2011 Ben Ali resigned and self-
exiled himself and his family to Saudi Arabia (Noor 2011; Ajami 2011). The
success of what has come to be known as the Jasmine revolution (named after
Tunisian national flower - Jasmine) by western press or 'Dignity revolution' in
Tunisia became a wakeup call for the masses of other Arab states leaving under
similar repressive and undemocratic regimes. Thus between Dec 2010 and
March 2011 the protest has spread to
other Arab States, namely Algeria (Dec 28, 2010), Lebanon (Jan 12, 2011),
Jordan (Jan 14, 2011), Mauritania (Jan 17, 2011), Sudan (Jan 17, 2011), Oman
(Jan 17, 2011), Saudi Arabia (Jan 21, 2011), Egypt (Jan 25, 2011), Yemen (Jan
27, 2011), Iraq (Feb 10, 2011), Bahrain (Feb 14, 2011), Libya (Feb 15, 2011),
Kuwait (Feb 18, 2011), Morocco (Feb 20, 2011), Western Sahara (Feb 26, 2011),
Syria (March 15, 2011), (Wikipedia 2012). While some states were able to
contain the protests by promising democratic reforms, improvement in economic
and social well being of the populace, Cabinet reshuffle, immediate political
reforms, and financial handouts, others were not so lucky. The unlucky ones
include Egypt where the protest saw to the ousting of President Mubarak after
18 days of massive protest, thus bringing to an end his 30 years rule. As
Mubarak was exiting, the protest in Libya started and gained momentum
attracting wide publicity from the international press. The Libyan protest is
not unconnected with the speedy ousting of President Mubarak from office. The
Gaddafi regime like many other Arab state government responded to the protest
by employing the coercive apparatus of the state to suppress the protest. The
state threatened to deal mercilessly with all persons in cities fermenting
trouble. Just like in the case of Egypt,
the international community led by the United States admonished the government
to hearken to the yearnings of the people and embark on immediate democratic
reform. The use of force in dealing with unarmed civilians was condemned in all
its entirety. However as the protest in Libya persisted, the Gaddafi regime
threatened increased use of force on protesters calling on his supporters to
get into the streets and deal with the rebels whom he described in derogatory
terms as rats and cockroaches. Gaddafi blamed the West, Al-Qaeda and use of
narcotics by youths for the uprising. He promised to die in Libya a martyr than
step down and bow to the rebel's wishes (<i>The
Guardian</i> 2011; Saleh &England 2011; Seymour, 2011). Amidst threats from
Gaddafi and his son Saif al Islam, media reports were awash of the heavy
casualties on the side of the rebels as reports claimed that Gaddafi used the
army to clobber down opposition and journalists reporting against the regime.
There were also reports of injured demonstrators being refused access to hospitals
and ambulance transport; of dead bodies being removed from hospitals to conceal
the carnage and of doctors being prevented from documenting the number of dead
and wounded (Wikipedia 2012). In the face of this scenario, the United Nations
Security Council (UNSC) on February 26, 2011 adopted and issued Resolution 1970
which expressed grave concern at the situation in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
and condemned the violence and use of force against civilians, it also deplored
the gross violations and systematic violation of human rights including the
repression of peaceful demonstrators, it expressed deep concern for the deaths
of civilians and rejected unequivocally the incitement to hostility and
violence against the civilian population made from the highest level of the
Libyan government. The resolution also demanded immediate end to violence, calls
for steps to fulfill the legitimate demands of the population, and urged the
Libyan government to act with the utmost restraint, respect human rights and
international humanitarian law, as well as ensure safety of foreigners and safe
passage of humanitarian and medical supplies. The resolution also referred the
situation in Libyan Arab Jamahiriya to the prosecutor of the international Criminal
Court for investigation and banned both direct and indirect sale/transfer of
arms by member states, their nationals, or through their territories to Libya.
It called on member states to freeze assets of Gaddafi and members of his inner
circle and enforce travel ban on same. The Secretary General was tasked to
create an 8 member panel of experts to assist the SC monitor the sanctions
(UNSC Resolution 1970, 2011). These sanctions did not deter Gaddafi as he
continued his military campaign against opponents of his regime who similarly
were also waging violent campaign to dethrone him (CIRET Report 2011). The wide spread report about Gaddafi's continued
military assault on the civilian population protesting against him led to the
UNSC Resolution 1973 of 2011 adopted on the 17th of March authorizing
"protection of civilians" and "a No fly zone over
Libya" otherwise known in
international relations parlance as "humanitarian intervention"(HI).
The Security Council (SC) treated the matter as constituting a threat to
international peace and security and thus authorized member states or their
regional organizations "to take all necessary measures ...to protect civilians and civilian
populated areas under attack in the Libya Arab Jamahiriya, including
Benghazi...; part 6 on no fly zone established "a ban on all flights in
the air space of Libyan Arab Jamahiriya"
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Armed with this resolution the allied forces of about 17
states led by US and NATO, launched the military operation termed operation
Odyssey Dawn aimed at crippling Gaddafi's military capability in order to
protect the civilian population of the
protesting cities especially Benghazi and Misrata. The exercise which not only
targeted and crippled Gaddafi's air and land capability but also destroyed part
of his palace killing his son raised some queries on the manner of
implementation of resolution 1973 especially the wide interpretation given to
vague and undefined mandate to protect civilians. In addition the military
exercise which did not only side with the armed insurrection against the regime
in removing and Killing Gaddafi, but also took a toll on the civilian
population it claimed to protect casts doubt as to the main motive of the NATO
led coalition and justifiability of the intervention. Thus the Libyan
revolution and the foreign intervention
that saw it to fruition once again raises the vexed issue of the using the
United Nations or any of its arms/agency to pursue vested interests masked as
interests of international community and or protection of fundamental rights of
oppressed persons. It also resurrects the controversy surrounding the concept
of humanitarian intervention and under what circumstances it should be
justified or considered legal? Although the intervention in Libya received the
blessing of the UNSC, a body so authorized to do so, however controversy
continues to trail the manner of implementation of the resolution and the wide
array of interpretations given to the resolution especially with reference to
the phrase "all necessary means". This paper examines the position of
the United Nations with regards to the vexed issue of humanitarian
intervention. It examines specifically the politics of humanitarian
intervention with particular reference to resolution 1973 of 2011 on Libya, the
impetus that drove its adoption, the manner of interpretation and
implementation of the resolution with the aim to unearth the underlying motives
behind the humanitarian intervention in Libya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Statement of the Problem:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The wave of Arab Spring which started in Tunisia in December 2010 took
over Libya on February 15 2011 after the call went out in various social media
inviting Libyans to demonstration against the regime on Feb. 17, 2011 popularly
titled 'a day of rage" following the example of Egypt where one of the
longest serving dictators - President Mubarak was thrown out of power in a
similar demonstration. In response to this call many Libyans especially in the
East trooped out on the 12th and 13th of February in Benghazi led by a Lawyer
human right activist Fathi Terbil. The arrest of Terbil intensified the effort
as more activists and close to 600 persons demonstrated in front of the
Benghazi police headquarters on the 15th. The police responded violently
towards the demonstrators resulting to casualties on both sides (CIRET-AVT
2011, Arab Spring-Libya Civil War in Wikipedia 2012). The violent protest in
Benghazi spurred similar protests in other cities east of the country. The one
sided report of the western media which presented the image of a dictator slaughtering his unarmed population and ready
to inflict more mayhem on the protesting civilian was what caught the fancy and
attention of the international community and through them the United Nations.
The initial response of the UN was a call on both sides especially on the
regime to show restraint and tow the path of dialogue. Following Gadaffi's
speech to crush the insurgents referring to them as rats and cockroaches, and
wide spread report of the regime killing unarmed civilians, the UNSC dished out
a series of sanctions against the regime in resolution 1970 in the form of
asset freeze/travel ban of Gaddafi and his close allies, in addition to arm
blockade (UNSC, Resolution 1970, 2011). However before the sanction could take
root, and in response to the demands and pressure of the Benghazi protesters,
the Arab league, United States, United Kingdom and France for a no fly zone in
Libya, the UNSC came out with 'Resolution 1973' the content of which consist
mainly of protection of civilian populace and the placing of a no fly zone over
Libya. The UNSC resolutions on Libya though received wide spread support of all
the members with 5 abstentions (abstention is interpreted as consent) the
resolution continues to be immersed in controversy with regards to its
interpretation and implementation by the US and NATO-led coalition of the
willing that enforced the resolution. Doubts have also been cast on the
intention of the framers of the resolution given the vague and imprecise nature
of the resolution on protection of the civilians which leaves it susceptible to
any interpretation that may suit the self interest of the intervening states.
There has also been controversy as to the legality and justifiability of UN
instigated external intervention under
whatever pretext in violation of the sanctity of sovereignty of member states
which the UN has pledged to protect (Kochler 1999, Goodman 2006, The Economist
2008, Guraziu 2008, Stanulova 2010, Kochler 2011, Mandami 2011a). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The problematic of this paper is first, to unearth and assess critically
the factor(s) responsible for the adoption of Resolution 1973 on Libya, and
secondly to find out whether the manner of implementation of Resolution 1973
complied with or violated the mandate of the resolution which fundamentally is
to protect the civilian population from harm. Against this backdrop the paper
raises the following research questions:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(1) Did
Gaddafi regime's threats and use of force to quell protest instigate the UNSC
adoption of resolution 1973 on Libya?<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">(2) Did the manner of enforcement of resolution
1973 by NATO led coalition comply with the mandate of the Resolution on Libya?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Objectives of the Study<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The broad
objective of this study is to critically evaluate the UNSC resolution 1973 on
Libya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The
Specific objectives of the study are<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. To determine
if Gaddafi regimes threats and use of force to quell protest brought about the
UNSC adoption of resolution 1973 on Libya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. To
determine if the manner of enforcement of resolution 1973 by the NATO led
coalition complied with the mandate of the resolution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 1.75in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Significance of Study: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This study
has both theoretical and practical significance.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In
theoretical terms the study is significant given the raging controversy over
the legality and justifiability of humanitarian intervention either by states,
group of states or the United Nations. In addition the study shall contribute
to the wealth of knowledge on the issue of UN humanitarian intervention.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">In
practical terms the study is significant because of the specificity of the
Libyan crisis since the beginning of the Arab Spring. It unearths the rationale
behind the UN humanitarian intervention in Libya when such intervention did not
take place in other countries with similar situation. The findings of this
study shall be useful to scholars and technocrats bent on solving similar
crisis in other Arab countries with mass revolt.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Operational Definition<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Conceptualizing
Humanitarian Intervention:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Humanitarian intervention (herein also referred to as HI) has been
variously defined though some commonalities run through the various definitions
(Kadas, 2001:1). For instance, Roberts (in Kadas 2001:1) defines HI as a
"military intervention in a state, without the approval of authorities,
and with the purpose of preventing widespread suffering or death among the
inhabitants" Knudsen (Kadas, 2001:1) sees it as "dictatorial or
coercive interference in the sphere of jurisdiction of sovereign state
motivated or legitimated by humanitarian concerns". While Bhikhu (in Kadas
2001:1) defines it as "an act of intervention in the internal affairs of
another country with a view to ending
the physical suffering caused by the disintegration or gross misuse of authority of the state ,
and helping create conditions in which a viable structure of civil authority
can emerge". Keohane (2003:1) defined it as "the threat or use of
force across state borders by a state (or group of states) aimed at preventing
or ending widespread and grave violations of the fundamental human rights of
individuals other than its own citizens without
the permission of the state within whose territory force is applied".
Stanuova (2010) defines it as legitimate use of force by states against another
state for the purpose of alleviating human suffering in the latter. While Heinz
(2010) defined it as "the trans boundary use of military force in order to
halt or avert large scale and grave human suffering", Kadas (2001:2)
identifies some commonalities in all the definitions, namely (i) Use of
military force, (ii) Absence of the target state's permission, (iii) Its aim to
help non nationals (iv) Agency of intervention. This paper adopts the
definition by Keohane (2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Literature Review:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The literature review focuses on the diverse scholarly
perspectives on the vexed issue of humanitarian intervention considered
fundamental in understanding and answering the questions posed in this paper.
This includes the theoretical arguments with regards to the legality/justification
of humanitarian intervention, the history and dynamics of UN's role in
Humanitarian intervention, and humanitarian intervention in the Libyan crisis
as mandated by resolution 1973.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Humanitarian
Intervention: The Legality and Justification Concerns<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Guraziu (2008:3) opines that "the main problem with
humanitarian intervention is not the lack of consensus in defining the concept
but rather the more contentious issues such as the legality and legitimacy of
an intervention". For some schools of thought, HI will be legitimate if it
is authorized by the UN - considered the legitimate institution to do so as the
world body entrusted with peace and security of the World, as Kurth (2005:90)
put it "the political authority with the greatest legitimacy among the
widest number of states is the UN". For some others, HI will always be
illegitimate and illegal because it violates the sovereignty of nation states.
Thus the illegality/legality or justification thesis and the violation of
sovereignty thesis forms the central focus of most theoretical/practical
concerns on humanitarian intervention. There are many schools of thought on
this. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In the work Humanitarian Intervention debate, Holzgrefe (2003)
raised a fundamental question, "does the international community have a
moral duty to intervene to end massive human rights violations like Rwandan
genocide? To answer the question Holzgrefe (2003) observes that intellectual
postulations regarding the morals and justice of HI has been classified in
diverse ways, yet no single typology captures all the important differences
between views. He thus classified these views into four ethical divides. The
first ethical divide concerns the proper source of moral concern (i.e. Are
morally binding norms an inherent feature of the World discovered through
reason or experience and unalterable by humans? or is it derivable from the
explicit or tacit consent of the agents
subject to that norm?); the second
divide concerns appropriate objects of moral concern (i.e. Is international
justice to be concerned essentially with welfare of individual human beings
or should it be concerned with the
welfare of the group which can differ significantly from the interests of the
individual?); the third divide is on proper weight of moral concern (i.e. should
all objects of moral concern receive equal treatment?); while the fourth is
about proper breadth of moral concern(i:e should all states, nations, races,
humans constitute objects of moral concern, or are there some that should
attract more attention)? He opines that each ethical concern addresses different
theoretical postulations. The theories can be grouped into four major arguments
and counter arguments namely, naturalist versus consensualist, individualist versus
collectivist, egalitarian versus inegalitarian and the universalist versus the
particularistic theories. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Within the first ethical concern (proper source of moral concern)
Holzgrefe identifies the naturalist theories which contend that morally binding
norms are an inherent feature of the world, discovered through reason or
experience, that is, facts about the world possess an intrinsic moral
significance which human beings are powerless to alter. This is in contrast to
the consensualist theories which claim that moral authority of any given
international norm derives from the explicit or tacit consent of the agents
subject to that norm, in effect just norms are made not discovered. Within the
second concerns (appropriate objects of moral concern) he identifies
individualist theories of international justice concerned ultimately with
welfare of individual human beings in contrast to the collectivist theories
that maintain that groups can have interests different from individual
preferences that compose them. Within the third divide (proper weight of moral
concerns) he locates the egalitarian theories that claim that the objects of moral
concern must be treated equally in contrast to the inegalitarian theories that
claim otherwise. In the fourth divide(proper breadth of moral concern) he
identifies the universalist theories that assert that all relevant agents
wherever they exist are the proper objects of moral concern in contrast to the
particularist theories that hold that certain agents (human being, races,
nations, states) but not others are the proper objects of moral concern. He
argues that the various theoretical postulations regarding HI falls into one or
more of these four divides. He classified the theories of humanitarian
intervention into five categories, namely: utilitarianism, natural law, social
contractarianism and legal positivism. Within each theoretical concern there are
also variations.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Utilitarianism according to Holzgrefe is a naturalist doctrine
that an action is just if its consequences are more favorable than unfavorable
to all concerned, in other words an action consequences are everything. Conduct
is never good or bad in itself, only its effects on human well being make it
good or bad. Thus utilitarianism is naturalist, individualist, egalitarian and Universalist,
because human well being is considered an intrinsic good, and each person
counts and no one for more than one. He further classified utilitarianism into
two -"Act utilitarians" which contend that each human action is the
proper object of moral evaluation, in the sense that each specific act is just
if its immediate and direct consequence is more favourable than unfavourable to
all concerned. In effect humanitarian intervention is just if it saves more
lives than it costs and unjust if it costs more lives than it saves. This has
been criticized for asking too much and too little of people, in that it obliges
us to help others to the point at which our own well being is reduced to the
same level as those whose well-being we are attempting to improve; its extreme
altruism is the logical consequence of its individualist, egalitarian and
universalist premises. In contrast
," Rule Utilitarians" hold that a specific class of actions is the
proper object of moral concern in the sense that an act is just if it conforms to a set of rules whose
general adoption increases aggregate well-being more than the general adoption
of any other set of rules. This view holds that if people do not observe the
same rules, trust will erode and aggregate well-being decreases. In effect
justice of humanitarian intervention depends not on its consequences but on
whether it is permitted by a rule that if followed by everyone produces the
best consequences for all concerned. Unfortunately there is no agreement
amongst this group as to which set of rules satisfies this criterion. In
addition the act utilitarians criticized the position of the rule utilitarians
as 'unutilitarian' fetish adherence to rules for their own sake and has therefore
fallen prey to "rule fetishism". Holzgrefe concludes that the debate
between the act and rule utilitarians is
that neither side supports their claims with anything beyond anecdotal
evidence thus a systematic analysis of the welfare of humanitarian intervention
and non-intervention is sadly lacking. This constitutes a setback in assessing
the merits and demerits of competing utilitarian claims.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The second category, natural law is based on the naturalist
doctrine that human beings have certain moral duties by virtue of their common
humanity. Its basic precepts are discovered through reason and therefore
available to anyone capable of rational thought. This view holds that "our
common human nature generates common moral duties -including some versions of a
right of humanitarian intervention. A representative view is that of Joseph
Boyle (in Holzgrefe 2003) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 1in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Our
moral obligations are not limited to people whom we are bound in community by
contract, political ties or common local. We are obliged to help whoever{sic}
we can...and be ready to form and promote decent relations with them...This
general duty to help is the most basic ground
within this common morality for
interference in the internal affairs of one nation by outsiders, including
other nations and international bodies. The specific implications of the
general duty to provide help depend on a number of highly contingent factors,
including respect for a nation's sovereignty and awareness of the limits of
outside aid. But the normative ground is there and ...in extreme circumstances
it can justify the use of force.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius affirmed this view when he wrote
that <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 1in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The
fact must be recognized that kings and those who possess rights equal to those
of kings, have the right of demanding of punishment not only on account of
injuries committed against themselves or their subjects, but also on account of
injuries which do not directly affect them but excessively violate the law of
nature or of nations in regard of any person whatsoever.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Natural law theorist further opines that this right of
intervention is discretionary and is not obligatory especially where it places
a burden on the citizens of the intervening state. Similarly the victims of
genocide, mass murder and the like possess no right of humanitarian rescue or
moral claim to the help of any specific state. Against this backdrop, the duty
of humanitarian intervention is an 'imperfect duty' like the duties of charity
and beneficence, based on the freewill of states to choose when and how to
help. By contrast states possess a perfect duty of non-intervention, as
Christian Wolf (Holzgrefe 2003:28) opines "to interfere in the government
of another ...is opposed to the natural law of liberty of nations, by virtue of
which nations is altogether independent of the will of other nations in its
actions...if any such things are done they are done altogether without
rights." In opposition to the
imperfect duty of humanitarian intervention , Allen Buchanan posits a perfect
duty of HI by asserting that if persons have rights then one ought
not only to respect persons' rights by not violating them but also contributing
to creating arrangements that will ensure that persons' rights are not
violated. In the same token, it is not enough for a state to refrain from
violating human rights itself, it must also create and participate in
international institutions that prevent or stop gross human rights violation.
Therefore a perfect duty of humanitarian intervention is in principle wholly
compatible with the precepts of natural law (Hozgrefe 2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Social contractarianism is also a naturalist doctrine that moral
norms derive their binding force from the mutual consent of the people subject
to them. This mutual consent is not between real people in real choice
situations but ideal agents in ideal choice situations. In their view, norms
are morally obligatory only if free, equal and rational agents would consent to
them. By defining justice in this way, they avoid the criticism that actual
norms are rarely if ever, chosen freely. Thus by idealizing the choice
situation social contractarians ensure that mutual consent is genuine and not
the product of force or fraud. Social contractarians disagree on certain
basics- the identity of the contracting parties. While some contend that norms
are just if the citizens of a state would consent to them, others claim that
they are just if the states themselves would consent to them. The identity of
the contracting parties is important because it affects which norms would be
chosen and which are morally binding. If citizens of a state were the
contracting parties, then a duty to maximize the national interest would be selected
because as Buchanan (in Holzgrefe2003:29) argues "what makes the
government legitimate is that it acts as the faithful agent of its own
citizens. And to that extent, government acts legitimately only when it
occupies itself exclusively with the interest of the citizens of the state of
which it is the government. Thus the justice of any given intervention hinges
on whether it benefits or harms the "national interest". For scholars
like Samuel Huntington intervention aimed at ending gross human rights abuses
in foreign countries are almost always unjust. He asserts that "it is
morally unjustifiable and politically indefensible that members of the [United
States] Armed Forces should be killed to prevent Somalis from killing one
another" (in Holzfrefe 2003:30). For
scholars like Joseph Nye Jr. (in Holzgrefe 2003:30) who defines national
interest more expansively, interventions aimed at ending genocide and mass
murder can be morally obligatory in certain circumstances. However in either
case, the interests of the intervening state counts for everything in assessing
an intervention's legitimacy; while the interests of the target state counts
for nothing. Holzgrefe further argues that the widespread appeal of
"national interest" argument rests in large measure on the
inegalitarian, particularist view that
states should privilege the well -being of their own citizens over the
well-being of nameless persons in
distant lands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Communitarianism is the consensualist, particularist doctrine that
norms are morally binding in so far as they fit the cultural beliefs and practices
of specific communities. A representative view is that of Michael Walzer (1983
in Holzgrefe 2003). Justice according to Walzer is relative to social meanings.
For him there are "infinite number of possible lives shaped by infinite
number of possible cultures, religions, political arrangements, etc". Therefore
"a given society is just if its substantive life is lived in a way
faithful to the shared understandings of its members". Thus the
"inherited cultures that rule peoples' lives are morally binding because
they are the product of long processes of 'association and mutuality', 'shared
experience', and 'cooperative activity'. "They are binding because they
are the product of consent". A duty of humanitarian intervention is just
because it fits the inherited cultures of political communities everywhere. It
is justified when "it is a response ... to acts that shock the moral
conscience of mankind". "This global culture of human solidarity
demand that states intervene whenever
one of their number massacres, enslaves, or forcibly expels large
numbers of its citizens or collapses into frenzied, murderous anarchy"
(Walzer in Holzgrefe2003:34). Scholars faulted the consent ingredient of
contractarianism on the grounds that consent as conceived by this school cannot
generate morally binding norms. Gerald Doppelt (in Holzgrefe 2003:34) observes
that given the inequality in social and political life, oppressed people have
little or no control concerning their social participation. Put differently,
Communitarianism is blind to the warping effects that asymmetries of wealth,
power and status have on expression of consent.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Legal positivism as a normative doctrine is the consensualist,
collectivist view that norms are just if they are lawful; that is if they are
enacted according to accepted procedures. This view also posits the
"separability thesis" in that it claims that "binding laws have
absolutely no need to "reproduce or satisfy certain demands of morality, though
in fact they have often done so" (Hart 1958 in Holzgrefe 2003:35). Another variation of this view posits that
"one has a moral obligation to obey the law qua law only if is enacted
according to just legislative procedures. But the question is-what constitutes
just legislative procedure? Holzgrefe opines that in international law,
"state consent" expressed in the form of treaties and international
custom is the accepted procedure for enacting legal norms. They argue that
state consent is the legally valid (and morally binding) legislative procedure
because it is the legislative procedure that states recognize as legally valid.
Naturalist have queried the idea of obeying law qua law just because it was
passed in accordance with the accepted recipes for making law more so if the law is a wicked law. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Teson (2003) concentrated on the liberal case for
humanitarian intervention. Liberal view is hinged on a standard assumption of
political philosophy which is that "a major purpose of states and
governments is to protect and secure human rights, that is rights that all
persons have by virtue of personhood alone.
Governments and others in power who
seriously violate those rights undermine the one reason that justifies
their political power and thus should not be protected by international
law" . Against this backdrop, such governments cannot hide behind the mask
of sovereignty to defend their actions as tyranny and anarchy results to the
moral collapse of sovereignty. Liberalism further contends that the fact that
persons are right holders has normative consequences for others, namely, the
obligation to respect those rights, obligation to rescue victims of tyranny or
anarchy, if we can do so at reasonable cost to ourselves, which in essence is
the right of humanitarian intervention. The liberal view has two components:
the first is that governmental tyranny and behavior that typically takes place
in situations of extreme anarchy are serious forms of injustice towards
persons, the second is the judgment that subject to important constraints,
external intervention is at least morally permissible to end that injustice. It
further opines that if situations that trigger humanitarian interventions are
morally abhorrent, then neither the sanctity of national borders nor a general
prohibition against war should by themselves preclude humanitarian
intervention. Anarchy and tyranny, it contends are two extremes in a continuum
of political coercion. Anarchy is the
complete absence of social order which leads to a Hobbesian state of nature,
and the need for survival compels persons in the state of nature to lead a
brutal existence marked by assaults on human dignity-a case of too little
government; in a similar vein, tyranny is not simply an obvious assault on the
dignity of persons, it is a betrayal of the very purpose for which government
exists. It is a case of abuse of government, of too much government.
Humanitarian intervention is therefore one tool to help move the quantum of
political freedom in the continuum of political coercion to the Kantian centre
of that continuum away, on the one hand, from the extreme lack of order (anarchy)
and on the other, from governmental suppression of individual freedom (tyranny).
Put differently if human beings are denied basic human rights and
consequentially the capacity to pursue their autonomous projects, outsiders - (foreigners,
governments, international organizations) have a duty not only to respect those
rights themselves but also ensure that governments respect them. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Using the concept of "debordering and rebordering" of
human rights derived from world society perspective Thorsten Bonacker (2007:27)
examines how the global human rights regime is a 'debordering and rebordering'
process and therefore offer opportunity for humanitarian intervention.
According to this school, debordering can be defined as the functional change
of borders, the loss of importance of their territorial anchoring and as a
consequence-the decoupling of (functional) system borders and territorial
borders. In contrast to theories of globalization/trans or denationalization,
debordering for world society means both new forms of debordering and
rebordering because without borders no social order can reasonably be conceived
of. Rebordering is therefore a reaction to debordering processes. From this
viewpoint the global human rights regime is on one hand a debordering process
in so far as it decouples individual rights from the notion of belonging to a
particular political community; it is a post national form of inclusion and
integration. On the other hand it draws a new line and creates a new border.
Thus the debordering process is attributed to the development of transnational
human rights regime as well as a consequence of it. The human rights regime is
itself part of a rebordering process because the institutionalization of a
transnational human rights regime is a reaction to the decline of the nation
state and the establishment of a new order. This order is established beyond
the state and materializes in some respect as world society. However the human
rights regime is not a replacement of the nation state but rather stresses new
additional borders, which allows older borders to be put into perspective. Thus
rebordering creates new forms of inclusion and symbolic integration as well as
post national conflict and types of conflict settlement. Bonacker further notes
that the symbolic constitution of a community based on human rights implicates
a border between those who are part of this community and those who are
excluded from it (so called outlaw regimes). This raises the question of
legitimation in postnational constellation. In such a postnational
constellation of world politics, recognition of states is no longer exclusively
based on inter-state community, but also on transnational actors within a
transnational public sphere and one aspect of legitimation or delegitimation is
compliance with or violation of human rights provisions. If a transnational
community substantiates a massive human rights violation in a state, that state
can lose its international recognition and violent intervention into such a
state if the transnational public sphere is mobilized becomes reasonable. In
this way, human rights becomes a strong resource of legitimacy not because of
their ability to regulate world politics with law but because of their function
as an empty symbol that cannot be rejected. In effect the transnationalization
of political and legal inclusion by human rights directs attention to the
difference between functional and territorial borders, and the human rights
regime in this respect becomes a way of decoupling the political and the legal
system from their nation state framing. On this level functional borders
structures national borders between nation state or put differently the principle of
functional differentiation dominates the principle of segmentary
differentiation (Bonacker 2007:23-33) . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The other theoretical divide borders on how best to
interpret the UN Charter and relevant international conventions to find
justification for the legality or illegality of humanitarian intervention. Two
schools of thoughts emerge on this, the classicist view and the legal realist
view. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The classicist presume that parties to a treaty "had
an original intention which can be discovered primarily through textual
analysis and which in the absence of some unforeseen change in circumstances,
must be respected until the agreement has expired or has been replaced by
mutual consent" (Holzgrefe 2003:38). This school otherwise referred to as
"textualists" believe that words, phrases, and sentences in treaties
often have plain meanings and usually have specific and ascertainable original
intentions which consistent with the
principle of the rule of law, are binding as long as the treaty remains in
force. As a result they privilege indicators of intent closest in time to the
text's creation (Farer 2003:61). Thus it rests its arguments on the literal
interpretation of UN Charter especially Article 2(4)) and other international
treaties rejecting the expansionist reading of the UN Charter advanced by the
Legal Realist school. They contended that the UN Charter did not make provision
for HI, rather the UN charter in Article 2(4) contradicts the very notion of
humanitarian intervention. It states that "all members shall refrain in
their international relations from the threat or use of force against the
territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any manner
inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations" (Guraziu, 2008:4;
Stanulova, 2010:2; Portela 2000:3; Kochler1999:5). Adopting a more liberal
approach Legal Realism on the other hand asserts that texts are but one among a
large number of means for ascertaining original intention. It argues that
original intention has no intrinsic authority rather the past is relevant to
the extent it helps us to identify the prevailing attitudes about the propriety
of a governments acts and omissions (Reisman in Holzgrefe 2003:39). Relying on
expansionist reading of UN texts it argues that the phrase "in any other
manner inconsistent with the purposes of the United Nations" permits
unauthorized intervention where the UNSC fails to realize one of its chief
purposes-protection of human rights (Holzgrefe 2003). In their view the article
only forbids the use of force when it is directed against territorial integrity
or political independence of any state (Adjei 2005:29). Where neither is the
case humanitarian intervention is not prohibited. Murphy (2005) thus argues
that the language used in Article 2(4) does not prohibit humanitarian
intervention if the purpose of the intervention is not to alter the boundaries
of a state or to topple a government and that the negotiating history of the
text confirms that the drafters sought a broad prohibition. He notes that the
UN Charter contains two exceptions to this broad prohibition. First, Article 51
of the Charter provides that "nothing in the present Charter shall impair
the inherent right of individual or collective self -defense if an armed attack
occurs against a member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has
taken measures necessary to maintain peace and harmony". The second exception in Article 42 also states that " should
the Security Council consider that measures provided for in Article 41 would be
inadequate or have proved to be inadequate, it may take such action by air or
sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international
peace and security" (Murphy
2005; Portela 2000). In the views of Teson
(in Adjei 2005) since Article 2(4) also prohibits use of force when it is
employed against the purposes of the UN, the big question is whether
humanitarian intervention will survive the "purpose test". If
protection of human rights is one of the purposes of the UN then humanitarian
intervention is legal. In addition it follows logically that if all uses of
force with the exception of those expressly stated in the charter were illegal
then the qualifying clauses to article 2(4) becomes redundant. To give effect
to that clause, one must look at other parts of the Charter (Adjei 2005:30).
They suggest that the general prohibition on the use of force, enshrined in
Article 2(4) could and should be
stretched to accommodate other important principles of the UN such as human
rights, so as to permit interventions with a humanitarian purpose (Welsh
2006:55). They further argue that powerful states will not be constrained by
old texts construed in ways that seriously compromise their interests; as rules
acquire authority in the international system by prescribing in greater or
lesser details the behavior that, in a
particular area of activity, optimally advances the shared interests of major
states (Farer 2003:63). In the absence of such dynamism in rule making and
interpretation there is a likelihood that states may openly reject the
established meaning or offer a mendacious account of their behavior or simply
act without explanation. This attitude may provoke other states and the
likelihood of reciprocating in a similar manner. To avoid escalation of
violence, governments and legal scholars should focus on the present and seek
to clarify and publicize contemporarily
demanded or policy-maximizing interpretation of old texts both international
agreements and scholarly tomes and by so doing summarize and crystallize past
state behavior into rules that can be as
specific and binding as a treaty(Farer
2003:64). Both schools of thought inarguably run parallel arguments that
justify the positions they took. Hence Rudi Guraziu (2008) in his review of
literatures on the justification of military humanitarian intervention
categorized the major contentions into two groups, namely restrictionists and counter-restrictionists.
Restrictionists base their arguments on the principle of sovereignty and the
norm of non intervention which relies
heavily on Article 2(4) and 2(7) of the UN noting that the act is not
only a violation of UN charter but also could be pretext for the achievement of other
objectives of the interveners. The idea that humanitarian intervention can be
used as a pretext for war and imperialistic adventure by the advanced
powers was interrogated by Ryan Goodman
(2006). Goodman argues that a key obstacle to legalizing unilateral
humanitarian intervention (UHI) is the overriding concern that states would use
the pretext of HI to wage wars for ulterior motives. He asserts that contrary
to this popular view, legalizing UHI would actually discourage wars with
ulterior motives. He contends that encouraging aggressive states to justify
force as exercise of humanitarian intervention can facilitate conditions for
peace between those states and their prospective targets. Taking the human
rights posture the counter restrictionists argue that the UN Charter does not
ban the use of force in cases of massive abuse of human rights by a state. This
they argue is in consonance with customary international law based on the just
war theory. Thus Hugo Grotius, a Dutch
Jurist argues that "where a tyrant should inflict upon his subjects such a
treatment as no one is warranted in inflicting, other states may exercise a
right of humanitarian intervention" (in Guraziu 2008) Ferdinand Teson (in Guraziu 2008) also
notes that issue of sovereignty and human rights remains problematic
because whichever action taken will imply a violation of some fundamental rule
of international law, therefore either intervention is undertaken to put an end
to the massacres or we abstain from intervening
and tolerate the violation by other states of the general prohibition of
gross human rights abuses. He asserts that abuse of human rights is not only an
assault on the dignity of persons but a betrayal of the principle of
sovereignty. Writing on the subject of sovereignty and right/duty of state to
intervene on humanitarian grounds, Henry
Shue (2006:12-16) highlighted the views of Friedrich Kratochwil (1995) which
describes sovereignty as a kind of right that creates a space within which a
bearer of the right is sometimes free to do what is morally wrong. He however
notes that "while the exercise of sovereignty is certainly not defeasible by
direct appeals to morality, the proper scope of sovereignty's exercise does
change and it could change partly in response to moral appeals". This
change may require two steps, one cannot
merely say, this is wrong, so sovereigns are not allowed to do it since
sovereigns are understood to be free to
do much that is wrong (as are individual persons). But one can say (1) this is
very wrong that even sovereigns should be understood in future not to be free
to get away with it and (2) once this is generally understood among sovereigns
to be outside the scope of sovereignty, sovereigns ought not, according to the
now-tightened rules of sovereignty, to do it in future. He asserts that a rule
change may have to precede a demand for a behaviour change, but there is no
reason why a rule change cannot be based at least in part on moral
considerations. Shue went further to elaborate on the limitations of
sovereignty and argues that the content of sovereignty blinds us to its form,
but its form imposes unseen limits on its content. He argues that sovereignty
was not originally intended to, and indeed cannot be unlimited. Extrapolating
from the writings of classical theorists like Christian Wolff, Emmerich de
Vattel and Rambotham & Woodhouse, he opines that the principle of non
intervention protects the principle of sovereignty but at the same time limits
it. This is because if sovereignty is a right, it becomes limited. It is
limited because the duties that are constitutive of the right, and without
which there can be no right, constrain the activity of every sovereign
belonging to international society. The deeper reason (quoting Vincent 1974)
being that non-intervention imposes duties that also constrain the sovereignty
of the states that bear the duty. It protects one by constraining everyone
else's and protects everyone else's by constraining the one. Thus the form of
sovereignty is its being a right, and this dictates a feature of its content,
it being limited. Therefore an agent’s right must have the form of limits on
the behavior of other agents and if all have right, the conduct of all has
limits. In effect rights portend rules of the game which also implies
limitations on the exercise of rights. Shue also added that one specific limits on
state sovereignty is dictated by the nature of fundamental individual rights.
As every effective system of rights needs to include some default or back up
duties, that is duties that constitute a second line of defence requiring
someone to step in to the breach when those with the primary duty that is the
first line of defence fail to perform it. Often the ideal content of the second
duty is simply the enforcement of the primary duty, the default duty falls upon
someone who can make the bearer of the primary duty do it. But the nature of
the secondary duty, like that of the primary duty will depend on the nature of
interest to be protected, the most effective means of protecting it ,and this
cannot be specified purely in the abstract (Shue 2006:17). What Shue has done
is to conceptualize under what circumstances state sovereignty shall yield to
individual sovereignty constituted as the collection of rights fundamental to
an individual's existence. To this end Ramsbotham and Woodhouse (in Guruziu
2008) suggested four steps that prioritizes individual rights before state
rights and allow intervention when a state fails its duty to protect its
citizens. These are: (1) Victims' right to protection and assistance, (2) host
government's duty to provide it, (3) outside government's duty to act in
default, (4) outside governments’ right to intervene accordingly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In a bid to move
the main issue in question in this debate which is offering help to
humans beings to reduce or alleviate their suffering away from the
much expended energy on the morality and legality of the intervening act
itself, the ICISS in 2001 redefined sovereignty as implying responsibility, and
moved the debate from the right to intervene to the responsibility to protect
(R2P) and thus opines that "the
primary responsibility for the
protection of its people lies with the state itself but where a population is
suffering serious harm as a result of internal war, insurgency, repression or
state failure, and the state in question is unwilling or unable to halt or
avert it, the principle of non intervention yields to the international
responsibility to protect (Guraziu2008, Musiani 2008, Massingham 2009). Thus R2P adopts a new view of sovereignty which
emphasizes as its defining characteristics the capacity to provide protection
rather than territorial control, and as
Weiss (in Massingham 2009:804-805) puts
it "sovereignty has added a fourth characteristics- 'respect of human
rights' to the three earlier defined by the treaty of Westphalia-territory,
authority and population. Taken as whole R2P is best understood as a broad
policy agenda that aims to create a consensus on how to prevent and react to
situations of gross human suffering couched as responsibility to protect in
order to generate the will and consensus necessary to mobilize a decisive
international response. Thus it is premised on the responsibility to prevent,
react and rebuild. These three criteria are seen as the early warning,
preventive toolbox and political will of R2P.
Scholars however feel that the report is weighted heavily on the
responsibility to react and implications for military intervention thus
associating R2P primarily with humanitarian intervention (McFarlane, Thielking
&Weiss 2004, Weiss 2007, Bellamy 2009 in Heize 2011). R2P was seen as an
attempt to create a new norm that would legalize HI. The Commission listed some
criteria for military intervention or responsibility to react. The first of
these is the threshold criteria of just cause. This implies that military
intervention must be limited to situations of (a) A large scale loss of life,
actual or apprehended, with genocidal intent or not which is the product either
of deliberate state action or state neglect or inability to act or failed state
situation or (b) large scale ethnic cleansing, actual or apprehended, whether
carried out by killing, forced expulsion, acts of terror or rape. The second
criterion is right authority. This refers to the question of who should be the
body to authorize any such intervention. In sum three right authorities are
suggested, the Security Council, the General Assembly and Regional
Organizations. The third criterion is right intention. This means the primary
purpose of intervention must be to halt or avert human suffering and that
regime overthrow is not legitimate reason for invoking the doctrine. The fourth
criterion is last resort meaning that the resort to force should only be used
when every diplomatic and non -military avenue for the prevention or peaceful
resolution of the humanitarian crises has been explored. The fifth criterion is
proportional means which is a fundamental principle of jus ad bellum. While the
last or sixth criterion is reasonable prospects. This dictates that military
action can only be justified if it stands a reasonable chance of success, it
should not be undertaken if the consequences of embarking upon the intervention
is likely to be worse than if there is no action at all (Massingham 2009).These
criteria were also noted by the 2004 panel set up by the UN Secretary General.
The last criterion listed is in consonance with the doctrine of "double effect"
from the just war theory which allows interveners to cause the death of
innocent civilians if by so doing they prevent much greater harm and if the
damage they do is unintended. Much of the R2P criteria seems to have flowed
from the ideas of Tony Blair who at the thick of NATO intervention in Kosovo
and amidst serious criticism from China and Russia raised questions popularly
referred to as the Blair reality check, notably (1) Are we sure of our case (2)
Have we exhausted diplomacy? (3) Can we be successful? (4) Are we prepared for
the long haul? Do we need to be? (5) Is it in our national interest? Is it in
our common interest? (6) What is the desired outcome? (Blair in Global Focus
n.d). Much of the proposals of R2P were re-evaluated in the World Summit
Outcome Document (WSOD) and rephrased along the lines of the traditional
interpretation of the Charter of the UN in the areas of collective security and
peace. Musiani (2008:2) argues that the notion of lawful self defense included
in article 51 of the Charter is the only legal instrument available to states
in order to justify use of force on their part. However the dilemma regarding
the interpretation of Article 51 is the possibility of resorting to self
defense to repel an imminent attack. WSOD notes that for the action to be
legitimate it is necessary for the threat to be actually imminent and not merely
likely and in the latter case the state involved should seek the Security
Council authorization. In addition the Secretary General's report in 2005 World
Summit concluded that Article 51 as formulated in the Charter is fully
appropriate in cases of armed response to imminent threats; and the use of force as pre-emptive defense against 'external'
or 'internal' threats to international peace and security
is to be considered as the Security Council's exclusive competence. Pre-emptive self
defense is thus subordinated to an express authorization of the Security Council
as the interpreter and voice of the international community's collective
security needs (Annan 2005 in Musiani 2008:3). This stance is a disapproval of
the Bush doctrine of pre-emptive self defense anchored in unilateralism and
without the permission of the Security Council (SC). WSOD thus reaffirmed (even
if vague) a commitment to multilateralism and the responsibility of the
Security Council in deciding coercive measures (Musiani 2008). The Human Rights
Watch (HRW) set out similar criteria as found in WSOD and other UN panel
documents for HI. The basic criteria include, (1) Military action must be the
last reasonable option to halt or prevent slaughter and should not be used if effective
alternatives are available; (2) the intervention must be guided primarily by a humanitarian purpose,
humanitarian purpose must be the dominant reason for military action; (3) every
effort should be made to ensure that the means used to intervene themselves
respect international human rights and humanitarian law, we do not subscribe to
the view that some abuses can be countenanced in the name of stopping others; (4)
It must be reasonably likely that military
action will do more good than harm, HI should not be tried if it will
cause more suffering. (5) Humanitarian intervention is preferred when it
receives the endorsement of the UNSC or other bodies with significant
multilateral authority. Many of the UN resolutions and reactions of states
indicate a preference for interventions that abides with the norms of
international law and charter of the UN. This is in consonance with the feeling
that allowing any one state the privilege of abuse of the of UN Charter will be
tantamount to allowing all, resulting to a state of global anarchy in which the
weaker states will be at the mercy of the more powerful states (Kochler 1999);
and HI enjoy legitimacy from the international community when it is authorized
by the UNSC and operates in accordance with international law. As Portela
(2000) observes the activities of the UN in the past two decades suggest that
the protection of human rights in situations of extreme deprivation and
suffering has been given pre-eminence over the sovereignty principle.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In view of the arguments of the resrictionists and
counter restrictionists, it becomes pertinent to examine the history and
position of the UN with regards to the use of humanitarian intervention, so as
to ascertain whether the position of the UNSC on Libya is in consonance with
existing practice of the UN.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The United Nations and
Humanitarian Intervention: History and Dynamics<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Humanitarian intervention predates the UN. According to Kadas
(2001:2), the early discussions of humanitarian intervention can be traced back
to sixteenth and seventeenth century classical writers on international law,
especially with reference to the discussion on the moral or ethical doctrine of
just wars. This is because in the pre-Westphalia Europe, the principal
normative framework for legitimizing resort to force was the moral doctrine of
just war (Haines 2008:89). The just war doctrine treated as a normative theory
prescribes right conduct in conflict situations. It adopts an in between
position between pacifism and bellicism though closer to the former in that it
tries to avoid war or limit its destructive consequences. Hence it encompasses
the twin concept of 'jus ad bellum' (right to go to war) and 'jus in bello'
(right conduct in war) which comes from a long tradition in western thought
traceable to Plato (427-347BC). However the first explicit reference to the
just war concept came from Plato's follower Cicero (106-43BC) who states that
"just war should be fought justly" (Viotti & Kauppi 2009:176).
Cicero's ideas were later developed further by St. Augustine who presented it
as the alternative to pacifism dominant in the early Christian Church. Later St
Aquinas (1225-1274), Vitoria (1480-1546), Suarez (1548-1617), Gentili
(1552-1608) contributed further to the concept. However, Hugo Grotius popularized
the concept in his work - "De Bellum ac Pacis" - (Law of War and
Peace) 1625 by taking it from its moral and ethical base to develop it into a
legally binding principle of international law (Viotti & Kauppi 2009). Grotius
in <i>De Bellum ac Pacis</i> opines that
states are entitled to exercise the right "vested in human society"
on behalf of oppressed individuals. Thus the Groatian formulation allows full
scale use of force to end human suffering (Kadas 2001:2). However the 'jus ad
bellum' is not a blank cheque, it goes with certain principles. First, war was
permissible if it has a just cause ("Causa
Justa) with just intent such as self
defense; Secondly the decision to go to war must be made by the legitimate
authority within the state (the Sovereign prince in the pre charter era).
Thirdly, resort to armed force must be proportionate to the provocation;
fourthly there must be some chance of success; and fifthly it must be the last
resort, that is use of armed force must be delayed until every reasonable
peaceful means for settling the dispute has been exhausted (Viotti & Kauppi
2009:178-179; Haines 2008:89). In furtherance of the just war doctrine, J.S.
Mill in his essay " Few Words on Non intervention -(1859) wrote: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 1in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">There
seems to be no little need that the whole doctrine of non-interference with
foreign nations should be reconsidered, if it can be said to have as yet been
considered as really moral question at all...To go to war for an idea, if war
is aggressive, not defensive, is as criminal as to go to war for territory or
revenue; for it is as little justifiable to force our ideas on other people, as
to compel them to submit to our will in any other respect. But there assuredly
are cases in which it is allowed to go to war without having been attacked, or
threatened with attack; and it is very important that nations should make up
their minds in time, as to what these cases are... (in Wikipedia 2012). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">On the question of intervention on the side of government, Mills
notes that "government which needs foreign support to enforce obedience
from its own citizens, is one which ought not to exist". Neither did he
encourage intervention for liberation purposes. He notes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 1in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">When
the contest is only with native rulers and with such native strength as those
rulers can enlist in their defense, the answer I should give to the question of
legitimacy of intervention is, as a general rule, No. The reason is, that there
can seldom be anything approaching to assurance that intervention, even if
successful, would be for the good of the people themselves. The only test
possessing any real value, of a people's having become fit for popular
institutions, is that they, or a sufficient portion of them prevail in the contest,
are willing to brave labour and danger for their liberation...But the evil is,
that if they have not sufficient love of liberty to be able to wrest it from
merely domestic oppressors, the liberty which is bestowed on them by other
hands than their own, will have noting real, nothing permanent... (in Wikipedia
2012)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">These intellectual precursors influenced what was later to be
known as humanitarian intervention (intervention d' humanitae) in the 19th
century Europe. Kochler (1999:4) observes that the term humanitarian
intervention is not new as it was employed in the so called "Holy Alliance
established in 1815 by the rulers of Austria, Prussia and Russia, later joined
by England and France against the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire in favor of
presumably "persecuted" Christian population group. Thus humanitarian
intervention was one of the legitimation ideology of European imperialism to
justify interference in the territory of major rival powers, and as such it
provokes a certain element of self-righteousness and fanaticism based on a
concept of 'human rights' (or 'rights of humanity') by which the western powers
authoritatively defined and claimed their own moral and civilization
superiority over others or perceived enemies. He surmised that the revival of
the concept under the circumstances of power politics in the present unipolar
order is not progress but regression in terms of the very ideals of humanity.
However the lack of prohibition on the use of force during this era explains
the proliferation of aggressive behaviors that sometimes were rationalized as
just wars or humanitarian intervention (Kadas 2001, Murphy 2005). Murphy
observes that after World war 1 in 1914 states became increasingly interested
in legally prohibiting the resort to war, out of a belief that international
legal constrains could help prevent or
at least constrain warfare. This interest he observes led first to an effort in
1919 to discourage warfare by creating the League of Nations which promote the
use of arbitration to resolve disputes backed by the possibility of collective
action against a recalcitrant state. This was followed by the outright
renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy in the 1928
Kellogg-Briand Pact(a treaty that has continued to remain in force with over
sixty parties). These efforts did not stop the World war II. The conduct of the
axis powers during the world war demonstrated the potential for grave misuse of
the doctrine of humanitarian intervention. For instance Japan's invasion of
Manchuria in 1931 was premised on the
need to protect the local population from anarchy; Italy 's invasion of
Ethiopia in 1935 was rationalized on the grounds of need to abolish slavery;
and Germany's invasion of Czeschoslovakia in 1939 was based on the need to protect the Czech Peoples(Murphy 2005). These interventions threw
into question the humanitarian character of these interventions urging states
at the end of World war II to be more committed to creating legal structures
that would prevent the resort to war. The four powers that met at Dumbarton
Oaks, Washington D.C in 1944 (China, Soviet Union, United States and United
Kingdom) set out to draw a charter that will prohibit states from the use of
force. Even though the charter on completion included provisions on recognition
and respect of human rights, it remained heavily oriented towards preventing
the resort to war (Murphy 2005, Roberts 2006). The charter was essentially non
interventionist and this is evident in Article 2(4) earlier cited above which
prohibits members from the threat or use of force in their international
relations, and Article 2(7) with the explicit prohibitive clause:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 1in 10pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nothing
contained in the present Charter shall authorize the United Nations to
intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of
any state or shall require the Members to submit such matters to settlement
under the present Charter, but this principle shall not prejudice the
application of enforcement measures under chapter VII.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Roberts (2006) notes that
notwithstanding the strong presumption against the use of force in Articles
2(4) and 2(7), the Charter did leave some scope for humanitarian intervention
in two main ways. For instance references to fundamental rights proclaimed to
be the central purpose of the UN in the preamble and in Article 1. Secondly the
Charter left the Security Council with considerable discretion to decide on the
possibility of such interventions in Chapter VII especially Articles 39, 42 and
51 and the final phrase of Article 2(7) allows for enforcement measures within
states under Chapter VII of the Charter. Franck (2003:205) asserts that the UN
charter is a 'freeze frame' of historically validated norms and also the
foundation for a dynamic political and administrative institution". He
argues that "at the centre of the freeze frame is Article 2(4) which
prohibits states' recourse to force except in self defense against attack or
with prior authorization by the Security Council". He argues that despite
this prohibition "much of the rest of it establishes a continually dynamic,
evolving institution imbued with a spirit of relevance, one in which the
emphasis is on practical problem solving rather than formal doctrinal
exegesis." 'Thus while "the normative framework of the Charter is
self-consciously static, it is also intended to be perpetually evolving as the
seemingly static norms are applied to practical situations through an
essentially political process operating to solve real crises, instance by
instance". One factor that has enabled the UN charter to be imbued with
the dynamism Franck wrote about is the concept of human rights. Roberts (2006:74)
identifies what he called the parallel stream of 'human rights law' and the
'laws of war' both of which relate to the treatment of the individual since
1945 which have had profound influence on the UN disposition towards
humanitarian intervention. This human right orientation finds anchorage in the
concept of crimes against humanity which goes with the proposition that even
government's actions against its citizens may be the subject of international
action. This concept was given prominence in the 1948 UN Genocide Convention
which establishes that genocide, even if carried out entirely within the
borders of a state, is a matter of international concern. The renewed focus of
UN on implementation of international humanitarian norms, led to the adoption
of a number of statutes on 'genocide' and 'crime against humanity'. For
instance the 1993 statute of the International Criminal Tribunal (ICT) for the
former Yugoslavia, the 1994 Statute of the
ICT for Rwanda and the 1998 Rome
statute. In addition the 1948 adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights by the General Assembly gave some substance and specificity to some of
the Charter's general references to human rights. Thus the large body of rights
agreements concluded under the UN auspices had profound implications, not just
for the relations between citizen and state, but also for the conduct of
international relations. They reinforced the view that a government's treatment
of its citizens was a matter of legitimate international concern. He argues
that in contrast to international human
rights, the laws of war developed outside the UN framework, though the UN
became gradually involved in aspects of its implementation and negotiation of
new agreements, for instance the 1977 Geneva Protocol I on armed international
conflicts (Roberts 2006:76). Despite the UN human rights declarations and the
seeming loopholes in the articles banning resort to force, the UN has been
unequivocal in the condemnation of acts of aggression that violate the
territorial integrity of other states even those with purportedly humanitarian
justifications. Roberts also notes that the General Assembly almost routinely
condemned a number of military interventions, namely the Anglo-French
intervention in Suez (1956), the Soviet intervention in Hungary (1956), the
Indian invasion of Pakistan (1971), the Indonesian intervention in East Timor
(1975), the Moroccan intervention in Western Sahara (1975), Vietnamese intervention
in Cambodia (1978) the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan (1979), the US-led
intervention in Grenada (1983) and Panama (1989). Stanulova (2010:6) also
observes that Art 2(4) received further reinforcement when the General Assembly
adopted in 1965 a "Declaration on the inadmissibility of
intervention" which forbids all forms of intervention in the internal or
external affairs of other states. Furthermore the 1970 Declaration on
principles of international law duplicates word by word both Article 2(4) and
the 1965 Declaration and was couched in even stronger language of "duty of
states not to intervene". Furthermore, the International Court of Justice (ICJ)
though more open to changes in international law and permissible of new forms
of intervention continues to reaffirm the non-interventionist orientation of UN
charter. This is evident in the Nicaragua Case (1986) in which Nicaragua
accused USA of violating Article 2(4) of
the UN Charter and customary international law (to refrain from threat or use
of force), when it assisted rebels who wanted to overthrow the new government.
The ICJ in its judgment observed the similarity between the Charter and
customary international law, noting that the latter continues to exist despite
the treaty. It reaffirmed the non -intervention stance when it asserts that
non-intervention forbids all states or group of states to intervene directly or
indirectly in the internal or external affairs of other states. The Court
however admitted that international law is not static but state practice
accompanied with opinion juris can change it (Stanulova, 2010:7). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The
debate on the legality or illegality of humanitarian intervention became more
intense in the UN during the post cold war era as the international community
proved itself more willing to collectively intervene in other states on
humanitarian grounds. Thus the 1990s has been identified by many scholars as
the decade of humanitarian intervention, some with the blessing of the UN, and
the era also witnessed the most sustained discussion on the topic (Heinze 2011,
Stanulova 2010, Guraziu 2008, Jayakumar 2012). The precursor of humanitarian
intervention in the 90s was the US led intervention in Iraq to protect the Kurd
in Northern Iraq and Muslim Shites in Southern Iraq in 1991.The Security
Council (SC) did not authorize the intervention but did declare that the human
right situation in Iraq constituted a
threat to international peace and security (Wheeler 2006, Weiss,
Forsythe, Coate &Pease 2007:168;
Massingham 2009). The importance of this shift argues Wheeler is that it
legitimates military enforcement action under chapter VII of the Charter. This
is in contrast to SC decision on the India's intervention in Pakistan in which
the full weight of Article 2(7) was used to criticize India's supposed meddling
in the internal affairs of Pakistan. However, the Security Council authorized a
number of interventions during this period. These include the US led
intervention in Somalia in 1992 to end civil conflict and suffering of the many
civilian populace, France's intervention in Rwanda in 1994 to end the brutal
civil conflict and genocide between Tutsis and Hutus, (though the delayed
intervention led to the loss of over 800 lives of the Tutsis), the US led
intervention in Haiti in 1994 to reverse a military coup that ousted the
democratically elected president of Jean-Bertrande Aristide. Many scholars
attribute the nascent debate on humanitarian intervention in the UN on NATO
unauthorized intervention in Kosovo in 1999 and failure of the UN Security
Council to take decisive action to halt the humanitarian crisis that prompted
it. Since Kosovo the debate has been on not just the legality or illegality of
humanitarian intervention, the violation of sovereignty by humanitarian intervention
but also on the need to make the UN and UN charter and the international
community more responsive to gross violation of human rights. Against this
background the then Secretary General of UN Kofi Annan at a speech at Ditchley
Park, Oxfordshire in June 1998 stated that the UN Charter was never meant as
license for governments to trample on human rights and human dignity. Kofi Annan followed this
up with his address to the 1999 UN General Assembly in which he propagated the
idea of developing norm in favour of "intervention to protect civilians
from wholesale slaughter" (Kochler 1999; Roberts 2006). Annan redefined the idea of state sovereignty
by articulating it as being weighed against individual sovereignty as
recognized in international human rights instruments (Massingham 2009). Speaking
on the same note, the ex British Prime Minister Tony Blair unveiled his
'doctrine of the International Community' in his address to the Economic Club
of Chicago in 1999.According to Blair:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 1in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> We live in a World where
isolationism has ceased to have a reason to exist. By necessity we have to
cooperate with each other across nations... Many of our domestic problems are
caused on other side of the World… We are all internationalist now, whether we
like it or not...We cannot ignore new political ideas in other countries if we
want to innovate. We cannot turn our backs on conflict and violation of human
rights within other countries if we want still to be secure... The doctrine of
isolationism has been a causality of world war... Today the impulse towards
interdependence is immeasurably greater. We are witnessing the beginnings of a
new doctrine of international community. By this I mean the explicit
recognition that today more than ever before we are mutually dependent that
national interest is to a significant extent governed by international
collaboration and we need a clear and coherent debate as to the direction this
doctrine takes us in each field of international endeavour (The Blair Doctrine
1999). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> On the basis of this doctrine Blair justified the NATO
intervention in Kosovo which was widely condemned by the international
Community and the General Assembly. In 2001 the International Commission on
Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICIS) established by the government of
Canada in 2000 (against the background of the outcry against NATO intervention
in Kosovo) came out with a report titled 'Responsibility to Protect'. The
Commission chaired by the Australian foreign minister Gareth Evans and Algerian diplomat Mohamed Sahnoun was
largely influenced by the work of Francis Deng "Sovereignty as
Responsibility" The report shifted the focus from 'right to intervene' to'
responsibility to protect (R2P)'. R2P
according to the report designed to be more than just coercive military
intervention for humanitarian purposes is premised on three central
responsibilities - "to protect, to react and to rebuild". Thus R2P
was seen as a more holistic and integrated approach to conflict prevention and
the avoidance of human rights abuses and mass atrocities than the previous
articulations of military intervention for humanitarian purposes (Kochler 1999;
Massingham 2009, Heinze 2011). In Sept 2003 the Secretary General before the
58th General Assembly proclaimed the compelling necessity of reform of the UN
in both structure and rules of conduct of member states and the organization.
This was to enable the system respond adequately and promptly to new threats to
international security namely, international terrorism, nuclear weapon proliferation,
chronic poverty of some areas of the world that favours the spreading of
terrorist activities /organized crime and the drift towards unilateralism. To
facilitate this reform, he set up a panel in Nov 2003 on 'Threats, Challenges
and Change' with the mandate to delve into the most problematic aspects of
current international relations and formulate recommendations for the reform of
the UN system to be discussed at the World Summit scheduled for 2005. The Panel
report entitled "A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility"
appeared in 2004. Building on that report Mr. Annan produced his personal
contribution to the anticipated reform of the UN titled "In Larger
Freedom". This formed the bedrock of the 2005 World Summit which conclusion
is articulated in the World Summit Outcome Document (WSOD). Heinze (2011) observes that though member
states at the 2005 World Summit unanimously endorsed a (watered down) version
of the R2P doctrine, followed by a reaffirmation of R2P by the UNSC, which
indicated its readiness to adopt R2P measures where necessary; however, State
practice has not necessarily accompanied these declarations rather there was
something of a revolt against R2P after the 2005 World Summit. In the views of
Bellamy (2005 in Heinze 2011) the post summit revolt against R2P was largely a
result of the continuing association of R2P with humanitarian intervention. In
addition the UNSC authorized interventions of the 1990's did indicate its willingness to respond to
internal crisis under the purview of "threats to international peace and
security", however this tendency is not a departure from the established
practice about when the use of force is thought to be justified except for the
fact that internal human rights abuses can now be considered threats to
international peace (Heinze 2011). The failure of R2P to catch on with the UN
members has been attributed to its emphasis on
responsibility to 'react' rather
than 'prevent' and 'rebuild', scholars
like Evans and Sahoun (in Bajora 2011) suggest that emphasizing the
later two principles will make the reaction prong of the doctrine more
palatable. However WSOD and the 2004 panel report suggest five criteria to be
fulfilled before use of force is authorized. These are gravity of the threat
for state security; the proportionality between means and aim; the exclusive
aim to neutralize the threat; the absence of peaceful alternatives; a
comparative evaluation of the consequences in the light of the initiative's
likely success and the risk of producing no major damage than the one caused by
inaction (Musiani 2008:3). Apart from employing the powers in chapter VII,
neither the Security Council nor the General Assembly has been able to come up
with a generally acceptable legal notion or norm of humanitarian intervention
and the skeptical stance towards it by
member states is predicated on some nagging issues. Many states especially of
the third world see humanitarian intervention as pretext for the pursuit of
expansionist and strategic interests of the powerful states in a unipolar world
order directed by the US (Roberts 2006, Kochler 1999). In addition the practice
has not shown any consistency in terms of the states chosen for intervention
and those left out giving the impression of a double standard. In this regard
the Rwandan situation and case of Darfur in Sudan comes to mind. The recent
intervention in Libya and non intervention in states with similar circumstances
affirms this feeling of double standard. As Tobias Vogel (1996) puts it, when
the bad guys are weak such as Iraq in Kurdistan, intervention pops to the top
of the agenda; when they are strong, such as Russia in Chechnya, little is
said. More importantly humanitarian intervention erodes the legitimacy of the
UN as the bastion of state sovereignty. Roberts (2006) however observes that
what has been happening at the United Nations is a gradual and incremental
change in the interpretation of the Charter rules and the UN's
responsibilities, particularly as regards the balance between the rights of individual
sovereign states and the rights of the community. These trends he notes will
continue more through precedent and improvisation than any legal or doctrinal
revolution. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b> The</b> <b>Libyan
Crisis and Humanitarian Intervention </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Libya presents quite a departure from most cases of HI
that aroused the various controversies surrounding the legitimacy and or
legality of humanitarian intervention. First, the crisis is a product of the
Arab Spring that took over most states in the Middle East and North Africa.
Secondly, intervention in Libya was authorized by the Security Council, and
thirdly intervention led to regime change rather than just protection of
civilians from abuse and suffering. Scholars have also expressed opinions
although scantily on NATO led intervention in Libya more especially on the
interpretation given to the SC resolution 1973 (2011) authorizing intervention.
The views expressed can be grouped basically into two, antagonists and
protagonists of the intervention mandate, with few coming in between. The
antagonist see the US -NATO led intervention as part of the imperialist pursuit
of the dominant western hegemony which has embraced the ideology of humanitarian
intervention as pretext for its expansionist policy. This viewpoint is aptly
represented by scholars like Mahmood Mamdani, Jeff Mackler, and Richard Falk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In an opinion piece with Aljazeera Mamdani (2011a)
observes that though the resolution for intervention in Libya got the mandate
of the UNSC with some abstentions, some of the countries that abstained,
especially China and Russia were critical
of the vague nature of resolution 1973 which implementation was
left" to any and all" and by implication to those with the means to
do so-US and NATO. Mamdani critiqued the West for disallowing political
resolution of the conflict in Libya while allowing such in Bahrain and other
Arab states considered allies of the Western powers. He notes that the US-NATO
led intervention in Libya violated resolution 1973 as ground soldiers were used
to aid rebels and the bombardment killed many civilians the resolution set to
protect. He notes that the full political cost of the military intervention in
Libya will be clear during the transition period as the physical damage
inflicted on the country will likely make the next government in Libya less
sovereign. Mamdami (2011b) in another opinion piece notes that the
conditions making for interventions in Africa are growing rather than diminishing as a result of the
growing contest between the dominant global powers and new challengers notably
China in the continent. He observes that opposition movements in Africa tend to
seek support -financial and military from the West, and the West in the past
decades have created a political and legal infrastructure for intervention in
independent countries, and the key to that infrastructure are the United
Nations Security Council and the International Criminal Court neither of which
works to create a rule of law. Mamdani suggests internal reform of dictatorial
African regimes as way to avoid the imperialistic war called humanitarian
intervention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Jeff
MacKler (2011) notes that the "UN no Fly zone" resolution was a
license for a wholesale destruction of Libya's military apparatus and much of
Tripoli's infrastructure. He christened it a Euro-American declaration of war
which was never meant to benefit the oppressed people of Libya. He argues that
the US/NATO led intervention was part of the expansionist policy of Western
capital in the quest for spheres of influence. He further notes that the
imperialist destruction of Libya in the mask of humanitarian intervention was
meant to yield gains in the form of contracts for reconstruction which will be
paid for with oil or Libyan funds stacked in US and European banks. In a similar
vein Falk (2011) asserts that in the realm of world politics, coincidences
rarely occur, in the sense that a precedent was set by the UN in
authorizing a limited protective
intervention that when acted upon ignored the guidelines set by the drafters of
Security Council resolution. He reasoned that "the actual scope and
ill-disguised purpose of the intervention shortly after it became a reality in
Libya was to tip the balance in a civil war and achieve regime change. He notes
that UN is faced with the dilemma of either refusing to succumb to geopolitical
pressures and stepping aside to whenever the so called coalition of the willing
is formed to carry out an attack or grant some kind of limited autonomy that
eventually gets overridden by the far more expansive goals of the intervening
governments as the Libyan case reveals. He concludes that in either way the
authority of the UN is eroded and the historical agency of geopolitics is
confirmed. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The protagonists led by ex British Prime Minister Tony
Blair, and Prof Juan Cole, insist that intervention backed by resolution 1973
was the right thing to do. According to Blair (2011) the crisis in Libya brings
once more to the fore the blurred line between moral outrage and strategic
interests. Using his concept of international community he argues that the era
when a regime can go rogue and brutalize its own people has passed as such
behavior will not be ignored by the international community especially the West
as that will be sending a signal of impotence and discouragement to those
fighting for freedom. He asserts that the passage of the resolution on "no
fly zone" over Libya was not only timely but the right thing to do as the
West cannot afford to be mere spectators but players in the events taking place
in the Middle East. He however advised that the policy of the West must not
just be a demand for change but a demand for change based on the principles and
values intrinsic to democracy, which implies not only the right to vote, but
also rule of law, free speech, freedom of religion and the free markets. He
rationalized the non application of humanitarian intervention in Bahrain on the
grounds that Bahrain is ready for reform while Gaddafi was not but rather
insisted on bombing his own people. An obvious fact from Tony Blair's argument
is that Western liberal ideals is central to the intervention in Libya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In a rather unsettling debate within the scholarly left,
the argument has been whether US-NATO -led intervention in Libya should be
commended or demonized as imperialism. To this Prof Juan Cole (2011) asserts
that the intervention is not only legal since it was directed by the UNSC,
a body so authorized by law to do so,
but also received wide support from the international community, Arab League
and Libyan rebels. It served to forestall the wide scale massacre that the
Gaddafi regime planned to perpetrate on innocent civilians. He notes that the
war for oil supposition brandished by most intellectuals critical of the
intervention does not hold since the West already had a deal on oil with the
Gaddafi regime before the revolution. In response to Cole, Phyllis Bennis
(2011) argues that legality is not legitimacy as many states in Europe were
opposed to the intervention, in addition time was not given for the sanction
and the ceasefire demanded by stipulations of resolution 1970 to take effect
before using the military option. Bennis asserts that the US-NATO led
intervention went beyond the mandate of resolution 1973 in implementing a no fly zone which by
implication killed more civilians than it set out to protect. Prashad (2011)
also argues that the Libyan revolution is different from the Tunisian and
Egyptian experience in the sense that it was hijacked by armed opposition
politicians allied to the US and the West, and therefore a calculated attempt
by the US and NATO to divert attention from the Arab Spring in other parts of
the Middle East like Bahrain and Yemen. Taking a middle road approach, Gilbert
Acher (2011) argues that support for the intervention should be limited to the
initial stages of grounding Gaddafi military capability to hurt civilians
especially those in Benghazi, beyond that, the Libyan rebels should be armed to
liberate Libya without US/NATO direct interference.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Gap in Literature</b>:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> A lot has been done on humanitarian intervention more
especially with respect to past
cases like Iraq, Somalia Kosovo, etc.
however not much has been done on Libya especially with reference to critical
analysis of the adoption and implementation of resolution 1973 . Many views
expressed were adhoc views made during the crisis. It is this gap that this
research intends to fill. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Theoretical
Framework:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This work shall be analyzed from the perspective of the
Just war theory which operates on three basic prongs- jus ad bellum (justice of
resorting to war) jus in bello (just conduct in war) and jus post bellum (justice
at the end of war). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The jus ad bellum is guided by certain principles,
namely, just cause (evidence of public harm or genocide) right intent, (to avert
human suffering) legitimate authority (waged by body or institution so
authorized) Probability of success (must likely succeed) Proportionality (the
good to be accomplished or evil to be prevented
in totality must outweigh the
totality of suffering it will inevitably cause to all parties), last resort
(use of force when every other peaceful and viable alternative has been tried
and exhausted). The principle of jus ad bello goes with the attendant criteria
of distinction between combatants and non combatants, no atrocious weapons,
proportionality, humane treatment of war prisoners, no reprisals and no
repression of one's own civilians. The jus post bellum comprises just
termination if rights violated has been
secured, public declaration of
peace by legitimate authority,
prohibition of revenge against the loser, proportionality - terms of surrender
must be proportional to rights violated, Discrimination between combatants and non
combatants in seeking punishment and
rehabilitation or building a vibrant civil society ( Lacewing n.d, Just War
Doctrine n.d). These principles formed
the anchorage for the R2P adopted by the UN in the WSOD. This makes it very
appropriate in addressing the rationale behind the adoption, and implementation
of Resolution 1973. In addition to the
Just war theory we shall also elicit the interpretational capability of the
classicists and legal realism schools of thought in dealing with the
interpretation of resolution 1973 especially regarding the implementation of no
fly zone over Libya. These theoretical perspectives shall enable us to assess
resolution 1973 in terms of its justness, and keeping with the original
intention of the drafters or deviation from it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Hypotheses<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1. The threat and use of force against protesters in
Libya by the Gaddafi regime is responsible for the UNSC adoption of resolution
1973 on Libya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2. The non implementation of paragraph 1 and 2 of
resolution 1973 as well as the excessive
force employed in the enforcement of a no fly zone in Libya by the NATO led
coalition constitute a violation of the
mandate of the resolution which is to
protect the civilian population in Libya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Methodology:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Research Design<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Case Study Design:
</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Case study is a qualitative kind of research design that enables a
researcher to focus on a single individual, group community, event, policy area
or institution and study it in-depth (Burham, Gill, Grant & Layton-Henry
2004:53). It examines one or few cases of a phenomenon in detail by using
several data collection methods like interviews, document analysis, and
observation (Johnson & Reynolds 2005, Baxter & Jack 2008). Case study
research through reports of past studies, allows the explanation and
understanding of complex issues. It can be considered a robust research method
particularly when a holistic, in-depth investigation is required (Zainal
2007:1). Through case study the researcher is able to go beyond the
quantitative statistical results and understand the behavioral conditions
through the actor's perspective. By including both quantitative and qualitative
data, case study helps explain both the process and outcome of a phenomenon
through complete observation, reconstruction and analysis of the cases under
investigation (Tellis 1997 in Zainal 2007). Robert Yin a leading proponent of
the case study design defines it as an empirical inquiry that
"investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context, when
the boundaries between phenomenon and context are not clearly evident and in
which multiple sources of evidence are used" (Zainal 2007, Johnson and
Reynold 2005). It is a study design most appropriately used to answer how and
why questions (Yin quoted in Johnson and Reynold 2005). Case studies are
constructed to richly describe, explain, assess or evaluate a phenomenon (Borg
& Gall 1996:549). By attempting to capture as many variables as possible,
case studies can identify how a complex set of circumstances come together to produce a particular manifestation
(Hancock 1998). Given these notable
features the case study design is appropriate for this study as it is
basically a study of the UN intervention in the Libyan crisis premised on the
concept of humanitarian intervention. The study seeks to examine why and how
the UNSC resolution 1973 was used in Libya. It intends to unravel the various
factors that led to the adoption of the resolution and the character of its
implementation. It allows an assessment of the resolution within the context of
the Libyan crisis that took place between Feb 2011 and October 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Data Gathering Techniques</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">We shall rely primarily on secondary sources and analysis of data
from such sources. Secondary data analysis can be literally defined as
“second-hand” analysis. It is the
analysis of data or information that was either gathered by someone else (e.g.,
researchers, institutions, other NGOs, etc.) or for some other purpose than the
one currently being considered, or often a combination of the two (Cnossen 1997
in Care n.d). Thus data shall be gathered from books, journals, official
documents, fact finding reports, news papers and magazines, internet sources
and news reports from various international news media like CNN,BBC, and
Aljazzera and their web sites. In addition we followed the trend of the crisis
from the news reports from acclaimed media agencies like CNN, Aljazeera, and
BBC. The reports of fact finding missions that went to Libya during and
immediately after the crisis like
the Centre International de
Recherches et d'Etudes Sur Le Terrorism
(CIRET) and I'Aide aux Victimes
du Terrorisme (AVT), Independent Civil Society Fact Finding Mission to Libya(ICSFFML),
International Crisis Group(ICG) fact finding mission and official documents of the UN Security
Council, Human Rights Council of the UN , constitutes the major sources of data
for this study. Our reliance on secondary data is predicated on the fact that
we cannot afford the time and cost of
visit to Libya to assess situations by interacting with the Libyan
populace that constitutes the active participants in the crisis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Validity and Reliability of Instrument</b>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> We shall establish
the validity of the instrument through cross referencing triangulation which
involves marching information contained
in one document with information contained in another or other documents.
Reliability will be determined by the regularity of occurrence of an
information in one or several documents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Data Analysis</b>:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Documents do not speak for themselves but acquire
significant meaning when situated within
a context set by vigorous analytical and methodological assumptions.
Given the nature of this study, we shall employ
qualitative content analysis as well as discourse analysis in sifting
and analyzing the mass of relevant data
in official documents, fact
finding reports, books , journals
,newspapers and magazines used in this study.
Qualitative content analysis has been defined as "a research method
for the subjective interpretation of the
content of text data through the systematic classification process of coding
and identifying themes or patterns" (Hsieh &Shannon 2005:1278 in Zhang
&Wildemuth n.d) It has also been
defined as "any qualitative data reduction and sense making effort that
takes a volume of qualitative material and attempts to identify core
consistencies and meanings"(Patton 2002:453 in Zhang &Wildemuth n.d) .
Qualitative content analysis thus
emphasize an integrated view of speech /texts and their specific contexts. It
goes beyond the classical content
analysis method of merely counting words or extracting objective content from
texts to examine meanings, themes and
patterns that may be manifest or latent in a particular text(Zhang and
Wildemuth n.d). Bryman( 2004 in Kohlbacher 2006) asserts that qualitative content analysis is
"probably the most prevalent approach to the qualitative analysis of
documents " and that it comprises a searching -out of underlying themes in
the materials being analyzed. Using this method we shall sift out the main
themes in the various texts that address the central thesis of our propositions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This analytical method shall be supported with the
discourse analytical method. The central thesis of discourse analysis is that
reality is socially constructed. In the sense that reality is shaped by the
social and cultural context in which it is
constructed, thus the language of communication, itself a byproduct of
the social and cultural environment becomes an important element in
constructing reality(Fulcher 2012) .Thus the focus of discourse analysis is the nature of language in shaping the actions, intentions
and assumptions of humankind and society. According to Burnham, Gilland Grant
and Layton -Henry(2004:242) "a recurrent theme in the literature on
discourse analysis is that discourses reproduce the everyday assumptions of
society and that those common perceptions and understandings are encouraged and
reinforced by those with access to the media, such as politicians, journalists
and academic experts." In effect, "Language and discourses therefore
frame and constrain sensible given courses of action, some of which are
promoted as sensible, moral and commanding wide levels of support, while others
are discouraged as stupid, immoral and illegitimate". "The general
public are thus guided as to how they should respond to particular crises or
events" (Burham et al 2004). The role of discourse analysis is to reveal
the bases of these common assumptions and to show how they relate to different
interests in society. Discourse analysis
should therefore be critical because language can be used to deceive and to
manipulate those to whom it is addressed. Language and discourse are dominated
by the powerful in society who can impose meanings and explanations of social
reality which protect their interests and undermine those of the rest of society,
by spreading confusion and deceit in discourses that allow oppression and
exploitation of the weak to continue. Thus discourse analysis according to the
positivists and empiricists are "frames" or "cognitive
schemata" defined as "the conscious strategic efforts by groups of
people to fashion shared understandings of the world and of themselves that
legitimate and motivate collective action"(McAdam, McCarthy and Zald,
1996:6 in Burnham et al 2004:243). Language and discourses are politically
constructed and are used by the powerful to legitimate their actions, It is
therefore the function of discourse analysis to describe these discourses,
reveal the assumptions on which they are based and show how different groups
and interests in society benefit from or are oppressed by these
discourses(Burnham etal 2004). Against this backdrop, we shall utilize
discourse analysis to unravel the dominant perceptions and assumptions that
shaped and influenced the discourse on the Libyan crisis. It shall help us to unravel the role of the international press and dominant
western powers in constructing and
promoting the dominant ideas that framed the discourse in the Libyan
crisis. More importantly it shall enable us assess the language used in the structuring of resolution 1973 that influenced the manner of
implementation of the resolution in Libya, in the bid to reveal the underlying
interests of groups served by the resolution. In addition discourse analysis
shall be used in analyzing the posture of the Gaddafi regime during the crisis
especially in assessing the speeches he made which shaped and influenced the
discourse that resulted in resolution 1973.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical Indicators of the Main themes in the Hypotheses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hypothesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Independent
Variable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dependent
Variable <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Empirical
indicators of Indep Variable<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Thematic
Issues/major discourses in Texts, Reports and News Media<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">The th H1:
The threat and use of force against protesters in Libya by the Gaddafi
regime is responsible for the UNSC adoption of resolution 1973 on Libya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Threat
and Use of Force<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Resolution
1973<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Violent
character of the protest/demand for Gaddafi to go; Violent response of the Gaddafi regime against
protesters; Gaddafi's antecedents as a tyrant and incendiary Speeches made
against protesters, Gaddafi's son- el
Saif's threats against protesters, Presentation of Gaddafi's threats in the
international media <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Gaddafi
threats / El Saif'threats against protesters, Statistics of injured
civilians, Violent character of the protest, refugee situation, position of the Arab League, African Union,
NATO-(Britain &France) and USA on
the Libyan Crisis; The position of the UN, role of the UNSC- adoption of
resolution 1970/ Fact finding Mission; adoption of resolution 1973 by UNSC. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> H2: .
H2: The non implementation of paragraph 1 and 2 of resolution 1973 as
well as the excessive force used in the enforcement of a no fly zone in Libya
constitute a violation of the mandate of the resolution to protect the civilian population<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Non-implementation
of Para 1 and 2 of resolution 1973, and excessive force used in enforcement
of no fly zone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">violation
of resolution 1973 mandate to protect civilian population. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">non
-implementation of ceasefire option in resolution 1973 , Lack of reasonable time span for resolution 1970 to
work, Rejection of AU option of dialogue, use of force before the completion
of the UN fact finding mission, Rejection of Saif's offer for dialogue, Wide
interpretation of the clause 'take all necessary meansures' by NATO, use
of excessive force in the implementation of no fly zone by NATO, Civilian
casualties of NATO air power, Pursuit
of regime Change by NATO coalition, reactions to NATO implemen
tation strategy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ceasefire
provision in resolution 1973UNSC resolution 1970, AU road map for peace in
Libya, UN Fact Finding Mission, El Saif's offer for Dialogue. UNSC Resolution
1973, NATO enforcement of paragrapgh 4 and 8, Reactions to NATO interpretation
and enforcement of no fly zone and regime change<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Evidence
of NATO violation of the mandate to protect civilians<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Empirical Verification</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Hypothesis 1: The threat and use of force against
protesters in Libya by the Gaddafi regime is responsible for the UNSC adoption
of resolution 1973 on Libya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Gaddafi Regime, The Libyan Revolt and UNSC Resolution 1973<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Muammar Gaddafi's
Repressive Regime, the Violent Character of the Libyan Revolt and Gaddafi
Regime's Violent Response </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Muammar Gaddafi'
regime was born on September 1 1969 after a military coup that ousted King
Idris, Libya's first monarch from power. He consolidated his power as leader of
the revolution through a number of Machiavellian tactics that made sure that no
individual, group(s) or state institutions emerges to challenge his control of
the Libyan state. To realize this dream, he relied on the ideology of what we shall refer to in this paper as Gaddafism which principle is outlined in his "Green
Book" and often evokes themes of Arab nationalism and anti imperialism to
sell his populist policy as champion of the under privileged and the exploited.
In the later years given his bruised relations with other Arab States, he has
replaced Arab irredentism with Pan Africanism. His use of populism led him to
change the name of Libya to Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (meaning
state of the masses )anchored on the notion that Power belongs to the people. Thus Jamahiriya
is a unique political and economic and social vision which outlines the
alternative to capitalism and socialism anchored on the notion that
"representation is a fraud".
Every citizen is part of the political process and citizens can take
their fate into their own hands by belonging to the various levels of peoples
congresses. In this way political parties and development of the civil
institutions of state was stalled (ICG report 2011, ICSFML report 2011). Thus the Jamahiriya produced a
highly complex formal ruling system containing a plethora of congresses and
committees often with overlapping powers that have contributed to a sense of
orchestrated and perpetual chaos. This chaos enables Gaddafi to exercise
unfettered control over the state and
ensure nobody or entity emerges to
challenge his rule. Craftily Gaddafi made sure that he does not hold any formal
position of authority but prefer to refer to himself as leader of the
revolution or brother leader which makes him unaccountable for the misdeeds of
his regime but at the same time exercising absolute authority. Even the army is
somewhat made weak to stall any thought of coup. The key security apparatuses
are under the care of his family members and tribe. All apparatuses are
autonomous with no linkages except to the leader. This governance style enables
the regime to play one group against another and derive unquestionable
obedience from all (ICG report 2011, ICSFML report 2011). A significant feature
of this regime is the absence of basic individual and group freedom as many of
them were outlawed, breach of which can lead to imprisonment or death. For
instance opposition to the ideology of
the state attracts death penalty, offences against security of the state
(defined by the leader or his associates) also attracts the death penalty,
opposition to the leader attracts amputation of limbs, dissemination of
information that tarnish the image of the country abroad attracts life
imprisonment, while the law of collective punishment institutes a system for
wrong doing whereby families, towns and municipalities are held responsible for
the actions of individuals in their midst. Associations exist at the whims and
caprices of the government. This caged system lent itself open to abuse as
citizens were abducted, tortured, imprisoned and killed under any pretence (AHRC
report, WEI report 2011). The climax of the this human right violation was the
1996 Abu Salim prison massacre in which about 1,200
prisoners were killed for protesting the ugly inhuman conditions in the prison.
What is worse is that their death was hidden from their relatives for years.
Gaddafi also attracted international condemnation and isolation as a terrorist
as he was fingered by USA, UK, and France as the master minder of the PanAm
flight 103 bombing that killed 270 people at Lockerbie Scotland and the French
UTA flight 772 bombing that killed 170 people at Niger (WEI report 2011).
Following the efforts of Saif al Islam Gaddafi's son, to open up Libya to
democratic reforms, Gaddafi began to endear himself to the West by championing
the war on terror, dropped Libyan nuclear weapon ambition, paid compensation to
victims of the Pan AM 103 flight and UTA flight 772, made slight improvement in
human rights violation and thus began a gradual process of readmission into the
international community. However despite these gains freedom of speech and
association continues to be severely limited. To compound the problem Libyans
felt that their standard of living falls far short of what is expected of an
oil producing state in comparison with
similar Arab states like Qatar, United Arab Emirate, Egypt etc .Thus the rising
youth unemployment, decaying and underdeveloped infrastructure, rising
disparity between the rich and the poor, and inter tribal animosity(as some of
these socio economic disparities run along tribal lines) became the smoking gun
that snowballed into the February
revolutionary protest and armed struggle. The governance style of Gaddafi and
human rights records of the regime made it difficult for either the citizens or
the international community especially the West to believe that anything except
armed insurrection will ease the dictator out of power. Muammar Gaddafi
confirmed this fear in the various incendiary remarks and speeches made during
the revolution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Thus the threats by the Gaddafi regime to show no mercy
to protesters against his regime, has been fingered as the major factor
responsible for the adoption and implementation of resolution 1973. However the
threats can only be understood and analyzed within the context of the protest
that generated it, and consequently the character of the discourse that it
generated in the international media both of which influenced the response of
the Gaddafi regime to use force and threaten more use of force to curb the
rebellion. Thus an examination of the character of the protest and the negative
portrayal of Gaddafi regime's response which framed the discourse on the Libyan
revolt in major international media
becomes imperative to understanding the major independent variable under
test which is the use of force and threats of more force against civilian
protesters by the Gaddafi regime and how
these factors combined to influence the UNSC adoption of resolution 1973 on
Libya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In contrast to the Tunisian and Egyptian revolt which was
largely pacifist, the Libyan revolt which actually took off between Jan 27 and
28 2011 over delay in the provision of
housing units and political corruption was a violent one. In the January protest, protesters in
Bayda, Derna, Benghazi and Bani Walid and other cities in the East, broke into
and occupied houses under construction by government and attacked police
stations and government offices. The government responded to that protest by a
20 million euro investment into housing development (Libya civil war in Wikipedia
2011; ICG REPORT 2011). By late January Jamal al Hajji a writer and political
commentator has called for demonstrations through the social media to be held
in support for greater freedom in Libya. He was arrested over a spurious charge
of knocking down somebody with his car. Early February the Gaddafi regime
called a meeting of political activists, journalists and figures and warned
them over disturbance of peace or creating chaos. By 12th February, the protest
regained momentum under the leadership of a lawyer and human rights activist,
Fathi Terbil who was the lawyer of the Prisoners massacred in 1996. He was
arrested by the regime. Prior to Terbil's arrest Libyans abroad notably
Switzerland and United Kingdom have sent out messages on the various social
medias calling out Libyans to a demonstration against the regime on the 17th of
February called a "Day of Rage" (ICG REPORT 2011). The arrest of
Terbil jumpstarted the protest in
Benghazi by evening of Feb 15 2011, and
spurred protests in other cities
east of the country namely Tobruk 4th largest city in the Country with
about 170,000 inhabitants, Derna - main Islamic fiefdom of Cyrenaica with about
90,000 inhabitants, Al Baida, a town of about 90,000 inhabitants. In all
the cities the protesters attacked, burnt
and looted police stations, barracks, and public buildings, prisons were broken into and prisoners set
free(in Benghazi). In some cases the police responded with lethal weapons
killing some of the protesters, in some other cases the police abandoned their
posts and weapons and ran away, some even defected to join the protest. In fact
both the police and the protesters criminalized their victims. For instance the
Benghazi revolt on 15th February left about 38 injured including 10 security personnel;
The Tobruk revolt had 4 victims before the security personnel themselves fled
the town leaving it to the control of local chiefs. In Derna the demonstration
started on the 15th of February, had 5 dead and 10 wounded through police
bullets on the 16th. In Al Baida, similar incidents left 64 dead after 6 days
of heavy fighting before the insurgents took over the town on the 20th of
February. By the end of February the protest has progressed to the western
cities of Misrata, Zouara and Ziaouia, all very close to Tripoli (CIET-AVT
report 2011, Libyan Civil war -Wikipedia 2011). It is important to point out
that as the protest grew and expanded especially in the cities of Ziaouia less
than 50 kilometers to the capital, the Police received orders not to do
anything against the insurgents, while the insurgents on the other hand were
having a free reign looting ransacking and burning public buildings, inflicting
vicious attacks on their victims comprising of policemen, women and blacks
considered to be Gaddafi's mercenaries. It remains paradoxical that the
"do nothing" order issued to the police came from the interior
affairs minister Abdul Fatah Younis who later defected and became one of the
leaders of the rebellion (CIRET-AVT REPORT 2011). It was after three weeks that
the army received order to regain the city. From all indications, it was not a
peaceful uprising but an armed insurrection to topple Gaddafi and his ruling
clique as the battle in Misrata which lasted for close to two months
portrayed. Misrata with a population of
approximately 400,000 persons had about 257 persons dead, 949 injured after two
months of fighting. This figure contradicts the claims of the insurgents and
the dominant discourse in western international media that Gaddafi's army is
involved in a mutiny against the civilians and that over 8000 lives have been
lost (CIRET -AVT REPRT 2011, Cole 2011). However given the inexperience and
disorganized character of the insurgents, they suffered more casualties when
faced in battle with the Gaddafi trained soldiers. In fact the defacto
government created by the insurgents in the name of Transitional National
Council (TNC) marks a departure from the
experience of Tunisia and Egypt where already existing state institutions took over the affairs of the state.TNC came
into existence on February 27, 2011 in
an attempt to consolidate the efforts to
oust Gaddafi from power and establish a democracy. The main objectives of the
group was to coordinate the resistance movement in different towns and regions
and to give a political face to the opposition to present to the World( Libya
Civil War Wikipedia 2011, ICG report 2011) . In fact the TNC described as
crisis management committee( ( CIRET -AVT REPRT 2011,Cole 2011) made effort to
feed and shape the discourse that Gaddafi is a tyrant bent on killing harmless
civilian protesters and therefore should be removed from power. The protest was therefore aimed at easing Gaddafi out of
power as happened in Tunisia and
Egypt. The TNC is however a pot pourri
of groups with diverse background and
agenda, the common ground being easing Gaddafi out of power. Given Gaddaffi's
revolutionary background and repressive /dictatorial character, violence could
not be ruled out as an option in the protest arising from the wave of crisis.
Thus the protest initially characterized with minimal violence was matched by
state violence which left many dead and injured. The state disproportionate
response resulted into a full blown war.
However the number of casualties varies depending on who is reporting.
According to Amnesty international investigation as at June 2011 showed that the number of casualties reported
by the international press and the rebels was heavily exaggerated as there was
no proof of mass killings of civilians
and no evidence that aircraft or heavy anti -aircraft machine
guns were used against the crowds as reported by most
international press ( Libyan Civil War Wikipedia 2012, ICG REPORT 2011). The report of the heavy
casualties suffered by the Libyan civilians and ill treatment of the protesters
especially women whom were reported raped by Gaddafi soldiers stimulated the
international community outrage against the regime (RFI 2011, ICSFML report
2011). Table 1.1 shows the breakdown of the civilian casualties in various
towns before the UNSC resolution 1973. While Table 1.2 shows the overall
casualty figures as compiled by various international organizations /Press and
the TNC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Table 1.1 Civilian
Deaths February 16 -March 18 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Date <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Opposition<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fatalities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Government<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fatalities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.15in;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Civilian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fatalities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" valign="top" width="187">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Details<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">None reported(NR)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.15in;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Not Available(NA)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" valign="top" width="187">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Protest in Roujdane<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 17-20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">332-479<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">163<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.15in;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" valign="top" width="187">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">First battle of Benghazi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 17-25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">300-700<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.15in;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" valign="top" width="187">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tripoli clashes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4-10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.15in;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" valign="top" width="187">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Protests in Ajabiya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Date<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Opposition Fatalities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Government Fatalities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.15in;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Civilian Fatalities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" valign="top" width="187">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Details<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.15in;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" valign="top" width="187">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Protests in Qubah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 21.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">*Feb 18-May 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">376<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">358-545<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.15in;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" valign="top" width="187">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Battle of Misrata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;" valign="top">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Protests in Tobruk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Protests in Zintan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">*Feb 21-May 22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">37<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Revenge killings against loyalists in Benghazi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rebel capture of the La Abraq Airport in Bayda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 22-24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">9<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" valign="top" width="187">
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Protests in Gharyan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 23<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 140.6pt;" valign="top" width="187">
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Capture and execution of loyalists fighters at Derna <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 24 - March 10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">151<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">84-449<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">First battle of Zawiya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 18-May 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">610-862<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Battle of Misrata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">22<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Capture and execution of rebel fighters at Sirte<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 1-13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.15in;" valign="top" width="110">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">39<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Shelling of Zuwara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 1-August 18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">500-517<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">397<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Nafusa Mountains Campaign<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 1-July 20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fighting at the Algerian-Libyan border<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2-10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">First battle of Brega<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 4-12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">71-81<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">4-27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Battle of Ra's Lanuf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Date<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Opposition Fatalities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Government Fatalities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Civilian Fatalities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Details<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">34-100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Explosion at an arms depot in Benghazi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">182-230<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Battle of Bin Jawad<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Shooting in Bayda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Killing of Aljazeera camera man near Benghazi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 13-15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Second battle of Brega<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Govt retaking of Zuwara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 15-26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">136<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">41<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">25-30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Battle of Ajdabiya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rebel fighter plane crashes<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1-2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bombing run on the Benghazi Military air Base<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fighting in Zuwetina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 19-20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">261<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">27-30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Second Battle of Benghazi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 19-July 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1,108<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NATO bombing Campaign<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Killing of a rebel activist in Benghazi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 22-24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">19-28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Coalition air strikes on Tripoli<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 26-30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">First Gulf of Sidra offensive<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">NR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Execution of captured rebel at
Sirte<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">March 31-April7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">46-49<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Third Battle of Brega<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Source: Casualties of Libyan Civil War - Wikipedia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Table 1.2
Death Total of Protesters, Armed
belligerents and Civilians<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Source<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Libyan Casualties<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Time Period<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">World Health Organization<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">2000 killed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 15-March 2, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">International Federation for Human Rights<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">3,000 Killed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 15-March 5, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Libyan League for Human Rights<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">6,000 killed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 15-March 5,2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">National Transitional Council<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10,000 killed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 15-April 12, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">UN Human Rights Council<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">10,000-15,000 killed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 15-June 9, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Al Jazeera English<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">13,000 killed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 15-June 18, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">National Transitional Council<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">30,000 killed<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 15-Sept 8,2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">National Transitional Council<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">25,000killed <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Feb 15-Oct 2,2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Source:
Casualties of Libyan Civil War Wikipedia 2012<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:NKOLIKAEBELE" datetime="2012-04-13T01:09"><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The figures of fatalities in table 1.1 especially before
the March 17 2011 adoption of resolution 1973 does not show signs of genocide
or mass killings of the civilians by the regime. Many of the heavy fatalities
occurred in cities where there was serious fighting between the regime and the insurgents
as seen in Benghazi, Misrata and Zawiya between Feb 17 and March 2011. The
evidence therefore does not support the view that there was mass killings of
civilian population by the Gaddafi regime to warrant the adoption of resolution
1973. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Even more significant than the violence that
characterized the protest is the way the
discourse on this rebellion was framed in the social medias and dominant
international medias like the Cable News Network(CNN), the British Broadcasting
Corporation (BBC) and Aljazeera. It would seem that the discourse that
accompanied the Libyan crisis was framed by these news media which are known to
project the interests of the major powers of the West in the international
arena. In most of these medias the image of Gaddafi portrayed is that of a
tyrant, terrorist, demagogue, and blood thirsty dictator. In fact a mad dog
that has become delusional in his thinking and refuses to give up power. This
thinking framed the discourse that led to the UNSC resolution 1973. Here are some
examples of the headlines and reports from these international medias:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> "More than two weeks after the protests against
Muammar Gaddafi's regime began, the Libyan leader is still clinging to power
insisting, we will fight till the last man and woman to defend Libya" (CNN
news report March 3, 2011) Headline: "More Libyan bloodshed could prompt
US, NATO intervention" (Martinez -CNN .com Feb 24 2011). "Reports of
torture killing in Libya says UN Secretary General" (Feb 23
2011.CNN.COM)" Ghaddfi loyalist launch offensive" (Aljazeera March 11
2011) "Video-Gaddafi delusional and
unpredictable"; Report: "Self
Style revolutionary who ruled Libya with an iron fist said he would die than
step down" (Aljazeera Feb 2011). "Libyan forces loyal to Gaddafi have
fought an increasingly bloody battle to keep the veteran leader in power...and
war planes reportedly bombing protesters"(Aljazeera Feb 22, 2011). Headline
-Gaddafi hits with deadly force" , Report -" Libyan leader Muammar
Gaddafi has unleashed a bloody crackdown against pro democracy protesters
seeking his ouster, killing dozens of people in four days of protests... Libyan
internet activists have denounced the international community's failure to act
over the massacres in Libya" (Aljazeera Feb 21 2011). "Libya unrest:
scores killed in Benghazi Massacre(BBC news Feb 2011); Libya unrest sparks
refugee crisis at Tunisia border"
(BBC news Feb 2011) Libyan defectors: Pilot told to bomb protesters flee
to Malta" (The(UK) Guardian FEB 21 2011)
"Libyan crisis: Government attacks Misrata, kill civilians,
unlawful strikes on medical clinic (Afrique en ligne, Feb 19 2011). As these
kinds of reports and headlines bombard the international community from news
media and internet blogs and social medias, the ace against Gaddafi regime
became very high. The International Crisis Group (ICG) report (2011: 4) reiterating
the observation also made in the CIRET-AVT report 2011 notes that: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 1in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Western media coverage has from the
outset presented a one sided view of the logic of events, portraying the
protest movement as entirely peaceful and repeatedly suggesting that the
regime's security forces were massacring unarmed demonstrators who
presented no real security challenge.
This version would appear to ignore evidence that the protest movement
exhibited a violent aspect from very early on.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Nevertheless, various western state governments following
these reports and past misdeeds of Gaddafi made up their mind that Gaddafi
should step down or be removed from power. Thus the dominant discourse framing
this crisis is the view that Gaddafi is killing innocent civilians and must
step down. In fact the US - Obama led administration was criticized for acting
too slowly in the Libyan case. By late February President Obama was calling on
the Libyan leader to step down. He states that "When a leader's only means
of staying in power is to use mass violence against his own people, he lost the
legitimacy to rule and needs to do what is right for his country by leaving
now". His Secretary of State, Hilary Clinton reiterated his President's
stand when she said "Muammar Gaddafi has lost the confidence of his people
and should go without further bloodshed and violence" (Goodenough in CNS
news Feb 28,2011). Prime Minister Cameron of Britain was quoted to have said
that the World must consider "the full range of options against Libya if violent
repression continues ", and added that he wanted to tell Gaddafi,
"what on earth do you think you are doing? Stop it!"(Channel 4 news
Feb 25 2011 ). The Libyan Deputy Permanent Representative to the UN, Ibrahim
Dabbashi on Feb.21, 2011 defected from
the regime and reported the regime's use of mercenaries to quell the
demonstration(WEI report 2011). He also said (referring to Gaddafi) "This
is a mad man and he is psychologically not stable" He called for
international sanctions against him
noting that "he will stay until he is either killed or he will commit
suicide"(Channel 4 news Feb 2011).
This kind of denunciations of Gaddafi from close allies and officials of his
government confirms the doubt that Gaddafi will relinquish power through any
other means but by force. On Feb.23 the AU issued a statement condemning the use of force against
civilians and decides to send a mission to Libya to assess the situation, on Feb
25 2011 the UN Human Rights Council passed a resolution condemning human rights
violation in Libya and called for a commission of inquiry. This was followed by
UNSC resolution 1970 on Feb. 26 2011 which demanded immediate end to violence
in Libya, as well as arms embargo, travel ban and assets freeze of Gaddafi and
family and close allies. Attempts by the
Gaddafi regime to reframe the discourse by blaming protest on Al Qaeda
terrorist and western Imperialism failed to catch on. On Feb 27 2011, Libya's
National Transition Council (NTC) was formed, and by March 5 2011, NTC declared
itself the sole representative of the Libyan state and began to demand for a no
fly zone but without direct military intervention on Libyan soil" Their
request of no fly zone was supported by the Gulf Cooperation Council on March 7
2011(WEI report 2011). The call for a no fly zone was reiterated by the Arab
League and Libyan Crown Prince Mohammed El Sennusi by March 8 and 9 2011 respectively (WEIreport
2011, Wiki Leak Central Live blog 2011). Thus the pressure for a no fly zone by
these groups and persons, the UK, France and the US gained momentum in the heat
of Gaddaffi's incendiary speeches and threats of total annihilation of
opposition against his regime. These threats given Gaddafi's dictatorial past,
went further to affirm the dominant view that Gaddafi will make good his threat
especially with regards to the protest in Misrata and Benghazi. Excerpts of some of the speeches by Muammar Gaddafi
and his son Saif al Islam is reproduced and examined below. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Muammar Gaddafi
and Saif al Islam's Incendiary Speeches: Threats to Annihilate Protesters<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The incendiary remarks and speeches of Muammar Gaddafi
and his son Saif al Islam has been blamed for the exacerbation of the conflict. For instance the widely televised speech of
Gaddafi on Feb 22 2011, shows the effort of Gaddafi to stimulate the
nationalist spirit of the Libyan people as well as denunciation of the rebel
activities. He denounced the rebels in very derogatory terms and pronounced
punishment for their anti state activities from the Libyan Penal Code. This
speech formed one of the bases of the UNSC resolution1970 and subsequent
resolution 1973.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Excerpts of the Gaddafi's speech of 22 Feb. is reproduced
below:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Muammar Gaddafi has no official post
that he can resign from. Muammar Gaddafi is not a president. He is a
revolutionary leader. Revolution means perpetual sacrifice until death. This is my country, the country of my
forefathers and of your forefathers. We planted it and watered it with the
blood of our forefathers. <u>We are more worth of Libya than those rats and
hirelings. Who are those hirelings, paid for by foreign intelligence services?
God damn them!...They brought shame to their children, their families...tribes.</u>
But they don't have tribes, for Libyan
tribes are honourable, fighter, and
combatant tribes, and they are rallying
around me during this month. ...I am greater than the positions held by
presidents and notables. <u>I am a fighter. A mujahid. A combatant. A
revolutionary from the tent. ...(Emphasis ours)<o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Recounting the great achievements of his revolution and
the leadership role of Libya in Africa and the World he further asserts:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> This handful of hirelings cannot
stop this triumphant course-<u>these cats and mice that jump from street to
street, alley to alley, in the dark</u>. I have paid the price of staying here.
(Recounts the martyrdom of his forefathers)I cannot betray this great
sacrifice. I cannot leave my grandfather's pure remains in al-Margab. In the end,
<u>I will die pure as a martyr....</u>Freedom is a tree in whose shade no one
can sit except the one who planted it with his hands and watered it with his
blood. Libya is a tree in whose shade we sit, for it is we who planted it with
our hands and watered it with our blood.... (Emphasis ours)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Reacting to the activities of the rebels he notes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Now a small group of young men, <u>who
were given pills are raiding police stations here and there like rats.</u> They
raided barracks. They used relative safety and security that Libya had enjoyed,
and they raid unwary barracks, because we are not in a state of wars for us to
tighten security on our warehouses and forts...
(Emphasis ours )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> He exonerates them and blame those that manipulate them:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 1in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> But these young men bear no fault.
They sometimes mimic what is happening in Tunisia and Egypt... there is a small
sick group, implanted in the cities, and giving out pills, and sometimes money,
to these young men and thrusting them into
these side battles....<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> He
instructs Libyans to resist the rebellion:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 1in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <u>Get out of your homes, go out to
the streets, seize the rats, do not be afraid of them.</u> <u>We did not yet
use force....If it reaches a point where
we have to use force, then we will use it.</u> According to the international
law, and according to the Libyan constitution and Libyan laws. If I had an
official position, If I were president I
would have thrown my resignation in your faces ...<u>But I don't hold an
official position. I don't have anything from which to resign, I have my raffle</u>.
<u>I will fight until the last drop of my blood. And the Libyan people are with
me.</u> I had lived my life not afraid of anything. You are facing a solid
rock, against which America's fleets have crashed....Pull your children from
the streets....Starting tomorrow the police and the army will impose security.
They will open roads and remove all barricades... (emphasis ours)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> He lists the crime of the rebels and the punishment s as
stipulated in the Libya penal code:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 1in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Look at their crimes. This is the
Libyan Penal Code from before the revolution. Anyone who bears arms against
Libya shall be punished by death, Scheming with foreign countries to incite war
against Libya ...is punished by death...Anyone who perpetrates an act whose aim
is to start a civil war is punishable by death...This will lead to civil war,
if we do not apprehend them right away.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Finally
he declares:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 1in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> If these things are not fulfilled,
handing over the weapons, the prisoners, the troublemakers who tricked our
children, and removal of all blockades and returning life to normal...if this
is not fulfilled, and Libya is endangered...if we see this happening, we will
prevent it. <u>Then we will declare the march...the holy march...we will issue
a call to the millions, from desert to the desert. And I and the millions will
march in order to cleanse Libya, inch by inch. house by house, home by home,
alley by alley, individual by individual, so that the country is purified from
the unclean.</u> We cannot allow for Libya to be lost from our hands without
justification....I have millions on my side. I have God on my side, who has
made me victorious over the great powers. (Translation byTony Badran
posted in Libya 360<sup>o</sup> 2011,
emphasis ours). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> On March 17 just as the UNSC was deliberating the case of
Libya, Col Gaddafi in a radio broadcast was quoted to have told the rebels of
Benghazi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> "We are coming
tonight. You will come out from inside. Prepare yourselves from tonight.
We will find you in your closets. <u>We shall show no mercy and no pity to them</u>"
(Reuters in Huffingtonpost 2011)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Prior to the Feb 22 Speech by Gaddafi, his son Saif al
Islam in a press interview observes the awareness of the regime of the change in
the region, and regrets the initial
handling of the protests in Libya by the army which he claims was not trained
to handle such civil unrests. He asserts that the rebellion in Libya will spell
doom for Libya which has a different structure from Tunisia and Egypt because
of the ascendancy of tribal inclinations
and absence of civil society. He declares that the protest will lead to civil
war in Libya which will stall all
progress and development and inflict untold hardship on Libyans. He thus
suggests that Libyan protesters accept to talk over their grievances and embark
on a political reform that will usher in
a new constitution and new Libya. He notes that the contrary will be a civil
war. He thus concludes:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 1in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> We are in front of two choices, we
can reform now, this is an historic moment, without it there will be nothing for decades. You will see worse
than Yugoslavia if we don't choose the first option. Gaddafi is not Mubarak or
Ben Ali, a classical ruler, he is the leader of a people. 10,000s of Libyans
are coming to defend him....The army is also there, it will play a big part
whatever the cost....It is not the army of Tunisia or Egypt. It will support
Gaddafi to the last minute. Now in the Green square people shoot so that they
will show the world that the army is shooting. We must be awake. Now comes the
role of the National Guard and the Army, we will not lose one inch of this
land. 60 years ago they defended Libya from the colonialists, now they will
defend it from drug addicts. Most of the Libyans are intelligent, they are not
Baltagiya(thugs). Benghazi is a million and a half not the few thousands who
are in the streets. <u>We will fight to the last man and woman and bullet</u>.
We will not lose Libya. We will not let Aljazeera Al Arabiya and BBC trick us.
We will live in Libya and die in Libya. (Transcribed
by Sultan AlQassemi Feb 20 2011) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Excerpts of these speeches were widely publicized by the
international press and the incendiary parts where the Gaddafi's swore to fight
were highlighted and used as proof that Gaddafi intends to murder and is in
fact murdering his own people. Thus
on 17th March as Gaddafi made his radio broadcast to Benghazi protesters, the
UNSC adopted resolution 1973 to protect civilians using "all necessary
means' and a 'no fly zone" over Libya with a unanimous vote of ten with
five abstentions. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The UNSC resolution 1973 is premised on the fact that
Gaddafi was killing his own people and will make do his threats to kill the
protesters especially of Benghazi if nothing was done by the international
community to stop him. However the UNSC consideration of a no fly zone was not
based on any factual statistics of Gaddafi's genocidal activities on protesters
but on the much publicized threats and negative press reports which framed the
discourse of the crisis against Gaddaffi. In fact the consideration of a no fly
zone which took place same day as Gaddafi's last threats to the protesters of
Benghazi is a proof that the threats by Gaddafi was not the basis for the UNSC
resolution. In fact it may even be the reason for Gaddafi's hard-line position
to march force with force in the awareness that the protesters are playing the
script of the imperial powers and opponents who want him out of power. The
speed at which the major powers of US, UK and France recognized the NTC as the
legitimate representative of the Libyan people is an indication that they have
withdrawn their recognition of Gaddafi and his regime as the sovereign
authority in Libya, in effect he was seen as the villain who must be ousted at
all cost to enable a new regime to take control in Libya. This explains why
neither diplomacy nor Resolution 1970 was
given enough time to work before
a no fly zone was imposed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Against this background, we surmise that despite
Gaddafi's use of force to quell rebellion, and the threats to annihilate
opposition, the UNSC resolution 1973 was premised on the
anti Gaddafi forces/major powers decision to remove Gaddafi from power.
So we reject our hypothesis that the use of violence and threats of violence
against protesters by the Gaddafi regime was what brought about the adoption of
resolution 1973. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> H2: The non implementation of paragraph 1 and 2 of
resolution 1973 as well as the excessive
force employed in the enforcement of a no fly zone in Libya by the NATO led
coalition constitute a violation of the
mandate of the resolution which is to
protect the civilian population in Libya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Libyan Crisis and the Enforcement of Resolution 1973<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>The Libyan Crisis
and Absence of Diplomacy: Non-Compliance with Paragraph 1 and 2 of Resolution
1973<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">One obvious lacunae in the UNSC and NATO coalition handling of the
Libyan crisis is the absence or near absence of the use of diplomacy to quell
the crisis. Apart from the UN Secretary General's appointment of Abdelillah al Khatib as a special envoy to Libya on fact finding mission, on March 11 2011,
there was not any known effort by the UN to use diplomacy to douse the crisis.
In fact before the Khatib appointment, Gaddafi's regime has been sanctioned
through resolution 1970. Even the Abdelillah Khatib mission was not allowed to
yield fruit before resolution 1973 was adopted.
Many of the independent and UN
Human Rights Council fact finding missions went to Libya while the NATO led
coalition was implementing the no fly zone. Even with the adoption of
resolution 1973, paragraph 1 and 2 that emphasized cessation of violence by
both parties was never pursued by the UN or NATO coalition of the willing. The relevant paragraph states: . <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .5in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1. <i>Demands</i> the immediate establishment of a
cease-fire and a complete end to violence and all attacks against, and abuses
of, civilians;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 2. <i>Stresses</i> the need to intensify efforts to find a solution to the
crisis which responds to legitimate demands of the Libyan people and notes the
decisions of the Secretary-General to send his special Envoy to Libya and of
the Peace and Security Council of the African Union to send its ad hoc High
level Committee to Libya with the aim of facilitating dialogue to lead to the
political reforms necessary to find peace and sustainable solution;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Thus the adoption
and implementation of no fly zone over Libya did not follow the dictates of the
Just war theory or even the UN's R2P principles which demands exploring all
peaceful alternatives before recourse to violence. First the Abdelillah al Khatib fact finding
mission was not allowed to complete its mission before the commencement of the
NATO campaign, an indication that diplomacy was not on the table in
solving the Libyan crisis. Secondly, The African Union (AU)'s plea to be
allowed to settle the crisis through diplomacy was not granted. In fact Jean
Ping the Chairman of the African Union Standing Commission told Stephen Sackur
in the program Hard talk hosted by Sackur in BBC that the African Union opinion
was not sought on the issue of no fly zone in Libya (BBC News -Hard Talk March
25 2011). The position of AU on Libya include (i) Immediate cessation of all hostilities ; (ii) Cooperation of the
concerned Libyan authorities to facilitate the timely delivery of humanitarian
assistance to needy populations; (iii) Protection of foreign nationals, including African migrant workers living in
Libya; and (iv) Dialogue between the Libyan parties and establishment of a
consensual and inclusive transitional government. The Peace and Security
Commission (PSC) of AU also established a High level ad hoc Committee to follow
-up on the implementation of the Roadmap ( Ping, 2011; UN News Service 2011).
Jean Ping notes that one week after the adoption of AU roadmap the UN Security
Council adopted resolution 1973. Even the permission sought by the Committee to
be allowed to fly to Libya on March 20
2011 to interact with the parties and
commence the peace process was denied by NATO which started its military
campaign on March 19 2011. However the
paradox of the AU position is that while the Union was rooting for a diplomatic
solution, the two non permanent members in the Security Council namely Nigeria
and South Africa voted in favor of the resolution which contained enforcement
of no fly zone but lacked enough clout to pressure for the implementation of paragraph
1 and 2 which tallies with their effort at finding a political solution to the
crisis. In any case the international
Community led by UK, France and the US
have made up their mind about Gaddafi quitting office, so they continued to argue that any negotiation will not include Gaddafi and
members of his family. This attitude violates the principle of last resort of
the 'jus ad bellum' and even the fourth principle of R2P which
stipulates the exploitation of all diplomatic and peaceful means before
using force. This again confirms the
fear of many Third World states that humanitarian intervention can sometimes
act as a pretext for war by the super
powers and in the Libyan case, the triune of USA,UK and France have made up
their minds that nothing but regime change was acceptable, even though Saif al
Islam in his public address to Libyans in February 20 2011 made it known that they were open for
dialogue and constitutional democracy but the NTC and the allied forces felt otherwise. The International Crisis Group(ICG) report
(2011:29) made similar observation when it
notes that: <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 1in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> the UNSC resolution 1973 called
for a cease fire, yet every proposal for
a cease fire put forward by Gaddafi regime or third parties ...has been
rejected by the TNC as well as the Western governments most closely associated
with the NATO military campaign. The
main grounds being cited have been that Quadadafi cannot be expected to honor
his undertakings and that nothing short of his departure is acceptable. However neither the TNC nor NATO has made a
ceasefire proposal of its own and there has yet to be a meaningful attempt to test Quaddafi's seriousness or pose conditions on acceptance
that would subject a putative ceasefire
to effective independent supervision ...and thereby address constructively the
problem of Quaddafi's suspected untrustworthiness. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> This again confirms the double standard thesis used in
the choice of state (s) for the
application of humanitarian intervention. This is because similar violent
response was used in Bahrain, Yemen, and Egypt but the western powers never
advocated for a no fly zone or
humanitarian intervention rather they continuously appealed to all sides for
restraint and gave the regimes the
opportunity to address the grievances of the demonstrators through reform of
the political process. It is obvious that in the case of Gaddafi the triune of
USA, UK and France never forgave Gaddafi for his past terrorist activities that
saw to the death of many western states citizens in the bombing of the Pan AM 103 flight and the UTA
777 flight. The internal democratic uprising that erupted in Libya became an
opportunity for payback, hence resolution 1973.
Thus the violence perpetrated by the allied forces of NATO in the
implementation of the no fly zone intensified the crisis as an all out war
broke out endangering the lives of civilians that structures the argument of
humanitarian intervention. Figure 1.1 show that there were more casualties
after the adoption of resolution 1973 than there were before the no fly zone
was implemented. For instance between March 19 and July 13 2011 the NATO
campaign claimed 1108 civilian casualties.
This is expected given the massive air bombardment that characterized
the take off of the NATO campaign called operation Odyssey described as the
biggest military campaign in the Arab World since 2003 invasion of Iraq. US and
British warship and submarines launched more than 110 Tomahawk cruise missiles
at more than 20 coastal targets that crippled Gaddafi's air defences(Aljazeera
,March 20 2011). As the bombardment went on against Gaddafi forces, the western media campaign framed the discourse in such a
manner that Gaddafi remains the monster that must be ousted. An instance of
this was the case of Iman al Obeidi the postgraduate student of law who claimed
that she was gang raped by the Gaddafi soldiers. Her story received wide and
repeated publicity in various international media as well as social medias like facebook and
twitter. News headlines like "Rape used as a weapon in Libya (CNN Sara
Sidner exclusive report, June 16 2011), Rape victims face honor killings in
Libya" (BBC news June 14 2011) "Gaddafi forces accused of rape"
(Aljazeera english May 3, 2011) further damaged the image of the Gaddafi regime
and the international community's feeling about his continued stay in office.
Such discourse also legitimized the use of force by NATO in crippling and
ousting the regime. Thus paragraph 1 demanding ceasefire was never implemented
by the international community represented by the coalition of the willing led
by US and NATO. Rather the NATO led coalition were suspected to have even
joined the ground offensive of the NTC against the Gaddafi regime and thereby
intensified the conflict. CIRET-AVT report (2011:30-31) notes that from the
start of the operations, teams of CIA were deployed in Libya on the orders of
the US President to make contacts with
the insurgents and to act as spotters and guides for air attacks. In addition
UK on Washington's request sent some military advisors to the insurgents, in
order to support the action of the CIA agents on the ground. A French weekly
revealed that France allegedly supplied,
under cover of humanitarian goods, 105mm canons and anti aircraft batteries to rebels in Benghazi in keeping
with the promise of Nicholas Sarkozy to the NTC president that "we will
help you". These facts does not show a group interested in stopping the war and charting a new course
for peace, but those hell bent on seeing Gaddafi out of power by force. In furtherance of that aim the coalition airstrikes targeted his house and
killed his son and grand children. We
wish to observe that the Killing of Gaddafi's son and grand children violates
the mandate of resolution 1973. The NATO attack also intensified the refugee
situation as over 40 000, refugees left Libya for neighboring countries like
Tunisia, Egypt and Italy(Aljazeera May 3, 2011). In a way the selective
implementation of the resolution undoubtedly created and worsened the humanitarian
situation it set out to rectify. ICG report (2011) notes that a ceasefire
functions not only to stop fighting and
save lives but to lead directly to negotiations between the TNC and the Gaddafi
regime thereby enabling politics to resume their rightful place and a new,
constructive, non violent political process to get under way. It did not happen
because the NATO led coalition wanted it otherwise. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Libyan Crisis and
the Enforcement of a No Fly Zone:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Resolution 1973
passed on March 17, 2011 changed the fate of Libya as it gave the mandate that
enabled the US/NATO led coalition to oust Muammar Gaddafi from power. The
resolution aimed at protection of civilians from harm became a pretext for
regime change as the coalition saw regime change as part of the mandate of the
resolution. NATO led coalition anchored its regime change argument on the
clause "take all necessary measures" used in paragraph 4 and 8 of the
resolution respectively. The relevant sections of the resolution here under
reproduced reads :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> Acting under
Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 1. <i>Demands</i> the immediate establishment of a cease-fire and a complete
end to violence and all attacks against, and abuses of, civilians;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 2. <i>Stresses</i> the need to intensify efforts to find a solution to the
crisis which responds to legitimate demands
of the Libyan people and notes the decisions of the Secretary-General to
send his special Envoy to Libya and of the Peace and Security Council of the
African Union to send its ad hoc High level Committee to Libya with the aim of facilitating dialogue to lead to the
political reforms necessary to find peace and sustainable solution;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 3.
<i>Demands </i>that the Libyan
authorities comply with their obligations under international law, including
international humanitarian law, human rights and refugee law and all measures
to protect civilians and meet their basic need, and to ensure the rapid and
unimpeded passage of humanitarian assistance;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> <b>Protection
of Civilians<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 4. <i>Authorizes</i> Member States that have notified the Secretary -General
acting nationally or through regional organizations, and acting in cooperation
with the Secretary -General, <u>to take all necessary measures,
notwithstanding paragraph 9 of
resolution 1970(2011), to protect civilians and civilian populated areas under
threat of attack in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, including Benghazi, while
excluding a foreign occupation force of any form on any part of Libyan
territory</u>, and requests the Member States concerned to inform the
Secretary-General immediately of measures they take pursuant to the
authorization conferred by this paragraph which shall be immediately reported
to the Security Council; (emphasis ours)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 5. <i>Recognizes</i> the important role of the League of Arab States in
matters relating to the maintenance of international peace and security in the
region and bearing in mind Chapter VIII of the United Nations, requests the
Member States of the League of Arab States to cooperate with other Member
States in the implementation of paragraph 4;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> No Fly Zone<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 6. <i>Decides </i>to establish a ban
on all flights in the airspace of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in order to help
protect civilians;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 7. <i>Decides</i> further that the Ban imposed by paragraph 6 shall not apply
to flights whose sole purpose is humanitarian ,such as delivering or
facilitating the delivery of assistance, including medical supplies, food,
humanitarian workers and related
assistance, or evacuating foreign nationals from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,
nor shall it apply to flights authorized by paragraph 4 or 8, nor other flights
which are deemed necessary by states acting under the authorization conferred
in paragraph 8 to be for the benefit of the Libyan people, and that these
flights shall be coordinated with any mechanism established under paragraph 8;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 8.<i>Authorizes</i> Member States that have notified the Secretary-General
and the Secretary of the League of Arab States, acting nationally or through
regional organizations or arrangements <u>to take all necessary measures to
enforce compliance with the ban on flights imposed by paragraph 6 above, as
necessary,</u> and requests the states
concerned in cooperation with the League of Arab States to coordinate closely
with the Secretary- General on measures they are taking to implement this ban,
including by establishing an appropriate mechanism for implementing the
provisions of paragraph 6 and 7 above, (emphasis ours)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 9. <i>Calls</i> upon all Member states, acting nationally or through regional
organizations or arrangements, to provide assistance, including any necessary
over-flight approvals, for the purposes of implementing paragraphs 4 ,6, 7 and
8 above;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 10 .<i>Requests</i> the Member States concerned to coordinate closely with
each other and the Secretary -General on the measures they are taking to
implement paragraphs 4,6.7 and 8 above, including practical measures for the
monitoring and approval of authorised humanitarian or evacuation flights;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 11. <i>Decides </i> that the Member
States concerned shall inform the Secretary-General and the Secretary-General
of the League of Arab States immediately of
measures taken in the exercise of authority conferred by paragraph 8
above, including to supply a concept of operations;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 0.5in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 12. <i>Requests</i> the Secretary-General to inform the Council immediately of
any actions taken by the Member States concerned in the exercise of the
authority conferred by paragraph 8 above and to report to the Council within 7
days and every month thereafter on the implementation of this resolution, including information on any violations of
the flight ban imposed by paragraph 6 above;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The controversial issue in the handling of resolution
1973 is the wide interpretation given to the phrase "take all necessary
measures ...to protect civilians and civilian populated areas..." in
paragraph 4 and in paragraph 8 of the resolution. From the perspective of the
legal realism school, international law and its interpretation is what the
major power says it is. Against this backdrop the interpretation given to the
phrase "take all necessary measures" enabled the coalition to add
regime change as part of the measures for the protection of civilians. To this
end Gaddafi's house was targeted with the aim of killing him. In addition
excessive force was employed in the
destruction of the regimes military capability and even social infrastructures
in contravention of the jus ad bello that requires that the force employed be
proportionate to the one used by the regime. In the course of this NATO ended
up killing a large number of civilians they were expected to protect including
Gaddafi's son and grand children. We wish to observe that the Killing of
Gaddafi's son and grand children violates the mandate of resolution 1973. This
is because in consonance with the Jus ad bellum and principles of R2P, there
should be a distinction between combatants and non combatants, and Gaddafi's
son and grand children were non combatants, in addition it can be rightly
argued that Gaddafi's civilian household belong to the group of civilians the
resolution mandated the interventionists
to protect. (CIRET -AVT report 2011) .
CIRET-AVT report (2011:28) notes that in town of Midza NATO air strike hit hospital, doctors
lodgings and offices, and about forty homes located nearby causing many
casualties amongst civilians and the medical personnel some of whom were North
Koreans. The strikes also brought about psychological trauma to inhabitants of
the affected cities who had to leave their homes to find refuge in tents.
Libyans in the west were upset that they
have been chosen for such strikes and
criminalized in the process. Report of the ICSFFML (2011:47) observes that on Nov.21 2011 NATO attack at Sirte,
Gaddafi's stronghold killed about 47
civilians. The report further notes that many sites targeted by NATO were
ostensibly civilian objects and NATO's defense that these sites were used for
military purposes had no convincing evidence to the fact. These sites include
schools, food warehouse, office of the Administrative Controller in Tripoli.
The report argues that international humanitarian law demands that for a civilian object to be targeted it must
be making an effective contribution to military action, so in effect NATO's
action was violation of one of the cardinal principles of international
humanitarian law ( ICSFFML report 2011:44).The report further notes that NATO
appears to have participated in what could be classified as offensive actions
undertaken by the opposition forces, and their choice of targets raises a prema
facie questions regarding the role of such attacks with respect to protection of
civilians. It brings to the fore the ambiguity in the text of the
resolution. Thus NATO's compliance with
the terms of the resolution must be evaluated in light of the requirements of international law and the UN Charter (ICSFFML
report:43). We also agree with the observations made by the President of International Progress Organisation (IPO) Dr
Hans Kochler to the President of the Security Council and to the
UN Secretary General regarding the wide
interpretation given to the phrase
"take all necessary measures" by the Coalition forces. In the
memorandum Kochler (2011) observes that the delegation of unlimited authority
to interested parties or regional groups is not only incompatible with the UN
Charter but with the international rule of law. The Security Council can under
no circumstances authorize a use of force the extent and form of which is
solely at the discretion of those parties that volunteer to intervene on behalf
of the UN. Thus the procedures outlined in the operative paragraph of resolution
1973 and their implementation by interested parties contradict the doctrine of
collective security which is the foundation of the provisions of Chapter VII of
the UN in several important respects:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1. The notion "all necessary means" is not only
vague but totally undefined. Thus in a context
of international power politics such imprecise terms unavoidably becomes
interpreted according to the self interest of the intervening parties and
therefore can never be basis of legally
justifiable action.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2. The imprecise definition of the term makes it
impossible to ascertain the compatibility and commensurability of the adopted
measures with the goals stated in the resolution. It also allows the interested
states and groups of states to act outside a framework of checks and balances
and with total impunity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3. To authorize states to use all necessary means in the enforcement of legally binding
resolution is an invitation to an arbitrary and arrogant exercise of power, and
makes the commitment of the UN to international rule of law void of any
meaning.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 4 The Prime Minister of the Russian Federation was right
in describing the resolution as flawed in so far as it allows everything and
resembles medieval calls for crusade. A procedure by which a country's leadership is declared
an international outlaw, and everyone
(state or regional group) is invited to join in the battle in whichever way
resembles the rationale of the crusades
and such medieval hostis has no room in international law. Such international
vigilantism and humanitarian free for all are elements of anarchy
characteristic of pre modern system of imperial powers as it existed before the
abrogation of the jus ad bellum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 5. In the context of chapter VII enforcement measures,
including the use of armed force, the formular "all necessary
measures" effectively invites
unilateral action by the self-appointed members of a "coalition of the
willing" something which not only subverts but perverts the United
Nations' rationale of collective security in the service of an undeclared
imperialist agenda, hidden behind humanitarian motives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 6. The involvement of NATO as the coordinating
entity for the enforcement of the flight
ban and all military operations in Libya complicated the international
dimension of the conflict. This is
because NATO is a mutual defense pact of European states including Turkey and
two North American states. So even in the disguise of "crisis response
operations" and noble humanitarian motives, offensive action in North
Africa outside the treaty area will further threaten international peace and
security. In other words in view of its composition and political agenda, it
was totally inappropriate for NATO to act as the exclusive enforcer of Chapter
VII resolutions of the Security Council.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 7. By deciding to
"protect civilians" in Libya while not acting in comparable
situations of uprising in Bahrain and Yemen, the Security Council obviously
chose a policy of double standards that seems determined by the strategic
interests of the intervening countries.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 8. The authorization formula of "all necessary
means" makes the Security Council a mere bystander as the voting procedure
in the council requires the consent of the states that inserted it to cancel
it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> 7. In line with the Security Council's tendency, since
the end of the cold war, to arrogate powers not given to it in the Charter, and
to broaden its mandate as "global administrator of justice",
resolution 1973 (2011) appears to have further widened the scope of action on
the basis of Chapter VII so as to include the protection of the civilian population
in situations of domestic conflict. However if the Council aspires to be an
enforcer of rights and an arbiter in domestic conflicts, it will have to abide
by basic principles of the rule of law. As long as it encourages member states
to act as they please, allowing them to further their own national interests in
the disguise of enforcement action on behalf of the United Nations, the
Security Council's practice will itself constitute a threat to international
peace and security (Kochler 2011).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In the recognition of the ambiguities resulting from the
term " take all necessary measures",
the consequent heavy
civilian casualties as a result of excessive use of force by NATO coalition, the
notion of R2P that constitute the
underlying basis of the resolution becomes defeated. In the case of Libya the enforcement action
embarked by NATO and its allies led to several civilian deaths to the chagrin
of the states like Russia, China, and the Arab League which condemned the heavy
bombardment as running contrary to the mandate given in resolution 1973 (2011)
( Wiki leak Central 2011, World News Briefs 2011, The Guardian June 2011, RT
news 2011) . The Russian Prime Minister Viladimir Putin put it this way<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 12pt 1in 10pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"> We 're concerned at the ease with which
decisions are being made over the use of force in international affairs today. In US policy
it's becoming a dangerous tendency. During Bill Clinton's time they bombed
Yugoslavia and Belgrade, Bush deployed troops in Afghanistan, then under false
pretenses more forces were deployed in Iraq, destroying the entire government
of Iraq. Now Libya is next-they say they 're protecting civilians. But it's
civilians who are dying when they bomb Libya. Where's the logic and the
conscience? There 's neither(RT News 2011) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The Russian Foreign Ministry further states that "It
is unacceptable to use the mandate subsequent upon UN Resolution 1973, the
adoption of which was quite an ambiguous move, to achieve the goals which
clearly are beyond its scope as the
resolution stipulates only measures to protect civilian population." Similarly the head of the Arab league Amr
Moussa who played a central role in
securing the "no fly zone" said "what is happening in Libya
differs from the aim of imposing a no fly zone, and what we want is the
protection of civilians and not the bombardment of more civilians" . He
further notes "When I see children being killed, I must have misgivings.
That is why I warn about civilian causalities" (BBC News, March, 2011, RT
News March 2011,The Guardian 2011, Lamb 2011). The heavy civilian casualties
recorded in Figure 1.1 after the commencement of the NATO led attack points to
one fact, that the implementation of the resolution violated the mandate of the
resolution which was protection of civilians.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> In addition, the idea that in domestic conflict,
responsibility to protect civilians
rests with the state
authority (whose legitimate right to the
use of coercion at the time is under challenge) and not with the rebel
group(s) defeats the sole purpose of
invoking this moralist principle. This explains the impunity displayed by the
rebel groups in Libya in the treatment of civilians supportive of the Gaddafi regime.
Various fact finding missions to Libya recorded the gross violation of human
rights by the insurgent forces which
NATO and its other coalition members prefer not to notice. The ICSFFML report (2011:34-41)notes the
prevalence of retaliatory and revenge
attacks on the part of the rebel force, including the illegal appropriation of
properties and other acts of intimidation against pro Gaddafi individuals. It also reported the forcible displacement of
suspected enemies of the revolution exemplified in the town of Tawergha where the entire community
were forcibly ejected by the rebels without hope of return. The Advance
unedited version of Human Rights Council report
(A/HRC)(2011:8;para 28) also notes that
"dozens of civilians are being held in armed opposition -facilities
around Benghazi on the basis of unknown motives and several former members of
the internal security police were found dead, shot in the head or their throat
slashed, often with hands and feet bound". The behavior of the rebel group
contravenes the various prongs of the just war theory and principles of R2P
and cannot be accommodated within the
wide scope interpretation of "all necessary measures" brandished by
the US/NATO coalition. Even the regime
change and capture and killing of Gaddafi cannot be said to
be accommodated within this wide
interpretation. As the CIRET-AVT report(2011:30) puts it, "the elimination
of the Libyan leader is not authorized , nor legitimate in the context of this
operation"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> The wide interpretation given to the phrase "take
all necessary measures" in order to
extract regime change from the operation, reveals the real intension behind the
quest for the resolution and thus
violates the twin principle of just cause and right intention of the just was theory and the right intention principle of responsibility to protect,
the underlying basis of resolution 1973(2011). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> Against this background we validate our hypothesis 2 :
The non implementation of paragraph 1 and 2 of resolution 1973 as well as the excessive force employed in
the enforcement of a no fly zone in Libya by the NATO led coalition constitute a violation of the mandate of the
resolution which is to protect the
civilian population in Libya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <b>Conclusion:<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The Libyan crisis was a domestic civil strife, and although it
created a panic situation that led to exodus of foreign nationals and
Libyans who wanted to escape the
violence accompanying it , nevertheless
it was not different from other civil unrest that engulfed the other
Arab States, except in the scale of
violence used by both sides, which did not
warrant the adoption of a no fly zone. A no fly zone is essentially
enforced where there is evidence of mass murder or grave violation of human
rights. In Libya, as the reports of various fact finding mission reveal, there
was no evidence that Gaddafi has used his air power to slaughter the civilians,
or ferocious slaughter of civilians as most media houses reported. The protest
was violent in several cases and the state responded accordingly in defense. No
state (especially a dictatorial one like Gaddafi's) would have stood still
while its coercive apparatus is challenged, raided and confiscated as happened
in Libya without some measure of
coercion employed to restore order. It appears that the rebels employed
violence in order to elicit a violent response that in turn will attract the
attention and sympathy of the international community to their sides. Secondly
employing violence and eliciting a similar response from Gaddafi confirms the
image of Gaddafi as a bloody demagogue and terrorist, an image not different
from the one USA and Europe have of him
given his past terrorist activities, and
thereby further the regime change motive of the leaders of the protest many of whom were
exiles resident in Europe and USA. Thirdly,
the leaders of the protest movement must have known that nothing short of a
violent overthrow can remove Gaddafi from power given that Gaddafi himself has
always claimed and cunningly too, that he has no official position and therefore has no power to handover, as the
power of the state rests with the people. This Machiavellian tactics of Gaddafi
has made it difficult over the years for any internal dissent against him to
succeed and in the absence of civil and political institutions in Libya, the Tunisian
and Egyptian examples of handing over to existing institutions of the state
would have been impossible in Libya. It
was obvious to the rebel group that nothing short of violent protest on a
massive scale can tilt the balance of power in their favor if they can
instrumentalize it to gain international recognition and assistance. This explains
the 'unreadiness' of the rebel groups later represented by NTC to accept any
form of peaceful resolution of the conflict suggested by the African Union and
the Gaddafi regime. In view of the speed with which sanctions and no fly zone
was adopted on Libya while not extending similar treatment to other Arab states
like Bahrain and Yemen in the same
situation, the conspiracy theory that the allied powers of USA, UK and France
in collusion with the exiled rebel leaders and Arab League may have planned the
violent protest in Libya in order to get the expected response that will enable
them act as they have done is not farfetched. Otherwise how do we explain that
the United Nations did not send any fact finding mission to Libya before
adopting resolution 1970. In addition the Khatib envoy mission sent by the
Secretary General was not allowed to complete his mission before the adoption
of resolution 1973. Both the US President, Barack Obama and the United Kingdom (UK)
Prime Minister David Cameron continued to rely on security and media reports to
assess the events in Libya and objected to any peaceful resolution that
included Gaddafi. In fact the CIRET -AVT
report (2011) notes that US, UK and French Security operatives were inside
Libya lending both military and strategic support to the rebel groups. The
insurgents did not waste time in asking for international assistance and no fly
zone while rejecting peaceful resolution. It is known that Gaddafi was not in
the good books of the leading nations of the Arab World, so that getting the
Arab League to lend their support for the resolution was not difficult more
especially in view of the US influence in the region while also ignoring the
opinion of the African Union where Gaddafi has some measure of credibility and
influence. The violation of human rights thesis by the Gaddafi regime employed as the 'Justa causa' for the
resolution fails in the face of similar behavior by the rebel groups and
the terrible suffering and deaths of
civilians inflicted by the NATO led attack. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The intervention in Libya did not suffer the legality or
legitimacy crisis that usually accompany HI in many other occasions as it was
appropriately authorised by an authority considered legitimate to do so, the
Security Council. The bone of contention is whether the Security Council as
the agency for ensuring world peace and
security did in fact act wisely in adoption of a resolution that essentially relies
on force without resort to peaceful
alternatives. The enforcement of the resolution as earlier pointed out in our
discussion paradoxically ended up killing more civilians (given the massive air
and ballistic attacks against the Gaddafi regime and his combatants ) thus
defeating the main aim of resolution 1973 (2011) which was "to protect civilians" or
prevent wide spread suffering. NATO cannot rely on the doctrine of the double
effect as this doctrine only allows civilian deaths where it aids to prevent
more deaths. This was not the case in
Libya. This situation arose out of the
agenda of the coalition to oust Gaddafi out of power which by all
purposes and intent was outside the mandate of resolution 1973(2011) despite
the wide interpretation given to the clause " take all necessary
measures" by the NATO led coalition. The killing of Gaddafi without giving
him opportunity for fair hearing runs contrary to the dictates of fair hearing
and rule of law of which the UN should be the
major custodian. It also violates one of the principles of jus post
bellum which prohibits revenge against a loser.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">The manner of enforcement
of the resolution 1973 in Libya has had immense consequences on the character
of the crisis in Syria. First it
forestalled the use of humanitarian intervention in whatever capacity by
the UNSC to curb the violence in Syria or extend humanitarian services to
protesting Syrians as Russia vowed to stop such abrasive interference in the
internal politics of sovereign states given the experience of Libya. Secondly
it made the Assad regime in Syria more
determined in countering the violent demonstration against his regime thus
bringing about more causalities than
envisaged. On the part of the rebels it made them more violent believing that
using the Libyan approach of refusing dialogue that includes the Assad regime and increasing the tempo of
violent protest will attract the help of the international
community led by USA and Europe. The aftermath has been wanton destruction of
lives and properties. In effect the
manner of enforcement of resolution 1973
(2011) has curtailed the opportunity of peaceful resolution of disputes, the
raisond'etre of the UN and further
jeopardizes world peace and security.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">In the case of Libya, the state is yet to chart the right course
out of the chaotic situation as the
various groups sing discordant tunes as they
harbor different intentions on how to move forward . For instance on
March 6, 2012 militia and tribal chiefs in East Libya demanded a return to the loose federation that
prevailed before the Gaddafi revolution
in 1969. They also announced unilateral plans to begin establishment of
their own autonomous government. The east believe that they liberated Libya
with nothing to compensate them for it, as the NTC announced that the west
shall provide 111 members of the assembly as against 60 from the east. The
prime Minister Abdel Rahim el-Keeb has rejected this option calling on Libyans
to do so. Militia and tribal leaders from the west earlier formed their own
alliance with the intention of exerting influence nationally. There is also the
problem of mopping up the weapons in the
hands of various militia groups that fought the Gaddafi regime(Alzway &
KirkPatrick in New York Times 2012). This has complicated even the human rights status of the present
regime as allegations of torture and human right abuses have been reported
against militia supportive of the
present regime. Donata Rovera , a senior crisis -response adviser for Amnesty
international in London reports massive abuse of human rights by militias that
run detention centers all over the country with no control from the NTC central
government. In some of the detention centers the detainees out of fear say
nothing, but just show their wounds to the visitors as evidence of their
torture. She notes that the NTC lacks both the willingness and the capability
to wrest control from armed groups and the delay has worsened the human right
situation( Walt 2012). In January and February 2012, Amnesty International
delegates interviewed scores of victims of torture who were held in and around
Tripoli, al -Zawiya, Gharyan, Misratah and Sirte, as well as several families
of people who died in the custody of militias after they were tortured.
Detainees told Amnesty International that they had been suspended in contorted
positions; beaten for hours with whips, cables, plastic hoses, metal chains and
bars, and wooden sticks; and given electric shock with live wires and
taser-like electric shock weapons. Medical reports also confirmed the use of
torture. Amnesty International report notes that the (present) Libyan
authorities have been alerted on numerous occasions to the ongoing abuses by
militias, the report regrets that the NTC led transitional government appears to have neither the
authority nor the political will to rein
in the militias many of which are reluctant to disband or submit to the central authority. It further notes that the
authorities have been unwilling to recognize the scale of militia abuses, at
most acknowledging individual cases despite the mounting evidence of patterns
of grave, widespread abuses in many parts of the country. The report surmises
that this inability to bring perpetrators to account is sending the wrong
message to the militias and has encouraged further abuses and a climate of
impunity for such crimes (Amnesty International 2012). The chaos and human
rights abuses in Libya after the revolution signal one thing, that the use of
resolution 1973 and the manner of its implementation in Libya
was wrong. The very human right abuses for which Gaddafi was ousted is
presently being perpetrated in Libya in manners worse than before without those
responsible being brought to account. Paradoxically the UN and the allied
powers that enforced the resolution are busy with similar situation in Syria
why leaving suffering Libyans to their
own fate. However the chaotic situation
and the obvious lack of control of the new Libyan government has just brought
about another calamity but this time not to Libyans but to the United States ,
when Libyan Islamic extremists angered
by the negative portrayal of prophet Mohammed
in a film made by an American Coptic Christian decided to burn down the American embassy in
Libya and in the process Killed four diplomats including the US Ambassador to
Libya Ambassador Christopher Stevens. President Obama has vowed to bring the
perpetrators to justice, as American
warships and sub marines have already been dispatched to Libya while security
has been heightened and tightened in American Consulates in many Arab countries with similar protests or where such is
imminent (CNN News Sept 12 2012, BBC News Sept 12 2012). What happened in
Libya is an attestation of the failure
of order and a sign that the new Libyan
government is yet to establish control over the many well armed militia groups proliferating the
Libyan streets as a result of the revolution. In addition the orchestrated attack
has been likened to the handwork of Al-Queda terrorist net work or local Jihadist that
gained grounds as a result of the revolution and which appears to have seized the opportunity
of the chaotic situation in Libya to carry out their anti American nefarious
activities, thus prompting the question "Is Libya better and safer under
Gaddafi? Was Gaddafi right after all that his violent removal will spell doom
for Libya and Libyans? Only time shall make these issues clearer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Recommendations:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Against this backdrop we
recommend the following<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. That while the idea or notion of humanitarian intervention from
the perspective of R2P remains laudable, the UN through the Security Council
should enforce such measures through regional organizations or using the
traditional peacekeeping operations so as to avoid the misconception that the
organization has become instrument of the powerful few for the realization of
their national interest. This will also make the UN solely in charge of the
operation rather than the spectator status it assumes once the resolution has
been passed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. That the UN except in proven cases of genocide should avoid the
employment of force in the settlement of intra state dispute. This will
encourage parties to employ diplomacy and dialogue rather than violence with
the hope of attracting humanitarian intervention of powerful states to their
sides.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.That in drawing the resolution of the UNSC very precise and
clear language should be used so as to avoid the scenario where use of imprecise and vague terms is interpreted to
suit the interests of the powerful states.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.That in the enforcement of humanitarian intervention resolutions
emphasis should shift from responsibility
to react to responsibility to prevent. This will constrain the
intervening states from the large scale destruction of social infrastructures
that usually accompany responsibility to react.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5. That Libya should be guided by the UN to building a virile
civil society and institutions in accordance with ethics of democracy and rule
of law. Thus missions of experts on nation building and statecraft should be
sent to help Libya to chart a path out of
the present chaotic situation they find themselves.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 285.95pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">BIBLIOGRAPHY<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Periodicals (Magazines)</span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vandewalle,
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Does a Country Recover from 40 years of Destruction by an Unchallenged
Tyrant?" Newsweek March 7. pp17-21.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-10963731595237577172014-04-28T05:46:00.004-07:002014-04-28T05:46:46.443-07:00Importance of provision and utilization of MCH services<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:roundrect
id="_x0000_s1120" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:407.1pt;margin-top:-46.25pt;width:114.9pt;height:78.2pt;z-index:251751424'
arcsize="10923f" fillcolor="white [3212]" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251751424;"><span style="height: 105px; left: 0px; left: 542px; position: absolute; top: -62px; width: 154px;"><img height="105" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1120" width="154" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
TWO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Review of Related Literature<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This
chapter presents the review of related literature on <span class="apple-style-span">the extent of provision and utilization of free MCHS
among the childbearing mothers in Igbo-Eze North LGA of Enugu State</span>.
Literature on the subject abound. A few of them are from Nigeria while a great
number of them are conducted elsewhere in foreign countries. The review of
related literature is organized under the following headings:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Conceptual Framework<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Concept
of maternal and child health services (MCHS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Provision
and Utilization of health services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Measurement
of extent of provision and utilization of MCHS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Demographic
factors associated with the extent of utilization of free MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theoretical
Framework <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: .2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory of health seeking-behaviour. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: .2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory of attachment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical
Studies on Extent of Provision and Utilization of Free MCH Services <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Summary of Literature
Review <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -4.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Conceptual Framework<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This section will
review the concepts of MCHS, and extent of provision and utilization of MCHS.
Numerous researchers have defined MCHS diversely. However, most of them have
common conceptual focus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Concept
of maternal and child health services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal
and child health services (MCHS) are those health services provided for childbearing
mothers and their children to protect them from sickness, trauma and death. <span class="apple-style-span">Department of Education and Early Childhood-DEEC (2013)
defined Maternal and Child Health Service as a universal primary care service
for families with children from birth to school age. </span>The targets for MCHS
are all women in their reproductive age groups, i.e., 15 - 49 years of age,
children, school age population and adolescents (Addisse, 2003). Oklahoma State
Department of Health-OSDH, (2013) added that MCHS’s mission is to provide state
leadership, in partnership with key stake holders, to improve the physical and
mental health, safety and well-being of the mother and child population. <span class="apple-style-span">The service provides a comprehensive and focused
approach for the promotion, prevention, early detection, and intervention of
the physical, emotional or social factors affecting the health of young
children and their families in contemporary communities (DEEC, 2013).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">MCHS
is aimed at helping to improve the health of mothers and their newborns in
order to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality. This may be only possible
if the services are accessible to mothers and children in terms of financial
cost. This may be why the Department of Health and Human Services-DHHS (2010)
described MCHS as a broad array of programmes organized to improve the
availability of and access to high quality preventive and primary health care
for all children and to reproductive health care for all woman and their
partners regardless of their ability to pay. In the present study, MCH services
are those health services given to
mothers and their children regardless of their ability to pay for the services
in order to reduce the rate of maternal and child death and achieve the optimal
health for both the mother and her child. Programmes under MCHS may include maternal
health and child health.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal health services (MHS) are all the health care services a mother
receives during pregnancy, childbirth and after child birth. Onuzulike (2004)
defined MHS as health or health-related care fashioned towards helping mother
to cope successfully with physical or psychological strains under which they
are exposed to in the course of fulfilling their roles as wives and mothers.
Mothers need assistance in their childbearing period because they face with a
lot of challenges in this period. Federal Ministry of Health-FMOH (2007)
identified that during pregnancy and childbirth, mothers are always challenged
by conditions such as haemorrhage, puerperal, sepsis, obstructed labour, unsafe
abortion and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Others are malaria, HIV and
AIDs, diabetes mellitus and
hepatitis. This makes the mothers
a vulnerable <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">group. In the
context of this study, MHS means health services for the mother during
pregnancy, childbirth and 6 months after delivery. Maternal health services may
include prenatal care, antenatal care, delivery care, and postpartum care.
Others are family planning, emergency obstetric care, and post-abortion care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre-conception
cares are health actions directed toward preparing a mother for a safe and a
risky-free pregnancy and child-bearing. PATHS (2005), and Ara and Islam (2013)
described pre-conception care as the information and services (such as
screening for and managing conditions which may complicate pregnancy,
childbirth and health of the mother and child) given to an individual or couple
who intend to biologically father or mother a child. According to Holt (2008), </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pre-conception counseling may
include assessment of lifestyle such as diet, exercise, consumption of alcohol
or tobacco, and ways of dealing with stress; recommendation of vitamins;
administration of necessary vaccinations; and general advice about maintaining
healthy habits. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Koblinsky and Corberff (1987) observed
that the risk of maternal death is up to 15 times higher for women who do not
receive pre-natal care than it is for those who do. However, when a woman
eventually gets pregnant, she needs antenatal care for her welfare and that of
her unborn child.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Antenatal
care is the care of the women during pregnancy. Park (2014) <span style="background: white;">defined antenatal care as the care which mothers
receive from healthcare professionals during their pregnancies. </span>The
above report further<span style="background: white;"> noted that the purpose of
antenatal care is to monitor mothers’ health, the babies’ health and support
families to make child-bearing plans which are right for them. </span>During
pregnancy, it is very important that mother takes good care of her own health
and that of her baby. This includes taking good nutrition at appropriate
quantity and quality. According to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UNFPA (2014),</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> the primary objective
of antenatal care is to establish contact with the women, and identify and
manage current <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and potential
risks and problems. UNFPA </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2014)
maintained </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">that this creates the opportunity for the woman and
her health care provider to establish a delivery plan based on her unique
needs, resources and circumstances. Therefore, the delivery plan identifies her
intentions about where and with whom she intends to give birth and contingency
plans in the event of complications (transport, place of referral, etc). With
this, a mother may be guaranteed a safe-delivery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Safe-delivery is a
procedure of assisting women who undergo rigorous labour processes and
peurperium without injury, infection or any form of morbidity (PATHS, 2005). If
pregnant women are handled effectively during labour, the factors that lead to
maternal mortality and morbidity may be drastically reduced. <span style="background: white;">After delivery, a mother still needs a postpartum
care.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A woman, in the course
of childbirth may undergo enormous physiological and emotional stress. She
needs to be cared for after delivery so that she may fully recover from the
pains accompanying childbirth. This care is known as postpartum care. Adama
(2008) defined postpartum care as the care given to mothers after delivery to
recuperate from injuries associated with childbirth. This seems to reverse the
physiological changes that occurred during pregnancy and delivery, and to
restore the body to its pre-pregnancy state. During this period, breastfeeding
is established, and family planning is introduced to avert early occurrence of
another pregnancy (Lucas & Gilles, 2003). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Family planning
involves the management of number and space of births. Derek (1993) described
family planning as a means of helping individuals and couples choose the number
of children they will have. He added that the choice depends on a complicated
mixture of social, cultural and psychological influences. PATHS (2005) defined
family planning as a way of thinking and living adopted voluntarily upon the
basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible decisions by individual and
couples in order to promote the health of family and thus contribute
effectively to the social development of the country. Another care for the
mother worth discussing is abortion and post-abortion care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Abortion means
termination of pregnancy before the end of its term. It is the death or
expulsion of the foetus either spontaneously or by induction before the 28<sup>th
</sup>week of the pregnancy (Myles, 2009). According to Umar (1993), abortion
involves the detachment, forcing out or expulsion of the incompletely developed
foetus or embryo from the mother’s womb before viability. Abortion always comes
with complications making post-abortion care very necessary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Post-abortion care
means after-abortion care. This means care given to a woman following abortion.
NPSM (2003) described post-abortion as offering contraception to a woman who
has experienced an abortion complication as a way of preventing subsequent
abortion. The above report recommended the need for administration of broad
spectrum antibiotics intravenous fluids, and blood transfusion to prevent,
infection, de-hydration and anaemia that may lead to maternal morbidity or mortality.
In addition to the foregoing, mothers need obstetric and other maternal cares.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Emergency obstetric
care and Life saving skills are cares given to a woman to ensure that risks of
complications associated with pregnancy and delivery are prevented. Emergency
obstetric care and Life saving skills are targeted towards saving the life and
promoting the health of the mother and her child in the course of and after
delivery (PATHS, 2005). UNFPA (2014) advised that since up to 50 per cent of
maternal deaths occur after delivery, a midwife or a trained and supervised
Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA) should visit all mothers as soon as possible
within the first 24-48 hours after birth. Ara and Islam (2013) advised that the
midwife or TBA should assess the mother's general condition and recovery after
childbirth and identify any special needs. A child also needs health services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Child health services
(CHS) are services directed towards ensuring that a child is totally healthy.
WHO (2000) defined CHS as an aspect of modern services specifically designed
for health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment of children under five
years of age. According to Park (2009), CHS is that branch of medical science
that deals with the care of children from conception to childhood, in health
and disease. According to Bennette (2004), CHS comprises immunization services,
promotion of breastfeeding, oral rehydration therapy, nutrition education,
antennal and postnatal treatment of minor prevalent illnesses as well as outreach
programmes. In the present study, CHS refers to an aspect of modern services
specifically designed for health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment
of children under five years of age. AlHilfy and Esaa (2007) had aptly noted
that mothers and children are vulnerable groups that need special care through
maternal care; for women in the child-bearing period, especially the pregnant
and lactating, and through child care; for children below five years infants
and preschool children. If all these programmes are fully pursued, the rates of
morbidity and mortality may be reduced to the barest minimum among the under 5
and childbearing mothers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A childbearing mother is one in her reproductive age (i.e. between
puberty and menopause). She may be described as that woman who has the natural
capability to conceive and give birth, and who may be between the ages of 12 to
49 or above. Child-bearing age has been described as <span class="apple-style-span">the period in a woman’s life between puberty and
menopause (Williams & Wilkins, 2006). Experts, as reported by Medical News
Today-MNT (2005), advised that the best age for childbearing remains
20-35. MNT (2005) warned that
age-related fertility problems increase after 35 and dramatically after 40.
Under-aged mothers may also be at the high risk of pregnancy-related
complication. </span>WHO (2012) reported that young adolescents face a higher
risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy than older women.
Studies like Jatau (2000), and <span class="apple-style-span">Williams and Wilkins (2006) </span>showed that
adolescent pregnancy is an exploding problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. Young women
under 20 years of age in Africa are more likely to have a child than those in
other regions (Daly, Azefor & Nasah, 1993). For example, by age 18 more
than 40 percent of the women in Africa have given birth already (Senderwitz
1993). In clarifying this, Daly, Azefor and Nasah (1993) reported that in
Africa, 1 in 5 adolescent women will have a birth in a given year. They noted
that most of the births to teenagers are first births and women having their
first child carry higher risk of serious medical complications. The above
report further reveals that babies who are first births face a higher infant
mortality rate than higher order births and this risk is even greater for
teenage mothers. However, a childbearing mother (also interchangeably used with
women of childbearing age) in this study is a woman who is in a period between
her puberty and menopause, and who still give birth to a child. If necessary
cares are not made available and accessible to childbearing mothers, there may
be increase in the rate of maternal morbidity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal morbidity is a pregnancy related health problems or disabilities
which women suffer during or after childbirth, but not result into death (NPSM,
2003). Price (2002) reported that an estimated 40 per cent and above of
pregnant women, which equivalent to 50 million women experience pregnancy
related health problems during or after childbirth each year. The report
further indicated that 15 per cent of these women suffer severe or long-term,
often dilapidating complications such as uterine prolapsed (sliding of the
uterus from its normal position), fistulae (hole in the vagina), pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. These complications if not well
managed may lead to maternal mortality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal
mortality is the number of deaths of childbearing mothers in a year due to
pregnancy or childbirth. Maternal mortality is the annual number of women who
die from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications per 100,000 live births
(Indexmundi, 2013). According to Addisse (2003) maternal mortality is defined
as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of
pregnancy irrespective of the site and duration of pregnancy from any acutely
related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from
accidental or incidental causes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The rate of maternal
mortality is found to be associated with lifetime risk of mothers among other
factors. The joint report of <span class="smallprint">WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank (2012) described</span>
lifetime risk as the probability that a woman will die from complications of
pregnancy and childbirth over her lifetime; it takes into account both the
maternal mortality ratio and the total fertility rate (probable number of
births per woman during her reproductive years). Thus in a high-fertility
setting a woman faces the risk of maternal death multiple times, and her
lifetime risk of death will be higher than in a low-fertility setting. The
lifetime risk of maternal death in the developing world in 2010 as a whole was
1 in 150, compared with industrialized regions with an estimated 1 in 4,700.
Among the regions, women in sub-Saharan Africa face the highest lifetime risk
– one maternal death in every 39 births. However, maternal death or
illness appears to affect her children and entire household. According to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Institute for Health
Information-CIHI (2001</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">), a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> woman's death during childbirth may lead to the death of
the child. This is known as child mortality.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Child mortality is the annual number of deaths of children below the age
of 5 years per 100,000 live births (Indexmundi, 2013). Maternal and infant
death may be prevented by ensuring that maternal health complications are
recognized, referred, and treated by skilled health care and that women and
children access high quality MCHS. However, for MCHS to achieve its aim depends
on the extent of its provision.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Extent of provision implies the degree of supply or availability of
something. The word ‘extent’ is synonymous to ‘degree’. According to Farlex
(2013), ‘extent’ means the range, magnitude, or distance over which a thing
extends. Babylon (2014) described ‘extent’ as <span style="background: white;">how
much; how many; or what degree.</span> The word “extent’ in this study means
how much. Also in the present study, it is used as extent of provision. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Provision means supply or availability of something. Farlex (2014)
defined provision in three distinct ways thus: i) the act of supplying or
fitting out: ii) something provided: and iii) a stock of necessary supplies.
According to Vocabulary.com (2013), a provision is a store or supply of
something like food or clothing. The above definitions agree that provision is
making something available. In this study, provision means the supply of health
facilities necessary for MCHS. This study will concentrate on the extent of
provision of MCHS. However, extent of provision of MCHS may influence its
utilization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Utilization means making use of something or finding a practical or
effective use for something. Farlex (2013) described it as an act of using
something. This work is interested in service utilization. According to Hampton
and Nagy (2013), <span class="apple-style-span">service utilization refers to the
extent to which people are making use of whatever services which are already
available in the community or at one’s organization.</span> RobDavies (2013)
described utilization mathematically thus: it is the ratio of time a system is
busy (i.e. working for us), divided by the time it is available. For example,
if MCH services is available for 160 hours and busy for 40 hours only, then utilization
is 40/160= 0.25. So, there is 25 per cent of utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">In this study, utilization refers to the extent at which
childbearing mothers and their children are making use of MCH services which
are available in the community. </span>Adequate provision and utilization of
MCHS remain the proven tools for curbing the rates of mortality and morbidity
among women of child bearing age and their children. Extent of provision and
utilization of MCH services are measurable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Measurement
of extent of provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Measurement refers to the assignment of numerals to
objects or events according to rules (Nwachukwu, 2007). Nwachukwu noted that
measurement is conducted using instruments like a range, a scale or a test. Any
instrument capable of providing dependable measurement must possess certain
qualities such as validity, reliability and usability (Nwachukwu, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Provision and utilization may be regarded as
practices. Practice according to Hornby (2005) simply mean action. Therefore,
provision and utilization can be regarded as practice because both involve
action. In this study, methods applied in measuring practice will be applied in
the measurement of extent of provision and utilization of MCH services. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In measuring the extent of provision of MCH
services, the rating scale of “a large extent (LE)”, “some extent (SE)” and
“Never (N)” according Gemson (2011) can be <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">applied.
“YES” and “NO” option according to Enyi (2006) can be used to measure practice
(provision and utilization). Sometimes, question with multiple option where the
respondent is expected to choose an option can be used to measure practice. In
this study, the three options above will be employed to ascertain the extent of
provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Importance
of provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Increasing the
proportion of mothers who are cared for in health facilities during pregnancy,
childbirth and puerperium reduces the health risks and deaths of mothers and
their children. In MCH services, emphasis is placed on ensuring services to
childbearing women, infants, children, and adolescents (including children with
special health care needs, low income populations, those with poor nutritional
status and those who do not have access to health care) (</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">UNICEF,
2013)<span class="apple-style-span">. This is the main function of MCH services
where provided. </span>The importance of MCH services is not limited to the
health of mothers and children or their immediate problems. Rather, it shows
the role and necessity of MCH services in the welfare of the family, the
community and the country as a whole. Thus, MCH is an issue that has to be
addressed in terms of national productivity and futurity of a country.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">UNICEF (2013) clamours the need for provision of MCH
services given that<span class="apple-style-span"><b><i> </i></b>every single day,
Nigeria loses about 2,300 under-five year olds and 145 women of childbearing
age. This makes the country the second largest contributor to the under–five
and maternal mortality rate in the world.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Preventable or treatable infectious diseases such as
malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea, measles and HIV/AIDS account for more than 70
per cent of the estimated one million under-five deaths in Nigeria (WHO, 2013).
UNICEF (2013) lamented that malnutrition is the underlying cause of morbidity
and mortality of a large proportion of children under-5 in Nigeria. It accounts
for more than 50 per cent of deaths of children in this age bracket. The deaths
of newborn babies in Nigeria represent a quarter of the total number of deaths
of children under-five. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Many of these deaths are preventable with MCH
services. Presently, less than 20 per cent of health facilities offer emergency
obstetric care and only 35 per cent of deliveries are attended by skilled birth
attendants (UNICEF, 2013). This justifies the need for provision of maternal
and child health interventions.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Addisse (2003) outlined the important considerations
and justifications for provision of MCHS thus:<b> </b>(i) Mothers and children make up over 2/3 of the whole population.
(ii) Women in reproductive age (15 – 49) constitute 21 per cent, pregnant
women, 4.5 per cent, and children under the age of 5, 47 per cent. This working
estimate may be very important in developing countries for project planning and
implementation<b>. </b>(iii)<b> </b>Maternal mortality is an adverse
outcome of many pregnancies. (iv) Miscarriage, induced abortion, and other
factors, are causes for over 40 per cent of the pregnancies in developing
countries to result in complications, illnesses, or permanent disability for
the mother or child. (v) About 80 per cent
of maternal deaths are related to obstetric deaths. They result from obstetric
complications of the pregnant state (pregnancy, labour, and puerperium), from
intervention, omissions, incorrect treatment, or from a chain of events
resulting from any of the above. (vi) Most pregnant women in the developing
world receive insufficient or no prenatal care and deliver without help from
appropriately trained health care providers. More than 7 million newborn deaths
are believed to result from maternal health problems and their mismanagement. (vii)
Poorly timed unwanted pregnancies carry high risks of morbidity and mortality,
as well as social and economic costs, particularly to the adolescent and many
unwanted pregnancies end in unsafe abortion. (viii) Poor maternal health hurts
women's productivity, their families' welfare, and socio-economic development.
The foregoing justifies the importance of MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Addisse (2003) noted that cultural attitudes and
practices impede women's use of MCH services that are available. The women also
lack access to relevant information, trained providers and supplies, emergency
transport, and other essential services. Addisse maintained that because many
women are fed less, marry early, carry a heavy workload, and spend a
considerable portion of their lifespan in pregnancy and lactation, they are
exposed to persistent low nutritional status and high-energy expenditure. This predisposes
mothers to bear low-birth-weight infants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Demographic
factors associated with the extent of utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Certain variables have
been found to influence the extent of provision and utilization of MCH
services. One of such variables is economic status. It is well known that
increased income has a positive effect on the utilization of modern health care
services (Elo, 1992; Fosu, 1994).<span class="apple-style-span"> </span>The study
conducted by </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">revealed
that women whose husbands worked in business or services were most likely to be
users of modern health care services to treat complications during pregnancy.
About 33.4 per cent of women whose husbands worked in business or services went
to some qualified medical personnel for treatment, compared with 24 per cent
among those whose husbands worked in agriculture or as day laborers. Also,
women's involvement in gainful employment empowers women to take part in
decision-making processes about health care in the family. About 35.4 per cent
of women who worked for cash went to some qualified medical personnel for
treatment, compared with only 25.3 per cent of those who did not work.
Husband's occupation can be considered a proxy of family income, as well as
social status. </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Audo%20MO%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Audo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferguson%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferguson</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Njoroge%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Njoroge </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">(2005)
<span class="apple-style-span">reported that poor utilization of MCH services was
associated with the socio-economic status of the respondents.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Differences in attitudes
to modern health care services by occupational groups depict occupation as a
predisposing factor. Alternatively, viewing occupation as proxy to income,
which enables acquisition of more and better health care, depicts it as an
enabling factor (Fiedler, 1981). </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Heuvel%20OA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vanden,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=de%20Mey%20WG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De Mey, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Buddingh%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddingh </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bots%20ML%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bots</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(1999) found that <span class="apple-style-span">unemployment and being without a
husband were associated with deliveries outside the hospital. The patients may
not have known their expected day of delivery (EDD) because they do not get
antenatal services. </span>Unaffordable medical bills is a major barrier to
utilization of maternal and child healthcare services leading to a very high
maternal and perinatal mortality and the inability to attain the MDG4 and MDG5
in many developing countries (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Okafor,
Obi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">&
Ugwu, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">011)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result of the study conducted by </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kiwanuka%20SN%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kiwanuka</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ekirapa%20EK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ekirapa</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peterson%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peterson</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Okui%20O%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Okui</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rahman%20MH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rahman</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peters%20D%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peters</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> and</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Pariyo</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2008) <span class="apple-style-span">indicated
that the poor and vulnerable ones experience a greater burden of disease </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">and</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> have
lower access to health services than t</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">he
rich ones</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mwaniki%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mwaniki</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kabiru%20EW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kabiru</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mbugua%20GG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mbugua</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2002) reported that lack of money for transport and hospital fee are
the major constraints experienced by the mothers as they sought for the
services. <span class="apple-style-span">IRIN News (2006)</span> reported that
the <span class="apple-style-span">patients' inability to afford prescribed
medications is some of the challenges health officials are now facing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The level of
utilization of MCH services is still very low even with the introduction of the
free MCH services. Suffice this to say that lack of or low level utilization of
MCH care is not only due to financial reasons. Other factors have been
consistently reported to influence the level of utilization of MCH care. One of
such factors is the mother’s level of education.<span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">It is well recognized
that mother's education has a positive impact on health care utilization. </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">investigated
the determinants of the use of maternal health services in rural Bangladesh and
found that there were more educated women (34.6% ) than uneducated ones (26.5%)
who sought care from qualified medical personal for treating complications. The
study revealed that mother's education associated positively with treatment
received. Govindasamy
and Ramesh (1997) reported that a higher level of maternal education
results in improved child survival because health services that effectively
prevent fatal childhood diseases are used to a greater extent by mothers with
higher education than by those with little or no education. The study further
reported that the benefits of maternal education persist even when other
socioeconomic factors are taken into account. Elo (1992) reported quantitatively
important and statistically significant effect of mother's education on the use
of prenatal care and delivery assistance. In another study conducted by <span class="apple-style-span">Becker, Peters, Gray, Gultiano and Blake (</span><span class="cit-pub-date">1993</span><span class="apple-style-span">), it was </span>found
that mother's education is the most consistent and important determinant of the
use of child and maternal health services. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">It is argued that
better educated women are more aware of health problems, know more about the
availability of health care services, and use this information more effectively
to maintain or achieve good health status. Mother's education may also act as a
proxy variable of a number of background variables representing women's higher
socioeconomic status, thus enabling her to seek proper medical care whenever
she perceives it necessary. UNICEF (1997) reported that education is positively
associated with increased utilization of antenatal care. Nisar and White (2003)
observed that there are a number of explanations why education is a key
determinant of demand. The authors maintained that education is likely to
enhance female autonomy. Women therefore, develop greater confidence and
capabilities to make decisions regarding their own health, as well as their
children’s health. It is likely that more educated women seek higher quality
services and have greater ability to use health care inputs to produce better
health. In addition to maternal education, age of the mother may play important
role in the utilization of MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mother's age may
sometimes serve as a proxy for the women's accumulated knowledge of health care
services, which may have a positive influence on the use of health services. On
the other hand, because of development of modern medicine and improvement in
educational opportunities for women in recent years, younger women might have
an enhanced knowledge of modern health care services and place more value upon
modern medicine. </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
reported that older women are more likely to seek maternal health-care services
than younger women. About 42 per cent of older (age >35 years) respondents
sought care for any current complication from a doctor or nurse, compared with
28.5 per cent of younger women (age
<20 age="" also="" at="" em="" indicated="" marriage="" report="" that="" the="" years=""><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></20></span></div>
<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) associated positively with treatment received. <o:p></o:p><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The report of Owino (2012) contradicted the above finding.
Owino reported that maternal age also had a statistically significant
relationship with place of delivery; the chances of delivering at home were
greatest among older mothers aged 35 years and above; and the youngest age
group, of mothers aged from 15 to 24, had the most chances of delivering at a
health institution. Moreover, a greater percentage of mothers who delivered at
health institutions were lower parity women with 1 to 3 children. Over 70 per
cent of mothers of parity 7 and above delivered at home, compared to about 54
per cent of those of parity 1 to 3. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The above relationships
of age and parity concur with previous studies (such as Dissevelt, 1978;
Nginya, 1980; Winikoff, 1987; Obemeyer & Potter, 1991; Sargent &
Rawlings, 1991; Bulut, 1995) where it was reported that younger women tended to
deliver at a health facility for fear of complications during childbirth. Older
women, however, were observed to deliver at home confidently due to their
experience with previous births.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Some authors believe
that one would naturally seek care irrespective of one’s age. This means that
mother’s age has no connection with the attitude to and practice of safe
motherhood. Igbokwe and Adama (2011)
reported that age had no significance
influence on child-bearing mother’s practice of SMI components. The authors maintained that age of an individual
does not necessarily influence the individual's capacity to effectively practice health-related behaviour most
especially when the behaviour
is of immense benefit to the individual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Studies
show that home-hospital distance influences the level of utilization of MCH
services. The location and quality of services available are also important
factors affecting MCH services utilization. Proximity to a health facility has
been found to affect the use of MCH services especially in rural areas (Rahaman
et al, 1982 in Chakraborty et al, 2003) as these facilities are usually located
at long distances. For many, lack of transportation and/or considerations of
the cost of transportation serve as mitigating factors to healthcare seeking. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"'>MATERNAL<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
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<span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"'>CHILD<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"'>MORTALITY <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;
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<span
style='font-size:8.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:
"Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"'>MORBIDITY <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<i
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mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"'>FIGURE
</span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Arial Black","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-latin'>1</span></i><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"'>:
Researcher generated conceptual framework<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt'>
<span
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Route A<o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Route B<o:p></o:p></b></p>
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</v:group></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 683px; left: 0px; margin-left: 74px; margin-top: 264px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 591px; z-index: 251750400;"><img height="683" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1062 _x0000_s1063 _x0000_s1064 _x0000_s1065 _x0000_s1066 _x0000_s1067 _x0000_s1068 _x0000_s1069 _x0000_s1070 _x0000_s1071 _x0000_s1072 _x0000_s1073 _x0000_s1074 _x0000_s1075 _x0000_s1076 _x0000_s1077 _x0000_s1078 _x0000_s1079 _x0000_s1080 _x0000_s1081 _x0000_s1082 _x0000_s1083 _x0000_s1084 _x0000_s1085 _x0000_s1086 _x0000_s1087 _x0000_s1088 _x0000_s1089 _x0000_s1090 _x0000_s1091 _x0000_s1092 _x0000_s1093 _x0000_s1094 _x0000_s1095 _x0000_s1096 _x0000_s1097 _x0000_s1098 _x0000_s1099 _x0000_s1100 _x0000_s1101 _x0000_s1102 _x0000_s1103 _x0000_s1104 _x0000_s1105 _x0000_s1106 _x0000_s1107 _x0000_s1108 _x0000_s1109 _x0000_s1110 _x0000_s1111 _x0000_s1112 _x0000_s1113 _x0000_s1114 _x0000_s1115 _x0000_s1116 _x0000_s1117 _x0000_s1118 _x0000_s1119" width="591" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Several
other studies also found that physical proximity of health care services,
especially in the developing countries, plays an important role in utilization
of these services (Stock, 1983; Airey, 1989; Paul, 1991). In this study,
‘access’ refers to the availability of MCH services in closer proximity to the
users. Rahaman (1982) reported that geographical distance is one of the most
important determinants of health care service utilization in rural areas. World
Bank (1999) and WHO (2012) listed distance, lack of information, inadequate
services, cultural practices among others as the obstacle to the utilization of
MCHS. The present study focuses on mother’s economic status, level of
education, age and distance as they influence the extent of utilization of MCH
services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Figure
1 above is the conceptual framework generated by the present researcher in
explaining the level of provision and utilization of free MCH services among
the child-bearing mothers and their children. There are two routes to getting
MCH services: route A and B. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">When sickness strikes
or when there is need to seek medical attention, one is always confronted with
obstacle that might hinder one from getting the right type of medical
attention. One might choose any of the routes. Route A above is when the
patients resiliently seek care notwithstanding factors such as financial
constraints, distance among others. When one passes through obstacles, the
route is always rough. The dotted arrow in route A indicates rough route. The
patient eventually accesses the MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Route
B is an escapist and seemingly easier route from on set. The patient makes a
U-turn in the face of an obstacle. She takes an alternative decision which
might be to ignore the sign or to pray. Some resort to alternative medicine.
They complain of the medical bills, distance, unyielding husband, cultural
barriers among others, as factors hindering them from receiving care. This
might lead to complications or worsened condition. Then, the patient would be
rushed to the hospital through the roughest route ignoring cultural barriers
and financial constraints indicted earlier. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Most times,
complications may lead to maternal and child morbidity and/or mortality. There
may be still birth, pre-term delivery among others. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theoretical
Frame Work<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theories are
constructs and postulations that guide or suggest a way in which individuals
perceive phenomena and act or behave which in turn may influence the nature and
the level of what they know or practice. The way individuals get information or
behave is assumed or believed to depend on a person’s scheme (Illaete, 1980).
The scheme attempts to know (knowledge), how they want to get the information
(methods of learning) and how, what or which of the facts (knowledge) they want
to act on (attitude). The theory is an idea or belief about something arrived
through speculation or conjecture (Microsoft Encarta, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This study will therefore be anchored on
theory of health seeking-behaviour and theory of attachment in explaining the
level of provision and utilization of free MCH services among mothers of
child-bearing age in Igbo-Eze North LGA of Enugu State.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory
of health seeking-behaviour.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Health care utilization
is the point in health systems where patients’ needs meet the professional
system. It is well known that apart from need-related factors, health care
utilization is also supply-induced and thus strongly dependent on the
structures of the health care system. Furthermore, many study findings have
shown differences in health care utilization based on patients’ social
characteristics. For instance, women tend to use outpatient health care
services more often than men. In addition to the multitude of studies
describing patterns of utilization in different health care settings, several
scholars have developed explanatory frameworks identifying predictors of health
care utilization. One of the most widely acknowledged is the </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">theory
of health seeking-behaviour<span class="apple-converted-space"> by </span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-4"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anderson and Newman (1973</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The theory has a multilevel model that incorporates
both individual and contextual determinants of health services use. In doing
so, it divides the major components of contextual characteristics in the same
way as individual characteristics have traditionally been divided—those that
predispose, enable , or suggest need for individual use of health services (<span class="apple-style-span">Andersen, 2008</span>). In their most recent explication
of the model, Andersen & Davidson (<span class="apple-style-span">2001)</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>described these three major components
as follows: (i) <em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Predisposing
factors.</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Individual
predisposing factors include the demographic characteristics of age and sex as
“biological imperatives” , social factors such as education, occupation,
ethnicity and social relationships (e.g., family status), and mental factors in
terms of health beliefs (e.g., attitudes, values, and knowledge related to
health and health services). Contextual factors predisposing individuals to the
use of health services include the demographic and social composition of
communities, collective and organizational values, cultural norms and political
perspectives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Enabling factors are factors such
as f</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">inancing and organizational factors which are
considered to serve as conditions enabling services utilization. Individual
financing factors involve the income and wealth at an individual’s disposal to
pay for health services and the effective price of health care which is
determined by the individual’s health insurance status and cost-sharing
requirements. Organizational factors entail whether an individual has a regular
source of care and the nature of that source. They also include means of
transportation, travel time to and waiting time for health care. At the
contextual level, financing encompasses the resources available within the
community for health services, such as per capita community income, affluence,
the rate of health insurance coverage, the relative price of goods and
services, methods of compensating providers, and health care expenditures.
Organization at this level refers to the amount, varieties, locations,
structures and distribution of health services facilities and personnel. It
also involves physician and hospital density, office hours, provider mix,
quality management oversight, and outreach and education programs. Health policies
also fall into the category of contextual enabling factors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The third factor is the <em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">need factors</span>.</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>At the individual level, there is
difference between perceived need for health services (i.e., how people view
and experience their own general health, functional state and illness symptoms)
and evaluated need (i.e., professional assessments and objective measurements
of patients’ health status and need for medical care). At the contextual level,
they make a distinction between environmental need characteristics and
population health indices. Environmental need reflects the health-related
conditions of the environment (e.g., occupational and traffic and crime-related
injury and death rates). Population health indices are overall measures of
community health, including epidemiological indicators of mortality, morbidity,
and disability.<span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">According to Andersen and Newman (1973), the need factor is
the most immediate cause of health service use. The need factor reflects the
perceived health status, as indicated by severity of the morbidity conditions
or the number of morbidities. The presence of predisposing and enabling
components may not be enough for a mother to seek health care. She must
perceive the disease as serious and believe that the treatment will provide the
expected benefits (</span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-10"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fosu, 1994</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">). Need represents the most immediate
cause of health service use. The need for health care can be measured in a
variety of ways: self-perceived health status, number of morbidity symptoms, or
duration and severity of disability (</span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-9"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fiedler, 1981</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">). Perceived severity or number of
episodes of diseases has a positive association with greater MCH care
utilization among the child-bearing mothers. </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">However, this theory will be used in
the present work to explain factors that determine the level of provision and
utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Attachment theory.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Attachment
theory focuses on the relationships and bonds between people, particularly
long-term relationships including those between a patients and health-care
provider. Attachment is an emotional bond to another person (Cherry, 2013). <span class="apple-style-span">According to Ciechanowski, Walker, Katon and Russo
(2002) Theory of Attachment is a framework of ideas that attempt to explain
attachment, the almost universal human tendency to prefer certain familiar
companions over other people, especially when ill, injured, or distressed.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Psychologist, </span><a href="http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesal/p/john-bowlby.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bowlby</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1969),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was the first
attachment theorist, describing attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness
between human beings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bowlby (1969)
believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have
a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. He suggested attachment
also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's
chances of survival. The central theme of attachment theory is that primary
caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant's needs allow the
child to develop a sense of security (Cherry, 2013). The infant knows that the
caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then
explore the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This analogy
can be extended to the patients-health providers relationship. People get
attached to health providers who give them sense of health security. This is
why a patient likes one doctor or nurse more than the other(s). If his/her
doctor or nurse is no longer at the hospital (may be transferred), he/she finds
it difficult to continue using the health services in the hospital. Moreover, a
patient may have the same attachment to a particular hospital just as an infant
knows that its care-giver is dependable. He/she believes that the hospital has
genuine drugs, trained health personnel among other reason.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="4" width="30"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Separation,
depression and anxiety <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>experienced</b></p>
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>Withdrawal and search for
alternative source of help, joy, security and confidence.</span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>NO<o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>PATIENTS’ NEEDS<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Care-giver, drugs, location <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:.25in;mso-add-space:auto;
text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo7'>
<![if !supportLists]><span
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Symbol'><span style='mso-list:Ignore'>·<span style='font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"'>
</span></span></span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>
<o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1050'>
<![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Felt
security, love and <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:
normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>confidence</span></b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>
<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1053'>
<![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal>
<o:p> </o:p></p>
</div>
<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
</table>
<![endif]></v:textbox>
</v:oval><v:rect id="_x0000_s1054" style='position:absolute;left:6615;
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1054'>
<![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Increased
utilization of MCH services<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<![if !mso]></td>
</tr>
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1056'>
<![if !mso]>
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<tr>
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<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>ATTACHMENT
THEORY<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;color:#333333'>People love and get attached to their care-givers</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.5pt;color:#333333'>.</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1057'>
<![if !mso]>
<table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width="100%">
<tr>
<td><![endif]>
<div>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>THEORY OF HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span
class=apple-style-span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>The use of health care services is a
function of predisposing characteristics, enabling characteristics
and<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>need characteristics.</span></b></span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>YES<o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"'>Figure 2: <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>A</i> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>theoretical framework adapted from Fraley and Shaver (2000)<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></p>
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</v:rect></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
2 above is a theoretical framework adapted from the work of Fraley and Shaver.
The researcher modified the framework to suit the present discourse. The double
arrows linking the two theories are used to demonstrate that the two theories
agree that people are always attracted to where things that catch their
interest. When the patients’ needs (such as cost of medication, personnel of
interest among others) are met in the arrow tagged “yes”, they feel loved,
secured and confident, and level of MCH services utilization increases. Depression,
anger and frustration set in when these needs are not met (see the arrow tagged
“NO”). Patients may resort to withdrawal. Some patients may begin to look for
another way out while others may remain at home not looking for alternate help.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical
Studies<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">examined
the factors that influence the use of maternal health care services in
Bangladesh. Prospective data obtained from the survey on Maternal Morbidity in
Bangladesh, which was conducted by the Bangladesh Institute of Research for
Promotion of Essential and Reproductive Health and Technologies (BIRPERHT) was
used.</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Data collection spanned the period from November 1992 to
December 1993. The study had two components: cross-sectional and prospective.
The paper employed data from the prospective component. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Multi-stage random sampling was
employed to collect data on maternal morbidity. One district from each of four
divisions was selected in the first stage. In the second stage, one thana (a
thana contains several ‘unions’, comprising a population size of 0.2–0.25
million) from each selected district was selected randomly. Finally, two unions
(unions consist of several ‘wards’, which are small geographical boundaries
comprising villages in rural areas) from each selected thana were considered
study areas. For the prospective study, 1020 pregnant women (pregnant for <6 1020="" 993="" antenatal="" at="" follow-up="" had="" interviewed.="" least="" months="" o:p="" of="" one="" out="" pregnant="" selected.="" were="" who="" women=""></6></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results showed that older women
are more likely to seek maternal health-care
services than younger women. The results from the study indicated a U-shaped
relationship with birth order and the use of health services to treat maternal
morbidities. The percentage of women who
sought care from a doctor, nurse or FWV to treat any complications decreases
from 29 per cent in women with no previous pregnancies to 26.1 per cent in
mothers with one to four previous pregnancies; it increases again to 35.1 per
cent in women with five or more previous pregnancies. The use of traditional
and other health services related to the number of previous pregnancies also
show a similar pattern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results show a U-shaped relation
between family size and the use of health services for treating any
complications during pregnancy. The percentage of women who sought care from
qualified medical personnel, i.e. a doctor, nurse or FWV, to treat
complications decreases from 30.3 per cent in women with less than four family
members to 23.2 per cent among mothers with four to six family members, and
increases again to 33.6 per cent in women with seven or more family members.
The use of traditional and other health services does not show a similar
pattern in relation to family size.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results from this study also
support the positive association between the level of mother's education and
health care utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">The results indicate that
female education has a net effect on maternal health service use, independent
of other background characteristics, household socioeconomic status and access
to health care services.</span> The percentage of women who sought care from
qualified medical personal for treating complications increases from 26.5 per
cent among illiterate women to 34.6 per cent among women with secondary or
higher education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The study revealed that women whose husbands worked in
business or services were most likely to be users of modern health care
services to treat complications during pregnancy. About 33.4 per cent of women
whose husbands worked in business or services went to some qualified medical
personnel for treatment, compared with 24 per cent among those whose husbands
worked in agriculture or as day laborers. Also, women's involvement in gainful
employment empowers women to take part in decision-making processes about
health care in the family. About 35.4 per cent of women who worked for cash
went to some qualified medical personnel for treatment, compared with only 25.3
per cent of those who did not work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">There was no substantial difference
in utilization of health care services for complications according to how far
respondents lived from health facilities. This result is quite surprising
because the respondents residing in close proximity to health care services are
more likely to use them. The study finally revealed that mother's education (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.05), age at marriage (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>< 0.10) and type of housing (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) appeared to be associated positively with treatment received, while
family size (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) was negatively associated with receiving treatment for complications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Heuvel%20OA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vanden,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=de%20Mey%20WG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De Mey, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Buddingh%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddingh</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bots%20ML%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bots</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1999) conducted a research which aimed at <span class="apple-style-span">determining
the coverage of antenatal and delivery care and the determinants of
non-compliance in a rural area of Zimbabwe in order to improve the quality and
efficiency of maternal health care services. A community-based, cross-sectional
study was carried out in the catchment area of Gutu Mission Hospital, in rural
Zimbabwe, from January to June 1996. Two hundred and thirty-five women, aged 16
to 54 years, who had delivered a child in the past three years, were
interviewed on general characteristics (age, marital status, religion,
education, work), obstetric history, use of family planning, pregnancy
complications, number of antenatal visits, and use of maternity waiting
shelters. Associations of these factors to non-use of antenatal care facilities
and hospital delivery were studied. In the Gutu district, guidelines exist to
identify women at high risk of complications during pregnancy and to indicate
where women should give birth (hospital, rural clinic or at home). The study
evaluated which factors were important for non-compliance to these guidelines.
The analyses were performed using a logistic regression model.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Results
show that 97 per cent of the pregnant women attended the antenatal care
facilities at least once. 73 per cent came at least five times or more. </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The level of mother's education influenced
health care utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">Belonging to certain
religious groups proved to be the strongest explanatory factor for not
attending antenatal care facilities. Use of maternity waiting shelters and
complications during the pregnancy were important factors for hospital
delivery, whereas unemployment and being without a husband were associated with
deliveries outside the hospital. Identification as high risk of a complicated
pregnancy by application of the existing guidelines was not associated with
place of delivery. Delivery at a location that did not conform to the existing
guidelines was associated with non-use of maternity waiting shelters,
unemployment or being without a husband and use of traditional care.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kiwanuka%20SN%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kiwanuka,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ekirapa%20EK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ekirapa,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peterson%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peterson, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Okui%20O%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Okui, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rahman%20MH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rahman,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peters%20D%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peters</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Pariyo (2008)<span class="apple-style-span"> conducted a systematic review of socio-economic
differences in morbidity and access to health care in Uganda. It includes
published studies from electronic databases and official reports from surveys
done by government, bilateral and multilateral agencies and universities. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
outcome measures studied were: the distribution of HIV/AIDS; maternal and child
morbidity; and access to and utilisation of health services for people
belonging to different socio-economic and vulnerability groups. Forty-eight of
678 identified studies met the inclusion criteria for the study. Results
indicated that the poor and vulnerable experience a greater burden of disease
but have lower access to health services than the less poor. Barriers to access
arise from both the service providers and the consumers. Distance to service
points, perceived quality of care and availability of drugs are key
determinants of utilization. Other barriers are perceived lack of skilled staff
in public facilities, late referrals, health worker attitude, costs of care and
lack of knowledge.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Govindasamy and Ramesh (1997) conducted a
study to ascertain the relationship between m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">aternal education and the utilization of maternal and child health
services in India. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Using data from the National Family Health
Survey 1992–93, they examined the relationship between maternal schooling and factors
known to reduce the risks of maternal and child mortality, namely, healthcare
practices, for some selected northern and southern states in India. They hypothesized
that the practices of educated women are quite different from those of
uneducated women with regard to pregnancy, childbirth, immunization, and
management of childhood diseases such as diarrhoea and acute respiratory
infection (ARI). However, there exist a number of confounding factors such as socioeconomic
status that are associated with the study of the impact of maternal education
on health-care utilization. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The hypothesis that the relationship between
mother’s education and healthcare practices might be the result of other
variables was tested, and regression analysis on several of these variables was
carried out. It was evident that a higher level of maternal education results
in improved child survival because health services that effectively prevent
fatal childhood diseases are used to a greater extent by mothers with higher education
than by those with little or no education. The study concluded that the
benefits of maternal education persist even when other socioeconomic factors
are taken into account.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditekemena
(2013) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">conducted a study which aimed at identifying
the determinants of male partners’ involvement in MCH activities, focusing
specifically on HIV prevention of maternal to child transmission (PMTCT) in
sub-Saharan Africa. Source of information was through the following data bases:
Pubmed/MEDLINE; CINAHL; EMBASE; COCHRANE; Psych INFORMATION and the websites of
the International AIDS Society (IAS), the International AIDS Conference and the
International Conference on AIDS in Africa (ICASA) 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was found that the majority of
studies defined male participation as male involvement solely during antenatal
HIV testing. Other studies defined male involvement as any male participation
in HIV couple counseling. The study identified three main determinants for male
participation in PMTCT services: 1) Socio-demographic factors such as level of
education, income status; 2) health services related factors such as opening
hours of services, behavior of health providers and the lack of space to
accommodate male partners; and 3) Sociologic factors such as beliefs, attitudes
and communication between men and women.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was concluded in the study that there
are many challenges to increase male involvement/participation in PMTCT
services and that few interventions addressing these challenges have been
evaluated and reported. The study recommended that improvement of antenatal
care services by making them more male friendly, and health education campaigns
to change beliefs and attitudes of men are absolutely needed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">unaffordable
medical bills is a major barrier to utilization of maternal and child
healthcare services leading to a very high maternal and perinatal mortality and
the inability to attain the MDG4 and MDG5 in many developing countries, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Okafor, Obi and Ugwu (2011) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">conducted
a study which examined the uptakes of obstetric services following introduction
of Free Maternal and Child Health Care (FMCHC) in Enugu State University
Teaching Hospital, Southeast Nigeria and its impact on the maternal and
neonatal healthcare outcome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Information
from a retrospective comparative study of the utilizations of maternal and
child healthcare services from June to August in 2008 with that of September to
November in 2008 after commencement of the FMCHC were utilized. Information on
all the pregnant women and neonates in their first week of Life that attended
clinic within the period under review was collected from the Medical Records
department of the hospital.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study revealed that FMCHC caused tremendous increases in the uptakes of
antenatal booking (202.2%), and hospital delivery (151.8%). It also resulted in
decreased maternal and perinatal mortality by 16.4 per cent and 34 per cent
respectively. It was concluded in the study that implementation of FMCHC can
make MDG4 and MDG5 attainable in sub-Saharan Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Banerjee%20B%5Bauth%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Banerjee</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2009) investigated the level of </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">information,
education, and communication (IEC) services <span class="apple-style-span">regarding
pregnancy and child care, received by the women at an MCH clinic of an urban
health center of Kolkata. </span>A community-based, cross-sectional,
observational study was undertaken over a period of six months, in an urban
health centre (UHC) of Kolkata that caters to a mixed population of 1.18 from
all sections of the community. The study subjects comprised 400 antenatal (AN)
and postnatal (PN) mothers and mothers of children under five (U5) years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">To determine sample size,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">was taken as 0.5, considering the theory
of probability that 50</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> are likely to have received the services, which also
gives the maximum sample size. Thus, sample comprised 400 women, considering 95</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> confidence interval and allowing 10</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> error.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
number of under 5 children was noted from the records, and the estimated number
of AN and PN mothers at one point of time were calculated from the birth rate
and population of the area during the previous year. To determine the size of
these different groups within the sample, approximately 15 per cent of the
total population in each group was taken. Thus, the sample comprised 350 U5
children and 50 AN and PN mothers. Only one person was selected from each
household if more than one eligible participant was found.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
was collected by house visits and interview method, using a pre tested, semi
structured schedule which included IEC services, received by the mothers,
regarding important points about pregnancy and child care, in the AN and PN
period. Proportion of women receiving such services regarding issues under
consideration was analyzed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Results
show that <span class="apple-style-span">warning signs of danger was explained to
only 10</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the AN and PN women.
Advice regarding family planning appeared to be the most frequently covered,
though that too was explained to less than half of the subjects. About one
third of the women were advised on breast feeding. Only 8</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the mothers had been told about all issues regarding
pregnancy and child care. Breast feeding and weaning was properly explained to
85.7 and 81.1</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the total mothers
of U5 children. Advice regarding subsequent nutrition was given to 60.9</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of mothers. About only a quarter of the
total mothers were advised on home management of diarrhea and acute respiratory
infections. Very few mothers were counseled about the growth pattern of the
children and none were shown the growth chart. Only 12.9</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the mothers were informed about all issues.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Based on the findings above, it was
concluded that provision of information, education, and communication regarding
maternal and child care other than feeding practices was a neglected service in
the health facility where the study was conducted.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Materia%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Materia,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mehari%20W%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mehari,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mele%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mele,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rosmini%20F%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rosmini, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Stazi%20MA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stazi, </span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Damen%20HM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Damen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Basile%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Basile,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Miuccio%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Miuccio,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferrigno%20L%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferrigno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Miozzo%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Miozzo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(1993) conducted a community survey on maternal and child health services
utilization in rural Ethiopia. Cross sectional research design was employed in
the study. The instruments used for data collection were interview and focus
group discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="apple-style-span">A household
health interview survey on MCH services utilization was carried out among
mothers of child bearing age in 22 villages of a rural district of Arsi region,
Ethiopia, before the launching of an integrated MCH programme. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result showed that the coverage of
antenatal services was 26</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">and 61</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">of
the women who received antenatal care reported having had 3 or more visits.
Antenatal care was positively associated with living within 10 km of the Health
Centre. Twenty-eight percent of the mothers attended the under-5 clinic and
most returned for 3 or more visits. In addition, 99</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">reported having breast-fed their last child but more
than 25</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">started weaning only after
the seventh month of age. Differences in practice of treating diarrhoea
according to knowledge of ORS were found. Of the 33</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">of those with knowledge of ORS, almost 90</span> per
cent <span class="apple-style-span">reported use of ORS for treating child's
diarrhoea, showing a positive attitude towards modern health care. The
proportion of women using family planning was 5</span> per cent, <span class="apple-style-span">with no difference found between Christians and Muslims.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Audo%20MO%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Audo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferguson%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferguson</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Njoroge%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Njoroge </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">(2005)<span class="Heading4Char"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span">the quality of care
provided by the Kisumu Municipal health facilities in Kenya, </span>and its
effects in the utilization of maternal and child health (MCH) services. A <span class="apple-style-span">descriptive cross-sectional survey was employed in
studying a total of 482 mothers. Interview was the instrument used for data
collection.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result of the study revealed that only
40.4</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent<span class="apple-style-span">, 53.7</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> and 45.7</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> had respectively used Municipal facilities for
antenatal services (ANC), immunization and treatment of their children the last
time they required such a service. This translates to by-pass rates for
Municipal health facilities of 59.5</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span">, 46.3</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> and
54.3</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> respectively for the three
services. By-pass was higher for the more central urban catchment areas than
the more peripheral ones, a finding that was associated with the socio-economic
status of the respondents and the relative location of the municipal facilities
vis-a-vis competing facilities, mainly the District and Provincial hospitals. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The main reasons cited for by-pass were
poor care (21%), lack of drugs and supplies (17%) and lack of/poor laboratory
services (12%). From the facility audit, most of the clinics had a reasonable
capacity to offer basic health care with only three scoring less than 50</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> in the scale used. The worst areas were
in availability of drugs, equipment and management issues. There was a strong
relationship between the perceived quality of care and utilization of MCH
services as well as by-pass. The capacity of the facilities to offer care was
however not associated with utilization of MCH services or by-pass. However, it
was concluded in the study that there is under-utilization of Municipal health
facilities for MCH services. This is related to the perceived poor quality of
care in the facilities. Perception of quality is influenced by a person's
socio-economic status especially education.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mwaniki%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mwaniki</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kabiru%20EW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kabiru</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mbugua%20GG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mbugua</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(2002) researched utilization of antenatal and maternity services by mothers
seeking child welfare services in Mbeere District, Eastern Province of Kenya.
The <span class="apple-style-span">Cross-sectional, descriptive research design
was employed in the study. Two hundred mothers bringing their children aged one
year and below to the child welfare clinic between September and December 2000
were studied.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study revealed that the
proportion of mothers who utilized health facilities for antenatal and
maternity services was 97.5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and 52</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, respectively. Utilization of
health facilities for maternity services was significantly influenced by number
of children and distance to health facility in that, as number of children
increased, utilization of maternity services reduced. Mothers living less than
5 km to a health facility utilized the services better than those living 5 km
and beyond. Among the reasons given by the mothers (individual respondents and
through Focus Group Discussions) regarding dissatisfaction with the services
offered included shortage of drugs and essential supplies, lack of commitment
by staff, poor quality of food and lack of cleanliness in the health
facilities.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coverage for antenatal services was
high among mothers during their last pregnancy. However, only about half of the
mothers interviewed utilized health facilities for maternity services (labour
and delivery). The major constraints experienced by the mothers as they sought
for the services (as reported by individual respondents and through Focus Group
Discussions) included lack of transport, lack of money for transport and
hospital fee and delay in admission to health facility once mothers report in
labour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kongnyuy%20EJ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kongnyuy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Hofman%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hofman,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mlava%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mlava,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mhango%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mhango </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Broek%20N%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Van Den</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(2009) investigated the availability, utilisation and quality of basic and
comprehensive emergency obstetric care services in Malawi. The study s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">urveyed of all the 73 health
facilities (13 hospitals and 60 health centres) that provide maternity services
in the three districts (population, 2,812,183).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Result
of the study shows that </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">there
were 1.6 comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) facilities per 500,000
population and 0.8 basic emergency obstetric care (BEmOC) facilities per
125,000 population. About 23</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of deliveries were conducted in
emergency obstetric care (EmOC) facilities and the met need for emergency
obstetric complications was 20.7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The case fatality rate for emergency
obstetric complications treated in health facilities was 2.0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Up to 86.7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of pregnant women attended
antenatal clinic at least once and only 12.0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of them attend postnatal clinic at
least once. There was a shortage of qualified staff and unequal distribution
with more staff in hospitals leaving health centres severely understaffed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The total number of CEmOC facilities
was adequate but the distribution is unequal, leaving some rural areas with
poor access to CEmOC services. There are no functional BEmOC facilities in the
three districts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Vallières, McAuliffe, Palmer, Magbity and Bangura
(2013) conducted a research </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">which assessed the effects of both
mobile phones and 7-11 timed and targeted counseling (7-11/ttC) mobile
application on health workers’ motivation and health care service delivery
structures in Sierra Leone <span class="apple-style-span">given that Sierra Leone is consistently ranked among the
countries with the highest maternal mortality ratio (970 per 100,000), and that
women in Sierra Leone have a 1 in 21 lifetime risk of dying as a result of
pregnancy</span>. The main
objective of the research was to examine changes in Community Health Workers’
motivation, triggered by the introduction of the 7-11/ttC mobile application,
and assess how this mediates health worker performance over time. Motivation
levels will be assessed in conjunction with other factors including:
supervision, organisational commitment, and job satisfaction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A
longitudinal cohort design to monitor individual and group changes in
motivation, organizational commitment, supervision and job-satisfaction across
three intervention groups over a period of 18 months was employed.
Participants were initially contacted from a list of active CHWs in the area,
provided by the Bonthe District Health Management Team (DHMT). All 333
community health workers on the mainland in addition to one in-charge member of
staff from all 26 health care centres in the area were asked if they were
willing to participate in the study. Within this sample size, both males
and females were represented equally as part of the selection criteria for CHWs
within each PHU. In order to ensure that all CHWs had the same basic level of
7-11/ttC training, CHWs completed the 7-11/ttC training jointly conducted by
the DHMT and World Vision. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results from systematic reviews of
CHW programmes confirmed that CHWs provided critical links between rural
communities and the formal health system and have been shown to reduce child morbidity
and mortality when compared to usual healthcare services. The study also
revealed that CHWs’ potential however, is hampered by inadequate supervision,
lack of locally relevant incentive systems, loss of motivation, insufficient
recognition and community support, poor connectivity to health facilities, and
knowledge retention problems. Moreover, it was found that higher attrition
rates are often associated with programmes where CHWs are asked to volunteer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The study recommended that with
appropriate support and sufficient training, CHWs can potentially play a
pivotal role in strengthening health systems in areas with poor human resources
for health. More specifically, they are an important resource for
implementing interventions targeting reductions in neonatal mortality and
tracking women throughout their pregnancy while simultaneously promoting
appropriate maternal and newborn care practices. It was concluded in the study
that the motivation of CHWs and the risk of high attrition rates therefore have
important implications for the effectiveness, success, cost, credibility and
continuity of CHW-based programmes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">IRIN News (2006) reported a finding on
the side effects of free maternal and child health services in Burundi. The
source of information was through the mothers and children hospital health
records. The reports revealed that<i> </i>a new
policy of free medical care for Burundian mothers and children was intended to
improve their lives; instead it has crippled the nation's health system</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">;
that p<span class="apple-style-span">ublic hospitals in Burundi have recorded
double, sometimes triple, the number of patients since a presidential directive
for free paediatric and maternal health services was implemented on 1 May; and
that overcrowded wards, a shortage of doctors and other medical staff, as well
as patients' inability to afford prescribed medications are some of the
challenges health officials are now facing.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study recommend that the government should</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> increase medical staff, compel all
health centres to remain open 24 hours and reinforce weekend teams to cope with
the growing influx of patients. In addition to recruiting more staff, the
government needed to increase salaries in order to stem an exodus of doctors
from government service.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Summary of Literature
Review <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> The
focus of the present study is to investigate the level of provision and
utilization of free MCH services among the child-bearing mothers in Igbo-Eze
North LGA of Enugu State. Literature revealed that Nigeria is second country
(after India) with highest cases of maternal and child mortality and morbidity.
This led to the introduction of free MCH services in most states in Nigeria
including Enugu State. Yet, literature consistently report that there is still
high rate of maternal and child mortality and morbidity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In the present
study, the free MCH services are those
free health services given to mothers and their children regardless of their
ability to pay for the services in order to reduce the rate of maternal and
child death and achieve the optimal health of both the mother and her child.
Provision and utilization of MCH services remains the only proven tool for
reducing the rate of maternal and child mortality. Definitions of concepts such
as provision, utilization, and extent as given by different authors were
x-rayed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Certain variables have
been found to influence the extent of provision and utilization of MCH
services. One of such variables is economic status. Increased income was
documented to have a positive effect on the utilization of modern health care
services. Also, women's involvement in gainful employment empowers women to
take part in decision-making processes about health care in the family.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mother’s level of
education was also shown to influence the extent of utilization of MCH services.
It is argued that better educated women are more aware of health problems; know
more about the availability of health care services; and use this information
more effectively to maintain or achieve good health status. It was also found
that a higher level of maternal education results in improved child survival
because health services that effectively prevent fatal childhood diseases are
used to a greater extent by mothers with higher education than by those with
little or no education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Apart from mother’s
level of education, age of mother was also shown to influence the extent of
utilization of MCH services.</span><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">
Findings on how age influences health care utilization are not consistent. Some
reports show that older women utilize health services more than their younger
counterparts but the reverse is reported by some other studies. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The third school of thought believes that one would
naturally seek care when distressed irrespective of one’s age. This means that
age has no influence on the mothers’ extent of utilization of health services.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The location and
quality of services available are also important factors affecting MCH services
utilization. Proximity to a health facility has been found to affect the use of
MCH services especially in rural areas as these facilities are usually located
at long distances. For many, lack of transportation and/or considerations of
the cost of transportation serve as mitigating factors to healthcare seeking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The theories of anchor
in the present study are: the theory of health seeking-behaviour <span class="apple-converted-space">by </span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-4"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anderson and Newman
(1973</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and the attachment theory by Bolby (1969). The tenet of the theory of health
seeking-behaviour is that utilization of health services depends the
predisposing (such age, gender etc); enabling factor like income level; and
need factor (perceived needs and evaluated needs). The tenet of the Attachment
theory is that there is <span class="apple-style-span">universal human tendency
to prefer certain familiar companions over other people, especially when ill,
injured, or distressed.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Literature
revealed that the rate of maternal and child mortality globally is unacceptably
high especially in developing countries including Nigeria despite the widely
publicized free health programmes and policies which target reduction of
maternal and child mortality. This led to copious studies on the extent of
provision and utilization of free maternal and child health services. However,
most of the literatures on the topic describe the situation as it exists
elsewhere. None of such studies, to the best of the knowledge of the present
researcher, has been conducted in Igbo-Eze North Local Government of Enugu
State. The present study fills the gap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Abbas,
A. A., & Walkern, G. J. A. (</span></span><span class="cit-pub-date"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1986</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">).
Determinants of the utilization of maternal and child health services in
Jordan.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="cit-source"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">International Journal of Epidemiology</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="cit-vol"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">15</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></span><span class="cit-fpage"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">404</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">–407. </span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Addisse, M. (2003).
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Airey,
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Andersen,
R. M., & Newman, J. F. (</span></span><span class="cit-pub-date"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1973</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">).
Social and individual determinants of medical care utilization in the United
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">WHO (2000). <i>Child mortality.</i> Geneva: WHO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">WHO (2012). <i>Maternal mortality.</i> Retrieved from </span><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre%20/factsheets/fs348/en/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.who.int/mediacentre
/factsheets/fs348/en/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, &
World Bank (2012). </span><a href="http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/9789241503631/en/index.html" target="_blank"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to
2010</span></i></a><em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.</span></em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Geneva: WHO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Williams
J., & Wilkins, W. U. (2006). </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>Child-bearing age</i>. Retrieved from </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.
medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=1634</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Winikoff,
B. (1987). Assessing the role of family planning in reducing maternal mortality<i>.
Studies in Family Planning</i>, <i>18 (3).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">World Bank (1999).<i>Human development in South Asia: The crisis
of governance.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-34108000360751853452014-04-28T05:45:00.001-07:002014-04-28T05:45:24.688-07:00Importance of provision and utilization of MCH services<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:roundrect
id="_x0000_s1120" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:407.1pt;margin-top:-46.25pt;width:114.9pt;height:78.2pt;z-index:251751424'
arcsize="10923f" fillcolor="white [3212]" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251751424;"><span style="height: 105px; left: 0px; left: 542px; position: absolute; top: -62px; width: 154px;"><img height="105" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1120" width="154" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
TWO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Review of Related Literature<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This
chapter presents the review of related literature on <span class="apple-style-span">the extent of provision and utilization of free MCHS
among the childbearing mothers in Igbo-Eze North LGA of Enugu State</span>.
Literature on the subject abound. A few of them are from Nigeria while a great
number of them are conducted elsewhere in foreign countries. The review of
related literature is organized under the following headings:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Conceptual Framework<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Concept
of maternal and child health services (MCHS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Provision
and Utilization of health services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Measurement
of extent of provision and utilization of MCHS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Demographic
factors associated with the extent of utilization of free MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theoretical
Framework <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: .2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory of health seeking-behaviour. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: .2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory of attachment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical
Studies on Extent of Provision and Utilization of Free MCH Services <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Summary of Literature
Review <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -4.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Conceptual Framework<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This section will
review the concepts of MCHS, and extent of provision and utilization of MCHS.
Numerous researchers have defined MCHS diversely. However, most of them have
common conceptual focus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Concept
of maternal and child health services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal
and child health services (MCHS) are those health services provided for childbearing
mothers and their children to protect them from sickness, trauma and death. <span class="apple-style-span">Department of Education and Early Childhood-DEEC (2013)
defined Maternal and Child Health Service as a universal primary care service
for families with children from birth to school age. </span>The targets for MCHS
are all women in their reproductive age groups, i.e., 15 - 49 years of age,
children, school age population and adolescents (Addisse, 2003). Oklahoma State
Department of Health-OSDH, (2013) added that MCHS’s mission is to provide state
leadership, in partnership with key stake holders, to improve the physical and
mental health, safety and well-being of the mother and child population. <span class="apple-style-span">The service provides a comprehensive and focused
approach for the promotion, prevention, early detection, and intervention of
the physical, emotional or social factors affecting the health of young
children and their families in contemporary communities (DEEC, 2013).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">MCHS
is aimed at helping to improve the health of mothers and their newborns in
order to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality. This may be only possible
if the services are accessible to mothers and children in terms of financial
cost. This may be why the Department of Health and Human Services-DHHS (2010)
described MCHS as a broad array of programmes organized to improve the
availability of and access to high quality preventive and primary health care
for all children and to reproductive health care for all woman and their
partners regardless of their ability to pay. In the present study, MCH services
are those health services given to
mothers and their children regardless of their ability to pay for the services
in order to reduce the rate of maternal and child death and achieve the optimal
health for both the mother and her child. Programmes under MCHS may include maternal
health and child health.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal health services (MHS) are all the health care services a mother
receives during pregnancy, childbirth and after child birth. Onuzulike (2004)
defined MHS as health or health-related care fashioned towards helping mother
to cope successfully with physical or psychological strains under which they
are exposed to in the course of fulfilling their roles as wives and mothers.
Mothers need assistance in their childbearing period because they face with a
lot of challenges in this period. Federal Ministry of Health-FMOH (2007)
identified that during pregnancy and childbirth, mothers are always challenged
by conditions such as haemorrhage, puerperal, sepsis, obstructed labour, unsafe
abortion and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Others are malaria, HIV and
AIDs, diabetes mellitus and
hepatitis. This makes the mothers
a vulnerable <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">group. In the
context of this study, MHS means health services for the mother during
pregnancy, childbirth and 6 months after delivery. Maternal health services may
include prenatal care, antenatal care, delivery care, and postpartum care.
Others are family planning, emergency obstetric care, and post-abortion care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre-conception
cares are health actions directed toward preparing a mother for a safe and a
risky-free pregnancy and child-bearing. PATHS (2005), and Ara and Islam (2013)
described pre-conception care as the information and services (such as
screening for and managing conditions which may complicate pregnancy,
childbirth and health of the mother and child) given to an individual or couple
who intend to biologically father or mother a child. According to Holt (2008), </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pre-conception counseling may
include assessment of lifestyle such as diet, exercise, consumption of alcohol
or tobacco, and ways of dealing with stress; recommendation of vitamins;
administration of necessary vaccinations; and general advice about maintaining
healthy habits. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Koblinsky and Corberff (1987) observed
that the risk of maternal death is up to 15 times higher for women who do not
receive pre-natal care than it is for those who do. However, when a woman
eventually gets pregnant, she needs antenatal care for her welfare and that of
her unborn child.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Antenatal
care is the care of the women during pregnancy. Park (2014) <span style="background: white;">defined antenatal care as the care which mothers
receive from healthcare professionals during their pregnancies. </span>The
above report further<span style="background: white;"> noted that the purpose of
antenatal care is to monitor mothers’ health, the babies’ health and support
families to make child-bearing plans which are right for them. </span>During
pregnancy, it is very important that mother takes good care of her own health
and that of her baby. This includes taking good nutrition at appropriate
quantity and quality. According to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UNFPA (2014),</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> the primary objective
of antenatal care is to establish contact with the women, and identify and
manage current <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.3pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -4.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and potential
risks and problems. UNFPA </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2014)
maintained </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">that this creates the opportunity for the woman and
her health care provider to establish a delivery plan based on her unique
needs, resources and circumstances. Therefore, the delivery plan identifies her
intentions about where and with whom she intends to give birth and contingency
plans in the event of complications (transport, place of referral, etc). With
this, a mother may be guaranteed a safe-delivery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Safe-delivery is a
procedure of assisting women who undergo rigorous labour processes and
peurperium without injury, infection or any form of morbidity (PATHS, 2005). If
pregnant women are handled effectively during labour, the factors that lead to
maternal mortality and morbidity may be drastically reduced. <span style="background: white;">After delivery, a mother still needs a postpartum
care.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A woman, in the course
of childbirth may undergo enormous physiological and emotional stress. She
needs to be cared for after delivery so that she may fully recover from the
pains accompanying childbirth. This care is known as postpartum care. Adama
(2008) defined postpartum care as the care given to mothers after delivery to
recuperate from injuries associated with childbirth. This seems to reverse the
physiological changes that occurred during pregnancy and delivery, and to
restore the body to its pre-pregnancy state. During this period, breastfeeding
is established, and family planning is introduced to avert early occurrence of
another pregnancy (Lucas & Gilles, 2003). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Family planning
involves the management of number and space of births. Derek (1993) described
family planning as a means of helping individuals and couples choose the number
of children they will have. He added that the choice depends on a complicated
mixture of social, cultural and psychological influences. PATHS (2005) defined
family planning as a way of thinking and living adopted voluntarily upon the
basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible decisions by individual and
couples in order to promote the health of family and thus contribute
effectively to the social development of the country. Another care for the
mother worth discussing is abortion and post-abortion care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Abortion means
termination of pregnancy before the end of its term. It is the death or
expulsion of the foetus either spontaneously or by induction before the 28<sup>th
</sup>week of the pregnancy (Myles, 2009). According to Umar (1993), abortion
involves the detachment, forcing out or expulsion of the incompletely developed
foetus or embryo from the mother’s womb before viability. Abortion always comes
with complications making post-abortion care very necessary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Post-abortion care
means after-abortion care. This means care given to a woman following abortion.
NPSM (2003) described post-abortion as offering contraception to a woman who
has experienced an abortion complication as a way of preventing subsequent
abortion. The above report recommended the need for administration of broad
spectrum antibiotics intravenous fluids, and blood transfusion to prevent,
infection, de-hydration and anaemia that may lead to maternal morbidity or mortality.
In addition to the foregoing, mothers need obstetric and other maternal cares.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Emergency obstetric
care and Life saving skills are cares given to a woman to ensure that risks of
complications associated with pregnancy and delivery are prevented. Emergency
obstetric care and Life saving skills are targeted towards saving the life and
promoting the health of the mother and her child in the course of and after
delivery (PATHS, 2005). UNFPA (2014) advised that since up to 50 per cent of
maternal deaths occur after delivery, a midwife or a trained and supervised
Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA) should visit all mothers as soon as possible
within the first 24-48 hours after birth. Ara and Islam (2013) advised that the
midwife or TBA should assess the mother's general condition and recovery after
childbirth and identify any special needs. A child also needs health services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Child health services
(CHS) are services directed towards ensuring that a child is totally healthy.
WHO (2000) defined CHS as an aspect of modern services specifically designed
for health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment of children under five
years of age. According to Park (2009), CHS is that branch of medical science
that deals with the care of children from conception to childhood, in health
and disease. According to Bennette (2004), CHS comprises immunization services,
promotion of breastfeeding, oral rehydration therapy, nutrition education,
antennal and postnatal treatment of minor prevalent illnesses as well as outreach
programmes. In the present study, CHS refers to an aspect of modern services
specifically designed for health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment
of children under five years of age. AlHilfy and Esaa (2007) had aptly noted
that mothers and children are vulnerable groups that need special care through
maternal care; for women in the child-bearing period, especially the pregnant
and lactating, and through child care; for children below five years infants
and preschool children. If all these programmes are fully pursued, the rates of
morbidity and mortality may be reduced to the barest minimum among the under 5
and childbearing mothers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A childbearing mother is one in her reproductive age (i.e. between
puberty and menopause). She may be described as that woman who has the natural
capability to conceive and give birth, and who may be between the ages of 12 to
49 or above. Child-bearing age has been described as <span class="apple-style-span">the period in a woman’s life between puberty and
menopause (Williams & Wilkins, 2006). Experts, as reported by Medical News
Today-MNT (2005), advised that the best age for childbearing remains
20-35. MNT (2005) warned that
age-related fertility problems increase after 35 and dramatically after 40.
Under-aged mothers may also be at the high risk of pregnancy-related
complication. </span>WHO (2012) reported that young adolescents face a higher
risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy than older women.
Studies like Jatau (2000), and <span class="apple-style-span">Williams and Wilkins (2006) </span>showed that
adolescent pregnancy is an exploding problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. Young women
under 20 years of age in Africa are more likely to have a child than those in
other regions (Daly, Azefor & Nasah, 1993). For example, by age 18 more
than 40 percent of the women in Africa have given birth already (Senderwitz
1993). In clarifying this, Daly, Azefor and Nasah (1993) reported that in
Africa, 1 in 5 adolescent women will have a birth in a given year. They noted
that most of the births to teenagers are first births and women having their
first child carry higher risk of serious medical complications. The above
report further reveals that babies who are first births face a higher infant
mortality rate than higher order births and this risk is even greater for
teenage mothers. However, a childbearing mother (also interchangeably used with
women of childbearing age) in this study is a woman who is in a period between
her puberty and menopause, and who still give birth to a child. If necessary
cares are not made available and accessible to childbearing mothers, there may
be increase in the rate of maternal morbidity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal morbidity is a pregnancy related health problems or disabilities
which women suffer during or after childbirth, but not result into death (NPSM,
2003). Price (2002) reported that an estimated 40 per cent and above of
pregnant women, which equivalent to 50 million women experience pregnancy
related health problems during or after childbirth each year. The report
further indicated that 15 per cent of these women suffer severe or long-term,
often dilapidating complications such as uterine prolapsed (sliding of the
uterus from its normal position), fistulae (hole in the vagina), pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. These complications if not well
managed may lead to maternal mortality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal
mortality is the number of deaths of childbearing mothers in a year due to
pregnancy or childbirth. Maternal mortality is the annual number of women who
die from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications per 100,000 live births
(Indexmundi, 2013). According to Addisse (2003) maternal mortality is defined
as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of
pregnancy irrespective of the site and duration of pregnancy from any acutely
related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from
accidental or incidental causes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The rate of maternal
mortality is found to be associated with lifetime risk of mothers among other
factors. The joint report of <span class="smallprint">WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank (2012) described</span>
lifetime risk as the probability that a woman will die from complications of
pregnancy and childbirth over her lifetime; it takes into account both the
maternal mortality ratio and the total fertility rate (probable number of
births per woman during her reproductive years). Thus in a high-fertility
setting a woman faces the risk of maternal death multiple times, and her
lifetime risk of death will be higher than in a low-fertility setting. The
lifetime risk of maternal death in the developing world in 2010 as a whole was
1 in 150, compared with industrialized regions with an estimated 1 in 4,700.
Among the regions, women in sub-Saharan Africa face the highest lifetime risk
– one maternal death in every 39 births. However, maternal death or
illness appears to affect her children and entire household. According to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Institute for Health
Information-CIHI (2001</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">), a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> woman's death during childbirth may lead to the death of
the child. This is known as child mortality.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Child mortality is the annual number of deaths of children below the age
of 5 years per 100,000 live births (Indexmundi, 2013). Maternal and infant
death may be prevented by ensuring that maternal health complications are
recognized, referred, and treated by skilled health care and that women and
children access high quality MCHS. However, for MCHS to achieve its aim depends
on the extent of its provision.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Extent of provision implies the degree of supply or availability of
something. The word ‘extent’ is synonymous to ‘degree’. According to Farlex
(2013), ‘extent’ means the range, magnitude, or distance over which a thing
extends. Babylon (2014) described ‘extent’ as <span style="background: white;">how
much; how many; or what degree.</span> The word “extent’ in this study means
how much. Also in the present study, it is used as extent of provision. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Provision means supply or availability of something. Farlex (2014)
defined provision in three distinct ways thus: i) the act of supplying or
fitting out: ii) something provided: and iii) a stock of necessary supplies.
According to Vocabulary.com (2013), a provision is a store or supply of
something like food or clothing. The above definitions agree that provision is
making something available. In this study, provision means the supply of health
facilities necessary for MCHS. This study will concentrate on the extent of
provision of MCHS. However, extent of provision of MCHS may influence its
utilization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Utilization means making use of something or finding a practical or
effective use for something. Farlex (2013) described it as an act of using
something. This work is interested in service utilization. According to Hampton
and Nagy (2013), <span class="apple-style-span">service utilization refers to the
extent to which people are making use of whatever services which are already
available in the community or at one’s organization.</span> RobDavies (2013)
described utilization mathematically thus: it is the ratio of time a system is
busy (i.e. working for us), divided by the time it is available. For example,
if MCH services is available for 160 hours and busy for 40 hours only, then utilization
is 40/160= 0.25. So, there is 25 per cent of utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">In this study, utilization refers to the extent at which
childbearing mothers and their children are making use of MCH services which
are available in the community. </span>Adequate provision and utilization of
MCHS remain the proven tools for curbing the rates of mortality and morbidity
among women of child bearing age and their children. Extent of provision and
utilization of MCH services are measurable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Measurement
of extent of provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Measurement refers to the assignment of numerals to
objects or events according to rules (Nwachukwu, 2007). Nwachukwu noted that
measurement is conducted using instruments like a range, a scale or a test. Any
instrument capable of providing dependable measurement must possess certain
qualities such as validity, reliability and usability (Nwachukwu, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Provision and utilization may be regarded as
practices. Practice according to Hornby (2005) simply mean action. Therefore,
provision and utilization can be regarded as practice because both involve
action. In this study, methods applied in measuring practice will be applied in
the measurement of extent of provision and utilization of MCH services. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In measuring the extent of provision of MCH
services, the rating scale of “a large extent (LE)”, “some extent (SE)” and
“Never (N)” according Gemson (2011) can be <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">applied.
“YES” and “NO” option according to Enyi (2006) can be used to measure practice
(provision and utilization). Sometimes, question with multiple option where the
respondent is expected to choose an option can be used to measure practice. In
this study, the three options above will be employed to ascertain the extent of
provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Importance
of provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Increasing the
proportion of mothers who are cared for in health facilities during pregnancy,
childbirth and puerperium reduces the health risks and deaths of mothers and
their children. In MCH services, emphasis is placed on ensuring services to
childbearing women, infants, children, and adolescents (including children with
special health care needs, low income populations, those with poor nutritional
status and those who do not have access to health care) (</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">UNICEF,
2013)<span class="apple-style-span">. This is the main function of MCH services
where provided. </span>The importance of MCH services is not limited to the
health of mothers and children or their immediate problems. Rather, it shows
the role and necessity of MCH services in the welfare of the family, the
community and the country as a whole. Thus, MCH is an issue that has to be
addressed in terms of national productivity and futurity of a country.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">UNICEF (2013) clamours the need for provision of MCH
services given that<span class="apple-style-span"><b><i> </i></b>every single day,
Nigeria loses about 2,300 under-five year olds and 145 women of childbearing
age. This makes the country the second largest contributor to the under–five
and maternal mortality rate in the world.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Preventable or treatable infectious diseases such as
malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea, measles and HIV/AIDS account for more than 70
per cent of the estimated one million under-five deaths in Nigeria (WHO, 2013).
UNICEF (2013) lamented that malnutrition is the underlying cause of morbidity
and mortality of a large proportion of children under-5 in Nigeria. It accounts
for more than 50 per cent of deaths of children in this age bracket. The deaths
of newborn babies in Nigeria represent a quarter of the total number of deaths
of children under-five. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Many of these deaths are preventable with MCH
services. Presently, less than 20 per cent of health facilities offer emergency
obstetric care and only 35 per cent of deliveries are attended by skilled birth
attendants (UNICEF, 2013). This justifies the need for provision of maternal
and child health interventions.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Addisse (2003) outlined the important considerations
and justifications for provision of MCHS thus:<b> </b>(i) Mothers and children make up over 2/3 of the whole population.
(ii) Women in reproductive age (15 – 49) constitute 21 per cent, pregnant
women, 4.5 per cent, and children under the age of 5, 47 per cent. This working
estimate may be very important in developing countries for project planning and
implementation<b>. </b>(iii)<b> </b>Maternal mortality is an adverse
outcome of many pregnancies. (iv) Miscarriage, induced abortion, and other
factors, are causes for over 40 per cent of the pregnancies in developing
countries to result in complications, illnesses, or permanent disability for
the mother or child. (v) About 80 per cent
of maternal deaths are related to obstetric deaths. They result from obstetric
complications of the pregnant state (pregnancy, labour, and puerperium), from
intervention, omissions, incorrect treatment, or from a chain of events
resulting from any of the above. (vi) Most pregnant women in the developing
world receive insufficient or no prenatal care and deliver without help from
appropriately trained health care providers. More than 7 million newborn deaths
are believed to result from maternal health problems and their mismanagement. (vii)
Poorly timed unwanted pregnancies carry high risks of morbidity and mortality,
as well as social and economic costs, particularly to the adolescent and many
unwanted pregnancies end in unsafe abortion. (viii) Poor maternal health hurts
women's productivity, their families' welfare, and socio-economic development.
The foregoing justifies the importance of MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Addisse (2003) noted that cultural attitudes and
practices impede women's use of MCH services that are available. The women also
lack access to relevant information, trained providers and supplies, emergency
transport, and other essential services. Addisse maintained that because many
women are fed less, marry early, carry a heavy workload, and spend a
considerable portion of their lifespan in pregnancy and lactation, they are
exposed to persistent low nutritional status and high-energy expenditure. This predisposes
mothers to bear low-birth-weight infants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Demographic
factors associated with the extent of utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Certain variables have
been found to influence the extent of provision and utilization of MCH
services. One of such variables is economic status. It is well known that
increased income has a positive effect on the utilization of modern health care
services (Elo, 1992; Fosu, 1994).<span class="apple-style-span"> </span>The study
conducted by </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">revealed
that women whose husbands worked in business or services were most likely to be
users of modern health care services to treat complications during pregnancy.
About 33.4 per cent of women whose husbands worked in business or services went
to some qualified medical personnel for treatment, compared with 24 per cent
among those whose husbands worked in agriculture or as day laborers. Also,
women's involvement in gainful employment empowers women to take part in
decision-making processes about health care in the family. About 35.4 per cent
of women who worked for cash went to some qualified medical personnel for
treatment, compared with only 25.3 per cent of those who did not work.
Husband's occupation can be considered a proxy of family income, as well as
social status. </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Audo%20MO%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Audo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferguson%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferguson</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Njoroge%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Njoroge </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">(2005)
<span class="apple-style-span">reported that poor utilization of MCH services was
associated with the socio-economic status of the respondents.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Differences in attitudes
to modern health care services by occupational groups depict occupation as a
predisposing factor. Alternatively, viewing occupation as proxy to income,
which enables acquisition of more and better health care, depicts it as an
enabling factor (Fiedler, 1981). </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Heuvel%20OA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vanden,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=de%20Mey%20WG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De Mey, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Buddingh%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddingh </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bots%20ML%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bots</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(1999) found that <span class="apple-style-span">unemployment and being without a
husband were associated with deliveries outside the hospital. The patients may
not have known their expected day of delivery (EDD) because they do not get
antenatal services. </span>Unaffordable medical bills is a major barrier to
utilization of maternal and child healthcare services leading to a very high
maternal and perinatal mortality and the inability to attain the MDG4 and MDG5
in many developing countries (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Okafor,
Obi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">&
Ugwu, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">011)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result of the study conducted by </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kiwanuka%20SN%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kiwanuka</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ekirapa%20EK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ekirapa</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peterson%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peterson</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Okui%20O%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Okui</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rahman%20MH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rahman</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peters%20D%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peters</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> and</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Pariyo</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2008) <span class="apple-style-span">indicated
that the poor and vulnerable ones experience a greater burden of disease </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">and</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> have
lower access to health services than t</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">he
rich ones</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mwaniki%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mwaniki</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kabiru%20EW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kabiru</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mbugua%20GG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mbugua</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2002) reported that lack of money for transport and hospital fee are
the major constraints experienced by the mothers as they sought for the
services. <span class="apple-style-span">IRIN News (2006)</span> reported that
the <span class="apple-style-span">patients' inability to afford prescribed
medications is some of the challenges health officials are now facing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The level of
utilization of MCH services is still very low even with the introduction of the
free MCH services. Suffice this to say that lack of or low level utilization of
MCH care is not only due to financial reasons. Other factors have been
consistently reported to influence the level of utilization of MCH care. One of
such factors is the mother’s level of education.<span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">It is well recognized
that mother's education has a positive impact on health care utilization. </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">investigated
the determinants of the use of maternal health services in rural Bangladesh and
found that there were more educated women (34.6% ) than uneducated ones (26.5%)
who sought care from qualified medical personal for treating complications. The
study revealed that mother's education associated positively with treatment
received. Govindasamy
and Ramesh (1997) reported that a higher level of maternal education
results in improved child survival because health services that effectively
prevent fatal childhood diseases are used to a greater extent by mothers with
higher education than by those with little or no education. The study further
reported that the benefits of maternal education persist even when other
socioeconomic factors are taken into account. Elo (1992) reported quantitatively
important and statistically significant effect of mother's education on the use
of prenatal care and delivery assistance. In another study conducted by <span class="apple-style-span">Becker, Peters, Gray, Gultiano and Blake (</span><span class="cit-pub-date">1993</span><span class="apple-style-span">), it was </span>found
that mother's education is the most consistent and important determinant of the
use of child and maternal health services. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">It is argued that
better educated women are more aware of health problems, know more about the
availability of health care services, and use this information more effectively
to maintain or achieve good health status. Mother's education may also act as a
proxy variable of a number of background variables representing women's higher
socioeconomic status, thus enabling her to seek proper medical care whenever
she perceives it necessary. UNICEF (1997) reported that education is positively
associated with increased utilization of antenatal care. Nisar and White (2003)
observed that there are a number of explanations why education is a key
determinant of demand. The authors maintained that education is likely to
enhance female autonomy. Women therefore, develop greater confidence and
capabilities to make decisions regarding their own health, as well as their
children’s health. It is likely that more educated women seek higher quality
services and have greater ability to use health care inputs to produce better
health. In addition to maternal education, age of the mother may play important
role in the utilization of MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mother's age may
sometimes serve as a proxy for the women's accumulated knowledge of health care
services, which may have a positive influence on the use of health services. On
the other hand, because of development of modern medicine and improvement in
educational opportunities for women in recent years, younger women might have
an enhanced knowledge of modern health care services and place more value upon
modern medicine. </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
reported that older women are more likely to seek maternal health-care services
than younger women. About 42 per cent of older (age >35 years) respondents
sought care for any current complication from a doctor or nurse, compared with
28.5 per cent of younger women (age
<20 age="" also="" at="" em="" indicated="" marriage="" report="" that="" the="" years=""><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></20></span></div>
<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) associated positively with treatment received. <o:p></o:p><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The report of Owino (2012) contradicted the above finding.
Owino reported that maternal age also had a statistically significant
relationship with place of delivery; the chances of delivering at home were
greatest among older mothers aged 35 years and above; and the youngest age
group, of mothers aged from 15 to 24, had the most chances of delivering at a
health institution. Moreover, a greater percentage of mothers who delivered at
health institutions were lower parity women with 1 to 3 children. Over 70 per
cent of mothers of parity 7 and above delivered at home, compared to about 54
per cent of those of parity 1 to 3. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The above relationships
of age and parity concur with previous studies (such as Dissevelt, 1978;
Nginya, 1980; Winikoff, 1987; Obemeyer & Potter, 1991; Sargent &
Rawlings, 1991; Bulut, 1995) where it was reported that younger women tended to
deliver at a health facility for fear of complications during childbirth. Older
women, however, were observed to deliver at home confidently due to their
experience with previous births.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Some authors believe
that one would naturally seek care irrespective of one’s age. This means that
mother’s age has no connection with the attitude to and practice of safe
motherhood. Igbokwe and Adama (2011)
reported that age had no significance
influence on child-bearing mother’s practice of SMI components. The authors maintained that age of an individual
does not necessarily influence the individual's capacity to effectively practice health-related behaviour most
especially when the behaviour
is of immense benefit to the individual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Studies
show that home-hospital distance influences the level of utilization of MCH
services. The location and quality of services available are also important
factors affecting MCH services utilization. Proximity to a health facility has
been found to affect the use of MCH services especially in rural areas (Rahaman
et al, 1982 in Chakraborty et al, 2003) as these facilities are usually located
at long distances. For many, lack of transportation and/or considerations of
the cost of transportation serve as mitigating factors to healthcare seeking. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
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<span style='font-family:
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<span style='font-family:
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Route A<o:p></o:p></b></p>
</div>
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</tr>
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<![endif]></v:textbox>
</v:roundrect><v:roundrect id="_x0000_s1116" style='position:absolute;
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<![if !mso]>
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Route B<o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<![if !mso]></td>
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width:1373;height:100' fillcolor="black [3213]"/>
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width:78;height:1646' fillcolor="black [3213]"/>
</v:group></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 683px; left: 0px; margin-left: 74px; margin-top: 264px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 591px; z-index: 251750400;"><img height="683" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1062 _x0000_s1063 _x0000_s1064 _x0000_s1065 _x0000_s1066 _x0000_s1067 _x0000_s1068 _x0000_s1069 _x0000_s1070 _x0000_s1071 _x0000_s1072 _x0000_s1073 _x0000_s1074 _x0000_s1075 _x0000_s1076 _x0000_s1077 _x0000_s1078 _x0000_s1079 _x0000_s1080 _x0000_s1081 _x0000_s1082 _x0000_s1083 _x0000_s1084 _x0000_s1085 _x0000_s1086 _x0000_s1087 _x0000_s1088 _x0000_s1089 _x0000_s1090 _x0000_s1091 _x0000_s1092 _x0000_s1093 _x0000_s1094 _x0000_s1095 _x0000_s1096 _x0000_s1097 _x0000_s1098 _x0000_s1099 _x0000_s1100 _x0000_s1101 _x0000_s1102 _x0000_s1103 _x0000_s1104 _x0000_s1105 _x0000_s1106 _x0000_s1107 _x0000_s1108 _x0000_s1109 _x0000_s1110 _x0000_s1111 _x0000_s1112 _x0000_s1113 _x0000_s1114 _x0000_s1115 _x0000_s1116 _x0000_s1117 _x0000_s1118 _x0000_s1119" width="591" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Several
other studies also found that physical proximity of health care services,
especially in the developing countries, plays an important role in utilization
of these services (Stock, 1983; Airey, 1989; Paul, 1991). In this study,
‘access’ refers to the availability of MCH services in closer proximity to the
users. Rahaman (1982) reported that geographical distance is one of the most
important determinants of health care service utilization in rural areas. World
Bank (1999) and WHO (2012) listed distance, lack of information, inadequate
services, cultural practices among others as the obstacle to the utilization of
MCHS. The present study focuses on mother’s economic status, level of
education, age and distance as they influence the extent of utilization of MCH
services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Figure
1 above is the conceptual framework generated by the present researcher in
explaining the level of provision and utilization of free MCH services among
the child-bearing mothers and their children. There are two routes to getting
MCH services: route A and B. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">When sickness strikes
or when there is need to seek medical attention, one is always confronted with
obstacle that might hinder one from getting the right type of medical
attention. One might choose any of the routes. Route A above is when the
patients resiliently seek care notwithstanding factors such as financial
constraints, distance among others. When one passes through obstacles, the
route is always rough. The dotted arrow in route A indicates rough route. The
patient eventually accesses the MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Route
B is an escapist and seemingly easier route from on set. The patient makes a
U-turn in the face of an obstacle. She takes an alternative decision which
might be to ignore the sign or to pray. Some resort to alternative medicine.
They complain of the medical bills, distance, unyielding husband, cultural
barriers among others, as factors hindering them from receiving care. This
might lead to complications or worsened condition. Then, the patient would be
rushed to the hospital through the roughest route ignoring cultural barriers
and financial constraints indicted earlier. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Most times,
complications may lead to maternal and child morbidity and/or mortality. There
may be still birth, pre-term delivery among others. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theoretical
Frame Work<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theories are
constructs and postulations that guide or suggest a way in which individuals
perceive phenomena and act or behave which in turn may influence the nature and
the level of what they know or practice. The way individuals get information or
behave is assumed or believed to depend on a person’s scheme (Illaete, 1980).
The scheme attempts to know (knowledge), how they want to get the information
(methods of learning) and how, what or which of the facts (knowledge) they want
to act on (attitude). The theory is an idea or belief about something arrived
through speculation or conjecture (Microsoft Encarta, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This study will therefore be anchored on
theory of health seeking-behaviour and theory of attachment in explaining the
level of provision and utilization of free MCH services among mothers of
child-bearing age in Igbo-Eze North LGA of Enugu State.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory
of health seeking-behaviour.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Health care utilization
is the point in health systems where patients’ needs meet the professional
system. It is well known that apart from need-related factors, health care
utilization is also supply-induced and thus strongly dependent on the
structures of the health care system. Furthermore, many study findings have
shown differences in health care utilization based on patients’ social
characteristics. For instance, women tend to use outpatient health care
services more often than men. In addition to the multitude of studies
describing patterns of utilization in different health care settings, several
scholars have developed explanatory frameworks identifying predictors of health
care utilization. One of the most widely acknowledged is the </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">theory
of health seeking-behaviour<span class="apple-converted-space"> by </span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-4"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anderson and Newman (1973</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The theory has a multilevel model that incorporates
both individual and contextual determinants of health services use. In doing
so, it divides the major components of contextual characteristics in the same
way as individual characteristics have traditionally been divided—those that
predispose, enable , or suggest need for individual use of health services (<span class="apple-style-span">Andersen, 2008</span>). In their most recent explication
of the model, Andersen & Davidson (<span class="apple-style-span">2001)</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>described these three major components
as follows: (i) <em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Predisposing
factors.</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Individual
predisposing factors include the demographic characteristics of age and sex as
“biological imperatives” , social factors such as education, occupation,
ethnicity and social relationships (e.g., family status), and mental factors in
terms of health beliefs (e.g., attitudes, values, and knowledge related to
health and health services). Contextual factors predisposing individuals to the
use of health services include the demographic and social composition of
communities, collective and organizational values, cultural norms and political
perspectives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Enabling factors are factors such
as f</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">inancing and organizational factors which are
considered to serve as conditions enabling services utilization. Individual
financing factors involve the income and wealth at an individual’s disposal to
pay for health services and the effective price of health care which is
determined by the individual’s health insurance status and cost-sharing
requirements. Organizational factors entail whether an individual has a regular
source of care and the nature of that source. They also include means of
transportation, travel time to and waiting time for health care. At the
contextual level, financing encompasses the resources available within the
community for health services, such as per capita community income, affluence,
the rate of health insurance coverage, the relative price of goods and
services, methods of compensating providers, and health care expenditures.
Organization at this level refers to the amount, varieties, locations,
structures and distribution of health services facilities and personnel. It
also involves physician and hospital density, office hours, provider mix,
quality management oversight, and outreach and education programs. Health policies
also fall into the category of contextual enabling factors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The third factor is the <em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">need factors</span>.</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>At the individual level, there is
difference between perceived need for health services (i.e., how people view
and experience their own general health, functional state and illness symptoms)
and evaluated need (i.e., professional assessments and objective measurements
of patients’ health status and need for medical care). At the contextual level,
they make a distinction between environmental need characteristics and
population health indices. Environmental need reflects the health-related
conditions of the environment (e.g., occupational and traffic and crime-related
injury and death rates). Population health indices are overall measures of
community health, including epidemiological indicators of mortality, morbidity,
and disability.<span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">According to Andersen and Newman (1973), the need factor is
the most immediate cause of health service use. The need factor reflects the
perceived health status, as indicated by severity of the morbidity conditions
or the number of morbidities. The presence of predisposing and enabling
components may not be enough for a mother to seek health care. She must
perceive the disease as serious and believe that the treatment will provide the
expected benefits (</span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-10"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fosu, 1994</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">). Need represents the most immediate
cause of health service use. The need for health care can be measured in a
variety of ways: self-perceived health status, number of morbidity symptoms, or
duration and severity of disability (</span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-9"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fiedler, 1981</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">). Perceived severity or number of
episodes of diseases has a positive association with greater MCH care
utilization among the child-bearing mothers. </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">However, this theory will be used in
the present work to explain factors that determine the level of provision and
utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Attachment theory.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Attachment
theory focuses on the relationships and bonds between people, particularly
long-term relationships including those between a patients and health-care
provider. Attachment is an emotional bond to another person (Cherry, 2013). <span class="apple-style-span">According to Ciechanowski, Walker, Katon and Russo
(2002) Theory of Attachment is a framework of ideas that attempt to explain
attachment, the almost universal human tendency to prefer certain familiar
companions over other people, especially when ill, injured, or distressed.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Psychologist, </span><a href="http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesal/p/john-bowlby.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bowlby</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1969),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was the first
attachment theorist, describing attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness
between human beings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bowlby (1969)
believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have
a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. He suggested attachment
also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's
chances of survival. The central theme of attachment theory is that primary
caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant's needs allow the
child to develop a sense of security (Cherry, 2013). The infant knows that the
caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then
explore the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This analogy
can be extended to the patients-health providers relationship. People get
attached to health providers who give them sense of health security. This is
why a patient likes one doctor or nurse more than the other(s). If his/her
doctor or nurse is no longer at the hospital (may be transferred), he/she finds
it difficult to continue using the health services in the hospital. Moreover, a
patient may have the same attachment to a particular hospital just as an infant
knows that its care-giver is dependable. He/she believes that the hospital has
genuine drugs, trained health personnel among other reason.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td><img height="630" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026 _x0000_s1027 _x0000_s1028 _x0000_s1029 _x0000_s1030 _x0000_s1031 _x0000_s1032 _x0000_s1033 _x0000_s1034 _x0000_s1035 _x0000_s1036 _x0000_s1037 _x0000_s1038 _x0000_s1039 _x0000_s1040 _x0000_s1041 _x0000_s1042 _x0000_s1043 _x0000_s1044 _x0000_s1045 _x0000_s1046 _x0000_s1047 _x0000_s1048 _x0000_s1049 _x0000_s1050 _x0000_s1051 _x0000_s1052 _x0000_s1053 _x0000_s1054 _x0000_s1055 _x0000_s1056 _x0000_s1057 _x0000_s1058 _x0000_s1059 _x0000_s1060 _x0000_s1061" width="595" /></td>
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</v:oval><v:rect id="_x0000_s1030" style='position:absolute;left:3045;top:5520;
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Separation,
depression and anxiety <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>experienced</b></p>
</div>
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<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>Withdrawal and search for
alternative source of help, joy, security and confidence.</span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>PATIENTS’ NEEDS<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<b
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<![if !supportLists]><span
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</span></span></span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>
<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
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security, love and <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:
normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>confidence</span></b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>
<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1053'>
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Increased
utilization of MCH services<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>ATTACHMENT
THEORY<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;color:#333333'>People love and get attached to their care-givers</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.5pt;color:#333333'>.</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>THEORY OF HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span
class=apple-style-span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>The use of health care services is a
function of predisposing characteristics, enabling characteristics
and<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>need characteristics.</span></b></span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>YES<o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"'>Figure 2: <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>A</i> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>theoretical framework adapted from Fraley and Shaver (2000)<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></p>
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<!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
2 above is a theoretical framework adapted from the work of Fraley and Shaver.
The researcher modified the framework to suit the present discourse. The double
arrows linking the two theories are used to demonstrate that the two theories
agree that people are always attracted to where things that catch their
interest. When the patients’ needs (such as cost of medication, personnel of
interest among others) are met in the arrow tagged “yes”, they feel loved,
secured and confident, and level of MCH services utilization increases. Depression,
anger and frustration set in when these needs are not met (see the arrow tagged
“NO”). Patients may resort to withdrawal. Some patients may begin to look for
another way out while others may remain at home not looking for alternate help.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical
Studies<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">examined
the factors that influence the use of maternal health care services in
Bangladesh. Prospective data obtained from the survey on Maternal Morbidity in
Bangladesh, which was conducted by the Bangladesh Institute of Research for
Promotion of Essential and Reproductive Health and Technologies (BIRPERHT) was
used.</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Data collection spanned the period from November 1992 to
December 1993. The study had two components: cross-sectional and prospective.
The paper employed data from the prospective component. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Multi-stage random sampling was
employed to collect data on maternal morbidity. One district from each of four
divisions was selected in the first stage. In the second stage, one thana (a
thana contains several ‘unions’, comprising a population size of 0.2–0.25
million) from each selected district was selected randomly. Finally, two unions
(unions consist of several ‘wards’, which are small geographical boundaries
comprising villages in rural areas) from each selected thana were considered
study areas. For the prospective study, 1020 pregnant women (pregnant for <6 1020="" 993="" antenatal="" at="" follow-up="" had="" interviewed.="" least="" months="" o:p="" of="" one="" out="" pregnant="" selected.="" were="" who="" women=""></6></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results showed that older women
are more likely to seek maternal health-care
services than younger women. The results from the study indicated a U-shaped
relationship with birth order and the use of health services to treat maternal
morbidities. The percentage of women who
sought care from a doctor, nurse or FWV to treat any complications decreases
from 29 per cent in women with no previous pregnancies to 26.1 per cent in
mothers with one to four previous pregnancies; it increases again to 35.1 per
cent in women with five or more previous pregnancies. The use of traditional
and other health services related to the number of previous pregnancies also
show a similar pattern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results show a U-shaped relation
between family size and the use of health services for treating any
complications during pregnancy. The percentage of women who sought care from
qualified medical personnel, i.e. a doctor, nurse or FWV, to treat
complications decreases from 30.3 per cent in women with less than four family
members to 23.2 per cent among mothers with four to six family members, and
increases again to 33.6 per cent in women with seven or more family members.
The use of traditional and other health services does not show a similar
pattern in relation to family size.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results from this study also
support the positive association between the level of mother's education and
health care utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">The results indicate that
female education has a net effect on maternal health service use, independent
of other background characteristics, household socioeconomic status and access
to health care services.</span> The percentage of women who sought care from
qualified medical personal for treating complications increases from 26.5 per
cent among illiterate women to 34.6 per cent among women with secondary or
higher education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The study revealed that women whose husbands worked in
business or services were most likely to be users of modern health care
services to treat complications during pregnancy. About 33.4 per cent of women
whose husbands worked in business or services went to some qualified medical
personnel for treatment, compared with 24 per cent among those whose husbands
worked in agriculture or as day laborers. Also, women's involvement in gainful
employment empowers women to take part in decision-making processes about
health care in the family. About 35.4 per cent of women who worked for cash
went to some qualified medical personnel for treatment, compared with only 25.3
per cent of those who did not work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">There was no substantial difference
in utilization of health care services for complications according to how far
respondents lived from health facilities. This result is quite surprising
because the respondents residing in close proximity to health care services are
more likely to use them. The study finally revealed that mother's education (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.05), age at marriage (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>< 0.10) and type of housing (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) appeared to be associated positively with treatment received, while
family size (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) was negatively associated with receiving treatment for complications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Heuvel%20OA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vanden,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=de%20Mey%20WG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De Mey, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Buddingh%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddingh</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bots%20ML%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bots</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1999) conducted a research which aimed at <span class="apple-style-span">determining
the coverage of antenatal and delivery care and the determinants of
non-compliance in a rural area of Zimbabwe in order to improve the quality and
efficiency of maternal health care services. A community-based, cross-sectional
study was carried out in the catchment area of Gutu Mission Hospital, in rural
Zimbabwe, from January to June 1996. Two hundred and thirty-five women, aged 16
to 54 years, who had delivered a child in the past three years, were
interviewed on general characteristics (age, marital status, religion,
education, work), obstetric history, use of family planning, pregnancy
complications, number of antenatal visits, and use of maternity waiting
shelters. Associations of these factors to non-use of antenatal care facilities
and hospital delivery were studied. In the Gutu district, guidelines exist to
identify women at high risk of complications during pregnancy and to indicate
where women should give birth (hospital, rural clinic or at home). The study
evaluated which factors were important for non-compliance to these guidelines.
The analyses were performed using a logistic regression model.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Results
show that 97 per cent of the pregnant women attended the antenatal care
facilities at least once. 73 per cent came at least five times or more. </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The level of mother's education influenced
health care utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">Belonging to certain
religious groups proved to be the strongest explanatory factor for not
attending antenatal care facilities. Use of maternity waiting shelters and
complications during the pregnancy were important factors for hospital
delivery, whereas unemployment and being without a husband were associated with
deliveries outside the hospital. Identification as high risk of a complicated
pregnancy by application of the existing guidelines was not associated with
place of delivery. Delivery at a location that did not conform to the existing
guidelines was associated with non-use of maternity waiting shelters,
unemployment or being without a husband and use of traditional care.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kiwanuka%20SN%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kiwanuka,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ekirapa%20EK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ekirapa,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peterson%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peterson, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Okui%20O%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Okui, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rahman%20MH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rahman,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peters%20D%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peters</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Pariyo (2008)<span class="apple-style-span"> conducted a systematic review of socio-economic
differences in morbidity and access to health care in Uganda. It includes
published studies from electronic databases and official reports from surveys
done by government, bilateral and multilateral agencies and universities. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
outcome measures studied were: the distribution of HIV/AIDS; maternal and child
morbidity; and access to and utilisation of health services for people
belonging to different socio-economic and vulnerability groups. Forty-eight of
678 identified studies met the inclusion criteria for the study. Results
indicated that the poor and vulnerable experience a greater burden of disease
but have lower access to health services than the less poor. Barriers to access
arise from both the service providers and the consumers. Distance to service
points, perceived quality of care and availability of drugs are key
determinants of utilization. Other barriers are perceived lack of skilled staff
in public facilities, late referrals, health worker attitude, costs of care and
lack of knowledge.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Govindasamy and Ramesh (1997) conducted a
study to ascertain the relationship between m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">aternal education and the utilization of maternal and child health
services in India. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Using data from the National Family Health
Survey 1992–93, they examined the relationship between maternal schooling and factors
known to reduce the risks of maternal and child mortality, namely, healthcare
practices, for some selected northern and southern states in India. They hypothesized
that the practices of educated women are quite different from those of
uneducated women with regard to pregnancy, childbirth, immunization, and
management of childhood diseases such as diarrhoea and acute respiratory
infection (ARI). However, there exist a number of confounding factors such as socioeconomic
status that are associated with the study of the impact of maternal education
on health-care utilization. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The hypothesis that the relationship between
mother’s education and healthcare practices might be the result of other
variables was tested, and regression analysis on several of these variables was
carried out. It was evident that a higher level of maternal education results
in improved child survival because health services that effectively prevent
fatal childhood diseases are used to a greater extent by mothers with higher education
than by those with little or no education. The study concluded that the
benefits of maternal education persist even when other socioeconomic factors
are taken into account.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditekemena
(2013) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">conducted a study which aimed at identifying
the determinants of male partners’ involvement in MCH activities, focusing
specifically on HIV prevention of maternal to child transmission (PMTCT) in
sub-Saharan Africa. Source of information was through the following data bases:
Pubmed/MEDLINE; CINAHL; EMBASE; COCHRANE; Psych INFORMATION and the websites of
the International AIDS Society (IAS), the International AIDS Conference and the
International Conference on AIDS in Africa (ICASA) 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was found that the majority of
studies defined male participation as male involvement solely during antenatal
HIV testing. Other studies defined male involvement as any male participation
in HIV couple counseling. The study identified three main determinants for male
participation in PMTCT services: 1) Socio-demographic factors such as level of
education, income status; 2) health services related factors such as opening
hours of services, behavior of health providers and the lack of space to
accommodate male partners; and 3) Sociologic factors such as beliefs, attitudes
and communication between men and women.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was concluded in the study that there
are many challenges to increase male involvement/participation in PMTCT
services and that few interventions addressing these challenges have been
evaluated and reported. The study recommended that improvement of antenatal
care services by making them more male friendly, and health education campaigns
to change beliefs and attitudes of men are absolutely needed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">unaffordable
medical bills is a major barrier to utilization of maternal and child
healthcare services leading to a very high maternal and perinatal mortality and
the inability to attain the MDG4 and MDG5 in many developing countries, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Okafor, Obi and Ugwu (2011) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">conducted
a study which examined the uptakes of obstetric services following introduction
of Free Maternal and Child Health Care (FMCHC) in Enugu State University
Teaching Hospital, Southeast Nigeria and its impact on the maternal and
neonatal healthcare outcome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Information
from a retrospective comparative study of the utilizations of maternal and
child healthcare services from June to August in 2008 with that of September to
November in 2008 after commencement of the FMCHC were utilized. Information on
all the pregnant women and neonates in their first week of Life that attended
clinic within the period under review was collected from the Medical Records
department of the hospital.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study revealed that FMCHC caused tremendous increases in the uptakes of
antenatal booking (202.2%), and hospital delivery (151.8%). It also resulted in
decreased maternal and perinatal mortality by 16.4 per cent and 34 per cent
respectively. It was concluded in the study that implementation of FMCHC can
make MDG4 and MDG5 attainable in sub-Saharan Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Banerjee%20B%5Bauth%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Banerjee</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2009) investigated the level of </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">information,
education, and communication (IEC) services <span class="apple-style-span">regarding
pregnancy and child care, received by the women at an MCH clinic of an urban
health center of Kolkata. </span>A community-based, cross-sectional,
observational study was undertaken over a period of six months, in an urban
health centre (UHC) of Kolkata that caters to a mixed population of 1.18 from
all sections of the community. The study subjects comprised 400 antenatal (AN)
and postnatal (PN) mothers and mothers of children under five (U5) years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">To determine sample size,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">was taken as 0.5, considering the theory
of probability that 50</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> are likely to have received the services, which also
gives the maximum sample size. Thus, sample comprised 400 women, considering 95</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> confidence interval and allowing 10</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> error.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
number of under 5 children was noted from the records, and the estimated number
of AN and PN mothers at one point of time were calculated from the birth rate
and population of the area during the previous year. To determine the size of
these different groups within the sample, approximately 15 per cent of the
total population in each group was taken. Thus, the sample comprised 350 U5
children and 50 AN and PN mothers. Only one person was selected from each
household if more than one eligible participant was found.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
was collected by house visits and interview method, using a pre tested, semi
structured schedule which included IEC services, received by the mothers,
regarding important points about pregnancy and child care, in the AN and PN
period. Proportion of women receiving such services regarding issues under
consideration was analyzed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Results
show that <span class="apple-style-span">warning signs of danger was explained to
only 10</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the AN and PN women.
Advice regarding family planning appeared to be the most frequently covered,
though that too was explained to less than half of the subjects. About one
third of the women were advised on breast feeding. Only 8</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the mothers had been told about all issues regarding
pregnancy and child care. Breast feeding and weaning was properly explained to
85.7 and 81.1</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the total mothers
of U5 children. Advice regarding subsequent nutrition was given to 60.9</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of mothers. About only a quarter of the
total mothers were advised on home management of diarrhea and acute respiratory
infections. Very few mothers were counseled about the growth pattern of the
children and none were shown the growth chart. Only 12.9</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the mothers were informed about all issues.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Based on the findings above, it was
concluded that provision of information, education, and communication regarding
maternal and child care other than feeding practices was a neglected service in
the health facility where the study was conducted.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Materia%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Materia,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mehari%20W%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mehari,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mele%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mele,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rosmini%20F%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rosmini, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Stazi%20MA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stazi, </span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Damen%20HM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Damen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Basile%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Basile,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Miuccio%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Miuccio,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferrigno%20L%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferrigno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Miozzo%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Miozzo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(1993) conducted a community survey on maternal and child health services
utilization in rural Ethiopia. Cross sectional research design was employed in
the study. The instruments used for data collection were interview and focus
group discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="apple-style-span">A household
health interview survey on MCH services utilization was carried out among
mothers of child bearing age in 22 villages of a rural district of Arsi region,
Ethiopia, before the launching of an integrated MCH programme. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result showed that the coverage of
antenatal services was 26</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">and 61</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">of
the women who received antenatal care reported having had 3 or more visits.
Antenatal care was positively associated with living within 10 km of the Health
Centre. Twenty-eight percent of the mothers attended the under-5 clinic and
most returned for 3 or more visits. In addition, 99</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">reported having breast-fed their last child but more
than 25</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">started weaning only after
the seventh month of age. Differences in practice of treating diarrhoea
according to knowledge of ORS were found. Of the 33</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">of those with knowledge of ORS, almost 90</span> per
cent <span class="apple-style-span">reported use of ORS for treating child's
diarrhoea, showing a positive attitude towards modern health care. The
proportion of women using family planning was 5</span> per cent, <span class="apple-style-span">with no difference found between Christians and Muslims.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Audo%20MO%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Audo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferguson%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferguson</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Njoroge%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Njoroge </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">(2005)<span class="Heading4Char"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span">the quality of care
provided by the Kisumu Municipal health facilities in Kenya, </span>and its
effects in the utilization of maternal and child health (MCH) services. A <span class="apple-style-span">descriptive cross-sectional survey was employed in
studying a total of 482 mothers. Interview was the instrument used for data
collection.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result of the study revealed that only
40.4</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent<span class="apple-style-span">, 53.7</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> and 45.7</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> had respectively used Municipal facilities for
antenatal services (ANC), immunization and treatment of their children the last
time they required such a service. This translates to by-pass rates for
Municipal health facilities of 59.5</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span">, 46.3</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> and
54.3</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> respectively for the three
services. By-pass was higher for the more central urban catchment areas than
the more peripheral ones, a finding that was associated with the socio-economic
status of the respondents and the relative location of the municipal facilities
vis-a-vis competing facilities, mainly the District and Provincial hospitals. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The main reasons cited for by-pass were
poor care (21%), lack of drugs and supplies (17%) and lack of/poor laboratory
services (12%). From the facility audit, most of the clinics had a reasonable
capacity to offer basic health care with only three scoring less than 50</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> in the scale used. The worst areas were
in availability of drugs, equipment and management issues. There was a strong
relationship between the perceived quality of care and utilization of MCH
services as well as by-pass. The capacity of the facilities to offer care was
however not associated with utilization of MCH services or by-pass. However, it
was concluded in the study that there is under-utilization of Municipal health
facilities for MCH services. This is related to the perceived poor quality of
care in the facilities. Perception of quality is influenced by a person's
socio-economic status especially education.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mwaniki%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mwaniki</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kabiru%20EW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kabiru</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mbugua%20GG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mbugua</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(2002) researched utilization of antenatal and maternity services by mothers
seeking child welfare services in Mbeere District, Eastern Province of Kenya.
The <span class="apple-style-span">Cross-sectional, descriptive research design
was employed in the study. Two hundred mothers bringing their children aged one
year and below to the child welfare clinic between September and December 2000
were studied.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study revealed that the
proportion of mothers who utilized health facilities for antenatal and
maternity services was 97.5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and 52</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, respectively. Utilization of
health facilities for maternity services was significantly influenced by number
of children and distance to health facility in that, as number of children
increased, utilization of maternity services reduced. Mothers living less than
5 km to a health facility utilized the services better than those living 5 km
and beyond. Among the reasons given by the mothers (individual respondents and
through Focus Group Discussions) regarding dissatisfaction with the services
offered included shortage of drugs and essential supplies, lack of commitment
by staff, poor quality of food and lack of cleanliness in the health
facilities.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coverage for antenatal services was
high among mothers during their last pregnancy. However, only about half of the
mothers interviewed utilized health facilities for maternity services (labour
and delivery). The major constraints experienced by the mothers as they sought
for the services (as reported by individual respondents and through Focus Group
Discussions) included lack of transport, lack of money for transport and
hospital fee and delay in admission to health facility once mothers report in
labour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kongnyuy%20EJ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kongnyuy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Hofman%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hofman,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mlava%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mlava,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mhango%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mhango </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Broek%20N%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Van Den</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(2009) investigated the availability, utilisation and quality of basic and
comprehensive emergency obstetric care services in Malawi. The study s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">urveyed of all the 73 health
facilities (13 hospitals and 60 health centres) that provide maternity services
in the three districts (population, 2,812,183).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Result
of the study shows that </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">there
were 1.6 comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) facilities per 500,000
population and 0.8 basic emergency obstetric care (BEmOC) facilities per
125,000 population. About 23</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of deliveries were conducted in
emergency obstetric care (EmOC) facilities and the met need for emergency
obstetric complications was 20.7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The case fatality rate for emergency
obstetric complications treated in health facilities was 2.0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Up to 86.7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of pregnant women attended
antenatal clinic at least once and only 12.0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of them attend postnatal clinic at
least once. There was a shortage of qualified staff and unequal distribution
with more staff in hospitals leaving health centres severely understaffed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The total number of CEmOC facilities
was adequate but the distribution is unequal, leaving some rural areas with
poor access to CEmOC services. There are no functional BEmOC facilities in the
three districts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Vallières, McAuliffe, Palmer, Magbity and Bangura
(2013) conducted a research </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">which assessed the effects of both
mobile phones and 7-11 timed and targeted counseling (7-11/ttC) mobile
application on health workers’ motivation and health care service delivery
structures in Sierra Leone <span class="apple-style-span">given that Sierra Leone is consistently ranked among the
countries with the highest maternal mortality ratio (970 per 100,000), and that
women in Sierra Leone have a 1 in 21 lifetime risk of dying as a result of
pregnancy</span>. The main
objective of the research was to examine changes in Community Health Workers’
motivation, triggered by the introduction of the 7-11/ttC mobile application,
and assess how this mediates health worker performance over time. Motivation
levels will be assessed in conjunction with other factors including:
supervision, organisational commitment, and job satisfaction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A
longitudinal cohort design to monitor individual and group changes in
motivation, organizational commitment, supervision and job-satisfaction across
three intervention groups over a period of 18 months was employed.
Participants were initially contacted from a list of active CHWs in the area,
provided by the Bonthe District Health Management Team (DHMT). All 333
community health workers on the mainland in addition to one in-charge member of
staff from all 26 health care centres in the area were asked if they were
willing to participate in the study. Within this sample size, both males
and females were represented equally as part of the selection criteria for CHWs
within each PHU. In order to ensure that all CHWs had the same basic level of
7-11/ttC training, CHWs completed the 7-11/ttC training jointly conducted by
the DHMT and World Vision. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results from systematic reviews of
CHW programmes confirmed that CHWs provided critical links between rural
communities and the formal health system and have been shown to reduce child morbidity
and mortality when compared to usual healthcare services. The study also
revealed that CHWs’ potential however, is hampered by inadequate supervision,
lack of locally relevant incentive systems, loss of motivation, insufficient
recognition and community support, poor connectivity to health facilities, and
knowledge retention problems. Moreover, it was found that higher attrition
rates are often associated with programmes where CHWs are asked to volunteer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The study recommended that with
appropriate support and sufficient training, CHWs can potentially play a
pivotal role in strengthening health systems in areas with poor human resources
for health. More specifically, they are an important resource for
implementing interventions targeting reductions in neonatal mortality and
tracking women throughout their pregnancy while simultaneously promoting
appropriate maternal and newborn care practices. It was concluded in the study
that the motivation of CHWs and the risk of high attrition rates therefore have
important implications for the effectiveness, success, cost, credibility and
continuity of CHW-based programmes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">IRIN News (2006) reported a finding on
the side effects of free maternal and child health services in Burundi. The
source of information was through the mothers and children hospital health
records. The reports revealed that<i> </i>a new
policy of free medical care for Burundian mothers and children was intended to
improve their lives; instead it has crippled the nation's health system</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">;
that p<span class="apple-style-span">ublic hospitals in Burundi have recorded
double, sometimes triple, the number of patients since a presidential directive
for free paediatric and maternal health services was implemented on 1 May; and
that overcrowded wards, a shortage of doctors and other medical staff, as well
as patients' inability to afford prescribed medications are some of the
challenges health officials are now facing.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study recommend that the government should</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> increase medical staff, compel all
health centres to remain open 24 hours and reinforce weekend teams to cope with
the growing influx of patients. In addition to recruiting more staff, the
government needed to increase salaries in order to stem an exodus of doctors
from government service.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Summary of Literature
Review <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> The
focus of the present study is to investigate the level of provision and
utilization of free MCH services among the child-bearing mothers in Igbo-Eze
North LGA of Enugu State. Literature revealed that Nigeria is second country
(after India) with highest cases of maternal and child mortality and morbidity.
This led to the introduction of free MCH services in most states in Nigeria
including Enugu State. Yet, literature consistently report that there is still
high rate of maternal and child mortality and morbidity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In the present
study, the free MCH services are those
free health services given to mothers and their children regardless of their
ability to pay for the services in order to reduce the rate of maternal and
child death and achieve the optimal health of both the mother and her child.
Provision and utilization of MCH services remains the only proven tool for
reducing the rate of maternal and child mortality. Definitions of concepts such
as provision, utilization, and extent as given by different authors were
x-rayed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Certain variables have
been found to influence the extent of provision and utilization of MCH
services. One of such variables is economic status. Increased income was
documented to have a positive effect on the utilization of modern health care
services. Also, women's involvement in gainful employment empowers women to
take part in decision-making processes about health care in the family.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mother’s level of
education was also shown to influence the extent of utilization of MCH services.
It is argued that better educated women are more aware of health problems; know
more about the availability of health care services; and use this information
more effectively to maintain or achieve good health status. It was also found
that a higher level of maternal education results in improved child survival
because health services that effectively prevent fatal childhood diseases are
used to a greater extent by mothers with higher education than by those with
little or no education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Apart from mother’s
level of education, age of mother was also shown to influence the extent of
utilization of MCH services.</span><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">
Findings on how age influences health care utilization are not consistent. Some
reports show that older women utilize health services more than their younger
counterparts but the reverse is reported by some other studies. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The third school of thought believes that one would
naturally seek care when distressed irrespective of one’s age. This means that
age has no influence on the mothers’ extent of utilization of health services.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The location and
quality of services available are also important factors affecting MCH services
utilization. Proximity to a health facility has been found to affect the use of
MCH services especially in rural areas as these facilities are usually located
at long distances. For many, lack of transportation and/or considerations of
the cost of transportation serve as mitigating factors to healthcare seeking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The theories of anchor
in the present study are: the theory of health seeking-behaviour <span class="apple-converted-space">by </span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-4"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anderson and Newman
(1973</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and the attachment theory by Bolby (1969). The tenet of the theory of health
seeking-behaviour is that utilization of health services depends the
predisposing (such age, gender etc); enabling factor like income level; and
need factor (perceived needs and evaluated needs). The tenet of the Attachment
theory is that there is <span class="apple-style-span">universal human tendency
to prefer certain familiar companions over other people, especially when ill,
injured, or distressed.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Literature
revealed that the rate of maternal and child mortality globally is unacceptably
high especially in developing countries including Nigeria despite the widely
publicized free health programmes and policies which target reduction of
maternal and child mortality. This led to copious studies on the extent of
provision and utilization of free maternal and child health services. However,
most of the literatures on the topic describe the situation as it exists
elsewhere. None of such studies, to the best of the knowledge of the present
researcher, has been conducted in Igbo-Eze North Local Government of Enugu
State. The present study fills the gap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-6398338609946038222014-04-28T05:44:00.005-07:002014-04-28T05:44:45.817-07:00Importance of provision and utilization of MCH services<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:roundrect
id="_x0000_s1120" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:407.1pt;margin-top:-46.25pt;width:114.9pt;height:78.2pt;z-index:251751424'
arcsize="10923f" fillcolor="white [3212]" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251751424;"><span style="height: 105px; left: 0px; left: 542px; position: absolute; top: -62px; width: 154px;"><img height="105" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1120" width="154" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
TWO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Review of Related Literature<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This
chapter presents the review of related literature on <span class="apple-style-span">the extent of provision and utilization of free MCHS
among the childbearing mothers in Igbo-Eze North LGA of Enugu State</span>.
Literature on the subject abound. A few of them are from Nigeria while a great
number of them are conducted elsewhere in foreign countries. The review of
related literature is organized under the following headings:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Conceptual Framework<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Concept
of maternal and child health services (MCHS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Provision
and Utilization of health services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Measurement
of extent of provision and utilization of MCHS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Demographic
factors associated with the extent of utilization of free MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theoretical
Framework <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory of health seeking-behaviour. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory of attachment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical
Studies on Extent of Provision and Utilization of Free MCH Services <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Summary of Literature
Review <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Conceptual Framework<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This section will
review the concepts of MCHS, and extent of provision and utilization of MCHS.
Numerous researchers have defined MCHS diversely. However, most of them have
common conceptual focus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Concept
of maternal and child health services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal
and child health services (MCHS) are those health services provided for childbearing
mothers and their children to protect them from sickness, trauma and death. <span class="apple-style-span">Department of Education and Early Childhood-DEEC (2013)
defined Maternal and Child Health Service as a universal primary care service
for families with children from birth to school age. </span>The targets for MCHS
are all women in their reproductive age groups, i.e., 15 - 49 years of age,
children, school age population and adolescents (Addisse, 2003). Oklahoma State
Department of Health-OSDH, (2013) added that MCHS’s mission is to provide state
leadership, in partnership with key stake holders, to improve the physical and
mental health, safety and well-being of the mother and child population. <span class="apple-style-span">The service provides a comprehensive and focused
approach for the promotion, prevention, early detection, and intervention of
the physical, emotional or social factors affecting the health of young
children and their families in contemporary communities (DEEC, 2013).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">MCHS
is aimed at helping to improve the health of mothers and their newborns in
order to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality. This may be only possible
if the services are accessible to mothers and children in terms of financial
cost. This may be why the Department of Health and Human Services-DHHS (2010)
described MCHS as a broad array of programmes organized to improve the
availability of and access to high quality preventive and primary health care
for all children and to reproductive health care for all woman and their
partners regardless of their ability to pay. In the present study, MCH services
are those health services given to
mothers and their children regardless of their ability to pay for the services
in order to reduce the rate of maternal and child death and achieve the optimal
health for both the mother and her child. Programmes under MCHS may include maternal
health and child health.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal health services (MHS) are all the health care services a mother
receives during pregnancy, childbirth and after child birth. Onuzulike (2004)
defined MHS as health or health-related care fashioned towards helping mother
to cope successfully with physical or psychological strains under which they
are exposed to in the course of fulfilling their roles as wives and mothers.
Mothers need assistance in their childbearing period because they face with a
lot of challenges in this period. Federal Ministry of Health-FMOH (2007)
identified that during pregnancy and childbirth, mothers are always challenged
by conditions such as haemorrhage, puerperal, sepsis, obstructed labour, unsafe
abortion and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Others are malaria, HIV and
AIDs, diabetes mellitus and
hepatitis. This makes the mothers
a vulnerable <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">group. In the
context of this study, MHS means health services for the mother during
pregnancy, childbirth and 6 months after delivery. Maternal health services may
include prenatal care, antenatal care, delivery care, and postpartum care.
Others are family planning, emergency obstetric care, and post-abortion care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre-conception
cares are health actions directed toward preparing a mother for a safe and a
risky-free pregnancy and child-bearing. PATHS (2005), and Ara and Islam (2013)
described pre-conception care as the information and services (such as
screening for and managing conditions which may complicate pregnancy,
childbirth and health of the mother and child) given to an individual or couple
who intend to biologically father or mother a child. According to Holt (2008), </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pre-conception counseling may
include assessment of lifestyle such as diet, exercise, consumption of alcohol
or tobacco, and ways of dealing with stress; recommendation of vitamins;
administration of necessary vaccinations; and general advice about maintaining
healthy habits. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Koblinsky and Corberff (1987) observed
that the risk of maternal death is up to 15 times higher for women who do not
receive pre-natal care than it is for those who do. However, when a woman
eventually gets pregnant, she needs antenatal care for her welfare and that of
her unborn child.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Antenatal
care is the care of the women during pregnancy. Park (2014) <span style="background: white;">defined antenatal care as the care which mothers
receive from healthcare professionals during their pregnancies. </span>The
above report further<span style="background: white;"> noted that the purpose of
antenatal care is to monitor mothers’ health, the babies’ health and support
families to make child-bearing plans which are right for them. </span>During
pregnancy, it is very important that mother takes good care of her own health
and that of her baby. This includes taking good nutrition at appropriate
quantity and quality. According to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UNFPA (2014),</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> the primary objective
of antenatal care is to establish contact with the women, and identify and
manage current <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and potential
risks and problems. UNFPA </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2014)
maintained </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">that this creates the opportunity for the woman and
her health care provider to establish a delivery plan based on her unique
needs, resources and circumstances. Therefore, the delivery plan identifies her
intentions about where and with whom she intends to give birth and contingency
plans in the event of complications (transport, place of referral, etc). With
this, a mother may be guaranteed a safe-delivery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Safe-delivery is a
procedure of assisting women who undergo rigorous labour processes and
peurperium without injury, infection or any form of morbidity (PATHS, 2005). If
pregnant women are handled effectively during labour, the factors that lead to
maternal mortality and morbidity may be drastically reduced. <span style="background: white;">After delivery, a mother still needs a postpartum
care.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A woman, in the course
of childbirth may undergo enormous physiological and emotional stress. She
needs to be cared for after delivery so that she may fully recover from the
pains accompanying childbirth. This care is known as postpartum care. Adama
(2008) defined postpartum care as the care given to mothers after delivery to
recuperate from injuries associated with childbirth. This seems to reverse the
physiological changes that occurred during pregnancy and delivery, and to
restore the body to its pre-pregnancy state. During this period, breastfeeding
is established, and family planning is introduced to avert early occurrence of
another pregnancy (Lucas & Gilles, 2003). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Family planning
involves the management of number and space of births. Derek (1993) described
family planning as a means of helping individuals and couples choose the number
of children they will have. He added that the choice depends on a complicated
mixture of social, cultural and psychological influences. PATHS (2005) defined
family planning as a way of thinking and living adopted voluntarily upon the
basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible decisions by individual and
couples in order to promote the health of family and thus contribute
effectively to the social development of the country. Another care for the
mother worth discussing is abortion and post-abortion care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Abortion means
termination of pregnancy before the end of its term. It is the death or
expulsion of the foetus either spontaneously or by induction before the 28<sup>th
</sup>week of the pregnancy (Myles, 2009). According to Umar (1993), abortion
involves the detachment, forcing out or expulsion of the incompletely developed
foetus or embryo from the mother’s womb before viability. Abortion always comes
with complications making post-abortion care very necessary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Post-abortion care
means after-abortion care. This means care given to a woman following abortion.
NPSM (2003) described post-abortion as offering contraception to a woman who
has experienced an abortion complication as a way of preventing subsequent
abortion. The above report recommended the need for administration of broad
spectrum antibiotics intravenous fluids, and blood transfusion to prevent,
infection, de-hydration and anaemia that may lead to maternal morbidity or mortality.
In addition to the foregoing, mothers need obstetric and other maternal cares.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Emergency obstetric
care and Life saving skills are cares given to a woman to ensure that risks of
complications associated with pregnancy and delivery are prevented. Emergency
obstetric care and Life saving skills are targeted towards saving the life and
promoting the health of the mother and her child in the course of and after
delivery (PATHS, 2005). UNFPA (2014) advised that since up to 50 per cent of
maternal deaths occur after delivery, a midwife or a trained and supervised
Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA) should visit all mothers as soon as possible
within the first 24-48 hours after birth. Ara and Islam (2013) advised that the
midwife or TBA should assess the mother's general condition and recovery after
childbirth and identify any special needs. A child also needs health services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Child health services
(CHS) are services directed towards ensuring that a child is totally healthy.
WHO (2000) defined CHS as an aspect of modern services specifically designed
for health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment of children under five
years of age. According to Park (2009), CHS is that branch of medical science
that deals with the care of children from conception to childhood, in health
and disease. According to Bennette (2004), CHS comprises immunization services,
promotion of breastfeeding, oral rehydration therapy, nutrition education,
antennal and postnatal treatment of minor prevalent illnesses as well as outreach
programmes. In the present study, CHS refers to an aspect of modern services
specifically designed for health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment
of children under five years of age. AlHilfy and Esaa (2007) had aptly noted
that mothers and children are vulnerable groups that need special care through
maternal care; for women in the child-bearing period, especially the pregnant
and lactating, and through child care; for children below five years infants
and preschool children. If all these programmes are fully pursued, the rates of
morbidity and mortality may be reduced to the barest minimum among the under 5
and childbearing mothers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A childbearing mother is one in her reproductive age (i.e. between
puberty and menopause). She may be described as that woman who has the natural
capability to conceive and give birth, and who may be between the ages of 12 to
49 or above. Child-bearing age has been described as <span class="apple-style-span">the period in a woman’s life between puberty and
menopause (Williams & Wilkins, 2006). Experts, as reported by Medical News
Today-MNT (2005), advised that the best age for childbearing remains
20-35. MNT (2005) warned that
age-related fertility problems increase after 35 and dramatically after 40.
Under-aged mothers may also be at the high risk of pregnancy-related
complication. </span>WHO (2012) reported that young adolescents face a higher
risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy than older women.
Studies like Jatau (2000), and <span class="apple-style-span">Williams and Wilkins (2006) </span>showed that
adolescent pregnancy is an exploding problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. Young women
under 20 years of age in Africa are more likely to have a child than those in
other regions (Daly, Azefor & Nasah, 1993). For example, by age 18 more
than 40 percent of the women in Africa have given birth already (Senderwitz
1993). In clarifying this, Daly, Azefor and Nasah (1993) reported that in
Africa, 1 in 5 adolescent women will have a birth in a given year. They noted
that most of the births to teenagers are first births and women having their
first child carry higher risk of serious medical complications. The above
report further reveals that babies who are first births face a higher infant
mortality rate than higher order births and this risk is even greater for
teenage mothers. However, a childbearing mother (also interchangeably used with
women of childbearing age) in this study is a woman who is in a period between
her puberty and menopause, and who still give birth to a child. If necessary
cares are not made available and accessible to childbearing mothers, there may
be increase in the rate of maternal morbidity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal morbidity is a pregnancy related health problems or disabilities
which women suffer during or after childbirth, but not result into death (NPSM,
2003). Price (2002) reported that an estimated 40 per cent and above of
pregnant women, which equivalent to 50 million women experience pregnancy
related health problems during or after childbirth each year. The report
further indicated that 15 per cent of these women suffer severe or long-term,
often dilapidating complications such as uterine prolapsed (sliding of the
uterus from its normal position), fistulae (hole in the vagina), pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. These complications if not well
managed may lead to maternal mortality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal
mortality is the number of deaths of childbearing mothers in a year due to
pregnancy or childbirth. Maternal mortality is the annual number of women who
die from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications per 100,000 live births
(Indexmundi, 2013). According to Addisse (2003) maternal mortality is defined
as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of
pregnancy irrespective of the site and duration of pregnancy from any acutely
related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from
accidental or incidental causes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The rate of maternal
mortality is found to be associated with lifetime risk of mothers among other
factors. The joint report of <span class="smallprint">WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank (2012) described</span>
lifetime risk as the probability that a woman will die from complications of
pregnancy and childbirth over her lifetime; it takes into account both the
maternal mortality ratio and the total fertility rate (probable number of
births per woman during her reproductive years). Thus in a high-fertility
setting a woman faces the risk of maternal death multiple times, and her
lifetime risk of death will be higher than in a low-fertility setting. The
lifetime risk of maternal death in the developing world in 2010 as a whole was
1 in 150, compared with industrialized regions with an estimated 1 in 4,700.
Among the regions, women in sub-Saharan Africa face the highest lifetime risk
– one maternal death in every 39 births. However, maternal death or
illness appears to affect her children and entire household. According to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Institute for Health
Information-CIHI (2001</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">), a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> woman's death during childbirth may lead to the death of
the child. This is known as child mortality.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Child mortality is the annual number of deaths of children below the age
of 5 years per 100,000 live births (Indexmundi, 2013). Maternal and infant
death may be prevented by ensuring that maternal health complications are
recognized, referred, and treated by skilled health care and that women and
children access high quality MCHS. However, for MCHS to achieve its aim depends
on the extent of its provision.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Extent of provision implies the degree of supply or availability of
something. The word ‘extent’ is synonymous to ‘degree’. According to Farlex
(2013), ‘extent’ means the range, magnitude, or distance over which a thing
extends. Babylon (2014) described ‘extent’ as <span style="background: white;">how
much; how many; or what degree.</span> The word “extent’ in this study means
how much. Also in the present study, it is used as extent of provision. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Provision means supply or availability of something. Farlex (2014)
defined provision in three distinct ways thus: i) the act of supplying or
fitting out: ii) something provided: and iii) a stock of necessary supplies.
According to Vocabulary.com (2013), a provision is a store or supply of
something like food or clothing. The above definitions agree that provision is
making something available. In this study, provision means the supply of health
facilities necessary for MCHS. This study will concentrate on the extent of
provision of MCHS. However, extent of provision of MCHS may influence its
utilization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Utilization means making use of something or finding a practical or
effective use for something. Farlex (2013) described it as an act of using
something. This work is interested in service utilization. According to Hampton
and Nagy (2013), <span class="apple-style-span">service utilization refers to the
extent to which people are making use of whatever services which are already
available in the community or at one’s organization.</span> RobDavies (2013)
described utilization mathematically thus: it is the ratio of time a system is
busy (i.e. working for us), divided by the time it is available. For example,
if MCH services is available for 160 hours and busy for 40 hours only, then utilization
is 40/160= 0.25. So, there is 25 per cent of utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">In this study, utilization refers to the extent at which
childbearing mothers and their children are making use of MCH services which
are available in the community. </span>Adequate provision and utilization of
MCHS remain the proven tools for curbing the rates of mortality and morbidity
among women of child bearing age and their children. Extent of provision and
utilization of MCH services are measurable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Measurement
of extent of provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Measurement refers to the assignment of numerals to
objects or events according to rules (Nwachukwu, 2007). Nwachukwu noted that
measurement is conducted using instruments like a range, a scale or a test. Any
instrument capable of providing dependable measurement must possess certain
qualities such as validity, reliability and usability (Nwachukwu, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Provision and utilization may be regarded as
practices. Practice according to Hornby (2005) simply mean action. Therefore,
provision and utilization can be regarded as practice because both involve
action. In this study, methods applied in measuring practice will be applied in
the measurement of extent of provision and utilization of MCH services. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In measuring the extent of provision of MCH
services, the rating scale of “a large extent (LE)”, “some extent (SE)” and
“Never (N)” according Gemson (2011) can be <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">applied.
“YES” and “NO” option according to Enyi (2006) can be used to measure practice
(provision and utilization). Sometimes, question with multiple option where the
respondent is expected to choose an option can be used to measure practice. In
this study, the three options above will be employed to ascertain the extent of
provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Importance
of provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Increasing the
proportion of mothers who are cared for in health facilities during pregnancy,
childbirth and puerperium reduces the health risks and deaths of mothers and
their children. In MCH services, emphasis is placed on ensuring services to
childbearing women, infants, children, and adolescents (including children with
special health care needs, low income populations, those with poor nutritional
status and those who do not have access to health care) (</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">UNICEF,
2013)<span class="apple-style-span">. This is the main function of MCH services
where provided. </span>The importance of MCH services is not limited to the
health of mothers and children or their immediate problems. Rather, it shows
the role and necessity of MCH services in the welfare of the family, the
community and the country as a whole. Thus, MCH is an issue that has to be
addressed in terms of national productivity and futurity of a country.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">UNICEF (2013) clamours the need for provision of MCH
services given that<span class="apple-style-span"><b><i> </i></b>every single day,
Nigeria loses about 2,300 under-five year olds and 145 women of childbearing
age. This makes the country the second largest contributor to the under–five
and maternal mortality rate in the world.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Preventable or treatable infectious diseases such as
malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea, measles and HIV/AIDS account for more than 70
per cent of the estimated one million under-five deaths in Nigeria (WHO, 2013).
UNICEF (2013) lamented that malnutrition is the underlying cause of morbidity
and mortality of a large proportion of children under-5 in Nigeria. It accounts
for more than 50 per cent of deaths of children in this age bracket. The deaths
of newborn babies in Nigeria represent a quarter of the total number of deaths
of children under-five. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Many of these deaths are preventable with MCH
services. Presently, less than 20 per cent of health facilities offer emergency
obstetric care and only 35 per cent of deliveries are attended by skilled birth
attendants (UNICEF, 2013). This justifies the need for provision of maternal
and child health interventions.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Addisse (2003) outlined the important considerations
and justifications for provision of MCHS thus:<b> </b>(i) Mothers and children make up over 2/3 of the whole population.
(ii) Women in reproductive age (15 – 49) constitute 21 per cent, pregnant
women, 4.5 per cent, and children under the age of 5, 47 per cent. This working
estimate may be very important in developing countries for project planning and
implementation<b>. </b>(iii)<b> </b>Maternal mortality is an adverse
outcome of many pregnancies. (iv) Miscarriage, induced abortion, and other
factors, are causes for over 40 per cent of the pregnancies in developing
countries to result in complications, illnesses, or permanent disability for
the mother or child. (v) About 80 per cent
of maternal deaths are related to obstetric deaths. They result from obstetric
complications of the pregnant state (pregnancy, labour, and puerperium), from
intervention, omissions, incorrect treatment, or from a chain of events
resulting from any of the above. (vi) Most pregnant women in the developing
world receive insufficient or no prenatal care and deliver without help from
appropriately trained health care providers. More than 7 million newborn deaths
are believed to result from maternal health problems and their mismanagement. (vii)
Poorly timed unwanted pregnancies carry high risks of morbidity and mortality,
as well as social and economic costs, particularly to the adolescent and many
unwanted pregnancies end in unsafe abortion. (viii) Poor maternal health hurts
women's productivity, their families' welfare, and socio-economic development.
The foregoing justifies the importance of MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Addisse (2003) noted that cultural attitudes and
practices impede women's use of MCH services that are available. The women also
lack access to relevant information, trained providers and supplies, emergency
transport, and other essential services. Addisse maintained that because many
women are fed less, marry early, carry a heavy workload, and spend a
considerable portion of their lifespan in pregnancy and lactation, they are
exposed to persistent low nutritional status and high-energy expenditure. This predisposes
mothers to bear low-birth-weight infants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Demographic
factors associated with the extent of utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Certain variables have
been found to influence the extent of provision and utilization of MCH
services. One of such variables is economic status. It is well known that
increased income has a positive effect on the utilization of modern health care
services (Elo, 1992; Fosu, 1994).<span class="apple-style-span"> </span>The study
conducted by </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">revealed
that women whose husbands worked in business or services were most likely to be
users of modern health care services to treat complications during pregnancy.
About 33.4 per cent of women whose husbands worked in business or services went
to some qualified medical personnel for treatment, compared with 24 per cent
among those whose husbands worked in agriculture or as day laborers. Also,
women's involvement in gainful employment empowers women to take part in
decision-making processes about health care in the family. About 35.4 per cent
of women who worked for cash went to some qualified medical personnel for
treatment, compared with only 25.3 per cent of those who did not work.
Husband's occupation can be considered a proxy of family income, as well as
social status. </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Audo%20MO%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Audo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferguson%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferguson</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Njoroge%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Njoroge </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">(2005)
<span class="apple-style-span">reported that poor utilization of MCH services was
associated with the socio-economic status of the respondents.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Differences in attitudes
to modern health care services by occupational groups depict occupation as a
predisposing factor. Alternatively, viewing occupation as proxy to income,
which enables acquisition of more and better health care, depicts it as an
enabling factor (Fiedler, 1981). </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Heuvel%20OA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vanden,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=de%20Mey%20WG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De Mey, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Buddingh%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddingh </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bots%20ML%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bots</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(1999) found that <span class="apple-style-span">unemployment and being without a
husband were associated with deliveries outside the hospital. The patients may
not have known their expected day of delivery (EDD) because they do not get
antenatal services. </span>Unaffordable medical bills is a major barrier to
utilization of maternal and child healthcare services leading to a very high
maternal and perinatal mortality and the inability to attain the MDG4 and MDG5
in many developing countries (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Okafor,
Obi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">&
Ugwu, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">011)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result of the study conducted by </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kiwanuka%20SN%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kiwanuka</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ekirapa%20EK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ekirapa</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peterson%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peterson</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Okui%20O%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Okui</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rahman%20MH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rahman</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peters%20D%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peters</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> and</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Pariyo</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2008) <span class="apple-style-span">indicated
that the poor and vulnerable ones experience a greater burden of disease </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">and</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> have
lower access to health services than t</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">he
rich ones</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mwaniki%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mwaniki</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kabiru%20EW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kabiru</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mbugua%20GG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mbugua</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2002) reported that lack of money for transport and hospital fee are
the major constraints experienced by the mothers as they sought for the
services. <span class="apple-style-span">IRIN News (2006)</span> reported that
the <span class="apple-style-span">patients' inability to afford prescribed
medications is some of the challenges health officials are now facing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The level of
utilization of MCH services is still very low even with the introduction of the
free MCH services. Suffice this to say that lack of or low level utilization of
MCH care is not only due to financial reasons. Other factors have been
consistently reported to influence the level of utilization of MCH care. One of
such factors is the mother’s level of education.<span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">It is well recognized
that mother's education has a positive impact on health care utilization. </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">investigated
the determinants of the use of maternal health services in rural Bangladesh and
found that there were more educated women (34.6% ) than uneducated ones (26.5%)
who sought care from qualified medical personal for treating complications. The
study revealed that mother's education associated positively with treatment
received. Govindasamy
and Ramesh (1997) reported that a higher level of maternal education
results in improved child survival because health services that effectively
prevent fatal childhood diseases are used to a greater extent by mothers with
higher education than by those with little or no education. The study further
reported that the benefits of maternal education persist even when other
socioeconomic factors are taken into account. Elo (1992) reported quantitatively
important and statistically significant effect of mother's education on the use
of prenatal care and delivery assistance. In another study conducted by <span class="apple-style-span">Becker, Peters, Gray, Gultiano and Blake (</span><span class="cit-pub-date">1993</span><span class="apple-style-span">), it was </span>found
that mother's education is the most consistent and important determinant of the
use of child and maternal health services. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">It is argued that
better educated women are more aware of health problems, know more about the
availability of health care services, and use this information more effectively
to maintain or achieve good health status. Mother's education may also act as a
proxy variable of a number of background variables representing women's higher
socioeconomic status, thus enabling her to seek proper medical care whenever
she perceives it necessary. UNICEF (1997) reported that education is positively
associated with increased utilization of antenatal care. Nisar and White (2003)
observed that there are a number of explanations why education is a key
determinant of demand. The authors maintained that education is likely to
enhance female autonomy. Women therefore, develop greater confidence and
capabilities to make decisions regarding their own health, as well as their
children’s health. It is likely that more educated women seek higher quality
services and have greater ability to use health care inputs to produce better
health. In addition to maternal education, age of the mother may play important
role in the utilization of MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mother's age may
sometimes serve as a proxy for the women's accumulated knowledge of health care
services, which may have a positive influence on the use of health services. On
the other hand, because of development of modern medicine and improvement in
educational opportunities for women in recent years, younger women might have
an enhanced knowledge of modern health care services and place more value upon
modern medicine. </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
reported that older women are more likely to seek maternal health-care services
than younger women. About 42 per cent of older (age >35 years) respondents
sought care for any current complication from a doctor or nurse, compared with
28.5 per cent of younger women (age
<20 age="" also="" at="" em="" indicated="" marriage="" report="" that="" the="" years=""><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></20></span></div>
<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) associated positively with treatment received. <o:p></o:p><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The report of Owino (2012) contradicted the above finding.
Owino reported that maternal age also had a statistically significant
relationship with place of delivery; the chances of delivering at home were
greatest among older mothers aged 35 years and above; and the youngest age
group, of mothers aged from 15 to 24, had the most chances of delivering at a
health institution. Moreover, a greater percentage of mothers who delivered at
health institutions were lower parity women with 1 to 3 children. Over 70 per
cent of mothers of parity 7 and above delivered at home, compared to about 54
per cent of those of parity 1 to 3. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The above relationships
of age and parity concur with previous studies (such as Dissevelt, 1978;
Nginya, 1980; Winikoff, 1987; Obemeyer & Potter, 1991; Sargent &
Rawlings, 1991; Bulut, 1995) where it was reported that younger women tended to
deliver at a health facility for fear of complications during childbirth. Older
women, however, were observed to deliver at home confidently due to their
experience with previous births.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Some authors believe
that one would naturally seek care irrespective of one’s age. This means that
mother’s age has no connection with the attitude to and practice of safe
motherhood. Igbokwe and Adama (2011)
reported that age had no significance
influence on child-bearing mother’s practice of SMI components. The authors maintained that age of an individual
does not necessarily influence the individual's capacity to effectively practice health-related behaviour most
especially when the behaviour
is of immense benefit to the individual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Studies
show that home-hospital distance influences the level of utilization of MCH
services. The location and quality of services available are also important
factors affecting MCH services utilization. Proximity to a health facility has
been found to affect the use of MCH services especially in rural areas (Rahaman
et al, 1982 in Chakraborty et al, 2003) as these facilities are usually located
at long distances. For many, lack of transportation and/or considerations of
the cost of transportation serve as mitigating factors to healthcare seeking. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
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<span style='font-family:
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<span style='font-family:
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<span style='font-family:
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<span style='font-family:
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</v:group></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 683px; left: 0px; margin-left: 74px; margin-top: 264px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 591px; z-index: 251750400;"><img height="683" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1062 _x0000_s1063 _x0000_s1064 _x0000_s1065 _x0000_s1066 _x0000_s1067 _x0000_s1068 _x0000_s1069 _x0000_s1070 _x0000_s1071 _x0000_s1072 _x0000_s1073 _x0000_s1074 _x0000_s1075 _x0000_s1076 _x0000_s1077 _x0000_s1078 _x0000_s1079 _x0000_s1080 _x0000_s1081 _x0000_s1082 _x0000_s1083 _x0000_s1084 _x0000_s1085 _x0000_s1086 _x0000_s1087 _x0000_s1088 _x0000_s1089 _x0000_s1090 _x0000_s1091 _x0000_s1092 _x0000_s1093 _x0000_s1094 _x0000_s1095 _x0000_s1096 _x0000_s1097 _x0000_s1098 _x0000_s1099 _x0000_s1100 _x0000_s1101 _x0000_s1102 _x0000_s1103 _x0000_s1104 _x0000_s1105 _x0000_s1106 _x0000_s1107 _x0000_s1108 _x0000_s1109 _x0000_s1110 _x0000_s1111 _x0000_s1112 _x0000_s1113 _x0000_s1114 _x0000_s1115 _x0000_s1116 _x0000_s1117 _x0000_s1118 _x0000_s1119" width="591" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Several
other studies also found that physical proximity of health care services,
especially in the developing countries, plays an important role in utilization
of these services (Stock, 1983; Airey, 1989; Paul, 1991). In this study,
‘access’ refers to the availability of MCH services in closer proximity to the
users. Rahaman (1982) reported that geographical distance is one of the most
important determinants of health care service utilization in rural areas. World
Bank (1999) and WHO (2012) listed distance, lack of information, inadequate
services, cultural practices among others as the obstacle to the utilization of
MCHS. The present study focuses on mother’s economic status, level of
education, age and distance as they influence the extent of utilization of MCH
services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Figure
1 above is the conceptual framework generated by the present researcher in
explaining the level of provision and utilization of free MCH services among
the child-bearing mothers and their children. There are two routes to getting
MCH services: route A and B. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">When sickness strikes
or when there is need to seek medical attention, one is always confronted with
obstacle that might hinder one from getting the right type of medical
attention. One might choose any of the routes. Route A above is when the
patients resiliently seek care notwithstanding factors such as financial
constraints, distance among others. When one passes through obstacles, the
route is always rough. The dotted arrow in route A indicates rough route. The
patient eventually accesses the MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Route
B is an escapist and seemingly easier route from on set. The patient makes a
U-turn in the face of an obstacle. She takes an alternative decision which
might be to ignore the sign or to pray. Some resort to alternative medicine.
They complain of the medical bills, distance, unyielding husband, cultural
barriers among others, as factors hindering them from receiving care. This
might lead to complications or worsened condition. Then, the patient would be
rushed to the hospital through the roughest route ignoring cultural barriers
and financial constraints indicted earlier. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Most times,
complications may lead to maternal and child morbidity and/or mortality. There
may be still birth, pre-term delivery among others. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theoretical
Frame Work<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theories are
constructs and postulations that guide or suggest a way in which individuals
perceive phenomena and act or behave which in turn may influence the nature and
the level of what they know or practice. The way individuals get information or
behave is assumed or believed to depend on a person’s scheme (Illaete, 1980).
The scheme attempts to know (knowledge), how they want to get the information
(methods of learning) and how, what or which of the facts (knowledge) they want
to act on (attitude). The theory is an idea or belief about something arrived
through speculation or conjecture (Microsoft Encarta, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This study will therefore be anchored on
theory of health seeking-behaviour and theory of attachment in explaining the
level of provision and utilization of free MCH services among mothers of
child-bearing age in Igbo-Eze North LGA of Enugu State.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory
of health seeking-behaviour.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Health care utilization
is the point in health systems where patients’ needs meet the professional
system. It is well known that apart from need-related factors, health care
utilization is also supply-induced and thus strongly dependent on the
structures of the health care system. Furthermore, many study findings have
shown differences in health care utilization based on patients’ social
characteristics. For instance, women tend to use outpatient health care
services more often than men. In addition to the multitude of studies
describing patterns of utilization in different health care settings, several
scholars have developed explanatory frameworks identifying predictors of health
care utilization. One of the most widely acknowledged is the </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">theory
of health seeking-behaviour<span class="apple-converted-space"> by </span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-4"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anderson and Newman (1973</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The theory has a multilevel model that incorporates
both individual and contextual determinants of health services use. In doing
so, it divides the major components of contextual characteristics in the same
way as individual characteristics have traditionally been divided—those that
predispose, enable , or suggest need for individual use of health services (<span class="apple-style-span">Andersen, 2008</span>). In their most recent explication
of the model, Andersen & Davidson (<span class="apple-style-span">2001)</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>described these three major components
as follows: (i) <em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Predisposing
factors.</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Individual
predisposing factors include the demographic characteristics of age and sex as
“biological imperatives” , social factors such as education, occupation,
ethnicity and social relationships (e.g., family status), and mental factors in
terms of health beliefs (e.g., attitudes, values, and knowledge related to
health and health services). Contextual factors predisposing individuals to the
use of health services include the demographic and social composition of
communities, collective and organizational values, cultural norms and political
perspectives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Enabling factors are factors such
as f</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">inancing and organizational factors which are
considered to serve as conditions enabling services utilization. Individual
financing factors involve the income and wealth at an individual’s disposal to
pay for health services and the effective price of health care which is
determined by the individual’s health insurance status and cost-sharing
requirements. Organizational factors entail whether an individual has a regular
source of care and the nature of that source. They also include means of
transportation, travel time to and waiting time for health care. At the
contextual level, financing encompasses the resources available within the
community for health services, such as per capita community income, affluence,
the rate of health insurance coverage, the relative price of goods and
services, methods of compensating providers, and health care expenditures.
Organization at this level refers to the amount, varieties, locations,
structures and distribution of health services facilities and personnel. It
also involves physician and hospital density, office hours, provider mix,
quality management oversight, and outreach and education programs. Health policies
also fall into the category of contextual enabling factors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The third factor is the <em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">need factors</span>.</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>At the individual level, there is
difference between perceived need for health services (i.e., how people view
and experience their own general health, functional state and illness symptoms)
and evaluated need (i.e., professional assessments and objective measurements
of patients’ health status and need for medical care). At the contextual level,
they make a distinction between environmental need characteristics and
population health indices. Environmental need reflects the health-related
conditions of the environment (e.g., occupational and traffic and crime-related
injury and death rates). Population health indices are overall measures of
community health, including epidemiological indicators of mortality, morbidity,
and disability.<span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">According to Andersen and Newman (1973), the need factor is
the most immediate cause of health service use. The need factor reflects the
perceived health status, as indicated by severity of the morbidity conditions
or the number of morbidities. The presence of predisposing and enabling
components may not be enough for a mother to seek health care. She must
perceive the disease as serious and believe that the treatment will provide the
expected benefits (</span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-10"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fosu, 1994</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">). Need represents the most immediate
cause of health service use. The need for health care can be measured in a
variety of ways: self-perceived health status, number of morbidity symptoms, or
duration and severity of disability (</span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-9"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fiedler, 1981</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">). Perceived severity or number of
episodes of diseases has a positive association with greater MCH care
utilization among the child-bearing mothers. </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">However, this theory will be used in
the present work to explain factors that determine the level of provision and
utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Attachment theory.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Attachment
theory focuses on the relationships and bonds between people, particularly
long-term relationships including those between a patients and health-care
provider. Attachment is an emotional bond to another person (Cherry, 2013). <span class="apple-style-span">According to Ciechanowski, Walker, Katon and Russo
(2002) Theory of Attachment is a framework of ideas that attempt to explain
attachment, the almost universal human tendency to prefer certain familiar
companions over other people, especially when ill, injured, or distressed.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Psychologist, </span><a href="http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesal/p/john-bowlby.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bowlby</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1969),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was the first
attachment theorist, describing attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness
between human beings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bowlby (1969)
believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have
a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. He suggested attachment
also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's
chances of survival. The central theme of attachment theory is that primary
caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant's needs allow the
child to develop a sense of security (Cherry, 2013). The infant knows that the
caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then
explore the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This analogy
can be extended to the patients-health providers relationship. People get
attached to health providers who give them sense of health security. This is
why a patient likes one doctor or nurse more than the other(s). If his/her
doctor or nurse is no longer at the hospital (may be transferred), he/she finds
it difficult to continue using the health services in the hospital. Moreover, a
patient may have the same attachment to a particular hospital just as an infant
knows that its care-giver is dependable. He/she believes that the hospital has
genuine drugs, trained health personnel among other reason.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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<td></td>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Separation,
depression and anxiety <o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<b
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<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>Withdrawal and search for
alternative source of help, joy, security and confidence.</span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>PATIENTS’ NEEDS<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Care-giver, drugs, location <o:p></o:p></b></p>
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text-indent:-9.0pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo7'>
<![if !supportLists]><span
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</span></span></span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>
<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Felt
security, love and <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;line-height:
normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>confidence</span></b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>
<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<![if !mso]>
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<tr>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Increased
utilization of MCH services<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>ATTACHMENT
THEORY<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;color:#333333'>People love and get attached to their care-givers</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.5pt;color:#333333'>.</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>THEORY OF HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span
class=apple-style-span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>The use of health care services is a
function of predisposing characteristics, enabling characteristics
and<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>need characteristics.</span></b></span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>YES<o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"'>Figure 2: <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>A</i> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>theoretical framework adapted from Fraley and Shaver (2000)<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></p>
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<!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
2 above is a theoretical framework adapted from the work of Fraley and Shaver.
The researcher modified the framework to suit the present discourse. The double
arrows linking the two theories are used to demonstrate that the two theories
agree that people are always attracted to where things that catch their
interest. When the patients’ needs (such as cost of medication, personnel of
interest among others) are met in the arrow tagged “yes”, they feel loved,
secured and confident, and level of MCH services utilization increases. Depression,
anger and frustration set in when these needs are not met (see the arrow tagged
“NO”). Patients may resort to withdrawal. Some patients may begin to look for
another way out while others may remain at home not looking for alternate help.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical
Studies<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">examined
the factors that influence the use of maternal health care services in
Bangladesh. Prospective data obtained from the survey on Maternal Morbidity in
Bangladesh, which was conducted by the Bangladesh Institute of Research for
Promotion of Essential and Reproductive Health and Technologies (BIRPERHT) was
used.</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Data collection spanned the period from November 1992 to
December 1993. The study had two components: cross-sectional and prospective.
The paper employed data from the prospective component. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Multi-stage random sampling was
employed to collect data on maternal morbidity. One district from each of four
divisions was selected in the first stage. In the second stage, one thana (a
thana contains several ‘unions’, comprising a population size of 0.2–0.25
million) from each selected district was selected randomly. Finally, two unions
(unions consist of several ‘wards’, which are small geographical boundaries
comprising villages in rural areas) from each selected thana were considered
study areas. For the prospective study, 1020 pregnant women (pregnant for <6 1020="" 993="" antenatal="" at="" follow-up="" had="" interviewed.="" least="" months="" o:p="" of="" one="" out="" pregnant="" selected.="" were="" who="" women=""></6></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results showed that older women
are more likely to seek maternal health-care
services than younger women. The results from the study indicated a U-shaped
relationship with birth order and the use of health services to treat maternal
morbidities. The percentage of women who
sought care from a doctor, nurse or FWV to treat any complications decreases
from 29 per cent in women with no previous pregnancies to 26.1 per cent in
mothers with one to four previous pregnancies; it increases again to 35.1 per
cent in women with five or more previous pregnancies. The use of traditional
and other health services related to the number of previous pregnancies also
show a similar pattern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results show a U-shaped relation
between family size and the use of health services for treating any
complications during pregnancy. The percentage of women who sought care from
qualified medical personnel, i.e. a doctor, nurse or FWV, to treat
complications decreases from 30.3 per cent in women with less than four family
members to 23.2 per cent among mothers with four to six family members, and
increases again to 33.6 per cent in women with seven or more family members.
The use of traditional and other health services does not show a similar
pattern in relation to family size.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results from this study also
support the positive association between the level of mother's education and
health care utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">The results indicate that
female education has a net effect on maternal health service use, independent
of other background characteristics, household socioeconomic status and access
to health care services.</span> The percentage of women who sought care from
qualified medical personal for treating complications increases from 26.5 per
cent among illiterate women to 34.6 per cent among women with secondary or
higher education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The study revealed that women whose husbands worked in
business or services were most likely to be users of modern health care
services to treat complications during pregnancy. About 33.4 per cent of women
whose husbands worked in business or services went to some qualified medical
personnel for treatment, compared with 24 per cent among those whose husbands
worked in agriculture or as day laborers. Also, women's involvement in gainful
employment empowers women to take part in decision-making processes about
health care in the family. About 35.4 per cent of women who worked for cash
went to some qualified medical personnel for treatment, compared with only 25.3
per cent of those who did not work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">There was no substantial difference
in utilization of health care services for complications according to how far
respondents lived from health facilities. This result is quite surprising
because the respondents residing in close proximity to health care services are
more likely to use them. The study finally revealed that mother's education (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.05), age at marriage (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>< 0.10) and type of housing (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) appeared to be associated positively with treatment received, while
family size (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) was negatively associated with receiving treatment for complications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Heuvel%20OA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vanden,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=de%20Mey%20WG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De Mey, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Buddingh%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddingh</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bots%20ML%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bots</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1999) conducted a research which aimed at <span class="apple-style-span">determining
the coverage of antenatal and delivery care and the determinants of
non-compliance in a rural area of Zimbabwe in order to improve the quality and
efficiency of maternal health care services. A community-based, cross-sectional
study was carried out in the catchment area of Gutu Mission Hospital, in rural
Zimbabwe, from January to June 1996. Two hundred and thirty-five women, aged 16
to 54 years, who had delivered a child in the past three years, were
interviewed on general characteristics (age, marital status, religion,
education, work), obstetric history, use of family planning, pregnancy
complications, number of antenatal visits, and use of maternity waiting
shelters. Associations of these factors to non-use of antenatal care facilities
and hospital delivery were studied. In the Gutu district, guidelines exist to
identify women at high risk of complications during pregnancy and to indicate
where women should give birth (hospital, rural clinic or at home). The study
evaluated which factors were important for non-compliance to these guidelines.
The analyses were performed using a logistic regression model.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Results
show that 97 per cent of the pregnant women attended the antenatal care
facilities at least once. 73 per cent came at least five times or more. </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The level of mother's education influenced
health care utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">Belonging to certain
religious groups proved to be the strongest explanatory factor for not
attending antenatal care facilities. Use of maternity waiting shelters and
complications during the pregnancy were important factors for hospital
delivery, whereas unemployment and being without a husband were associated with
deliveries outside the hospital. Identification as high risk of a complicated
pregnancy by application of the existing guidelines was not associated with
place of delivery. Delivery at a location that did not conform to the existing
guidelines was associated with non-use of maternity waiting shelters,
unemployment or being without a husband and use of traditional care.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kiwanuka%20SN%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kiwanuka,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ekirapa%20EK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ekirapa,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peterson%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peterson, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Okui%20O%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Okui, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rahman%20MH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rahman,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peters%20D%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peters</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Pariyo (2008)<span class="apple-style-span"> conducted a systematic review of socio-economic
differences in morbidity and access to health care in Uganda. It includes
published studies from electronic databases and official reports from surveys
done by government, bilateral and multilateral agencies and universities. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
outcome measures studied were: the distribution of HIV/AIDS; maternal and child
morbidity; and access to and utilisation of health services for people
belonging to different socio-economic and vulnerability groups. Forty-eight of
678 identified studies met the inclusion criteria for the study. Results
indicated that the poor and vulnerable experience a greater burden of disease
but have lower access to health services than the less poor. Barriers to access
arise from both the service providers and the consumers. Distance to service
points, perceived quality of care and availability of drugs are key
determinants of utilization. Other barriers are perceived lack of skilled staff
in public facilities, late referrals, health worker attitude, costs of care and
lack of knowledge.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Govindasamy and Ramesh (1997) conducted a
study to ascertain the relationship between m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">aternal education and the utilization of maternal and child health
services in India. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Using data from the National Family Health
Survey 1992–93, they examined the relationship between maternal schooling and factors
known to reduce the risks of maternal and child mortality, namely, healthcare
practices, for some selected northern and southern states in India. They hypothesized
that the practices of educated women are quite different from those of
uneducated women with regard to pregnancy, childbirth, immunization, and
management of childhood diseases such as diarrhoea and acute respiratory
infection (ARI). However, there exist a number of confounding factors such as socioeconomic
status that are associated with the study of the impact of maternal education
on health-care utilization. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The hypothesis that the relationship between
mother’s education and healthcare practices might be the result of other
variables was tested, and regression analysis on several of these variables was
carried out. It was evident that a higher level of maternal education results
in improved child survival because health services that effectively prevent
fatal childhood diseases are used to a greater extent by mothers with higher education
than by those with little or no education. The study concluded that the
benefits of maternal education persist even when other socioeconomic factors
are taken into account.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditekemena
(2013) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">conducted a study which aimed at identifying
the determinants of male partners’ involvement in MCH activities, focusing
specifically on HIV prevention of maternal to child transmission (PMTCT) in
sub-Saharan Africa. Source of information was through the following data bases:
Pubmed/MEDLINE; CINAHL; EMBASE; COCHRANE; Psych INFORMATION and the websites of
the International AIDS Society (IAS), the International AIDS Conference and the
International Conference on AIDS in Africa (ICASA) 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was found that the majority of
studies defined male participation as male involvement solely during antenatal
HIV testing. Other studies defined male involvement as any male participation
in HIV couple counseling. The study identified three main determinants for male
participation in PMTCT services: 1) Socio-demographic factors such as level of
education, income status; 2) health services related factors such as opening
hours of services, behavior of health providers and the lack of space to
accommodate male partners; and 3) Sociologic factors such as beliefs, attitudes
and communication between men and women.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was concluded in the study that there
are many challenges to increase male involvement/participation in PMTCT
services and that few interventions addressing these challenges have been
evaluated and reported. The study recommended that improvement of antenatal
care services by making them more male friendly, and health education campaigns
to change beliefs and attitudes of men are absolutely needed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">unaffordable
medical bills is a major barrier to utilization of maternal and child
healthcare services leading to a very high maternal and perinatal mortality and
the inability to attain the MDG4 and MDG5 in many developing countries, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Okafor, Obi and Ugwu (2011) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">conducted
a study which examined the uptakes of obstetric services following introduction
of Free Maternal and Child Health Care (FMCHC) in Enugu State University
Teaching Hospital, Southeast Nigeria and its impact on the maternal and
neonatal healthcare outcome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Information
from a retrospective comparative study of the utilizations of maternal and
child healthcare services from June to August in 2008 with that of September to
November in 2008 after commencement of the FMCHC were utilized. Information on
all the pregnant women and neonates in their first week of Life that attended
clinic within the period under review was collected from the Medical Records
department of the hospital.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study revealed that FMCHC caused tremendous increases in the uptakes of
antenatal booking (202.2%), and hospital delivery (151.8%). It also resulted in
decreased maternal and perinatal mortality by 16.4 per cent and 34 per cent
respectively. It was concluded in the study that implementation of FMCHC can
make MDG4 and MDG5 attainable in sub-Saharan Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Banerjee%20B%5Bauth%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Banerjee</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2009) investigated the level of </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">information,
education, and communication (IEC) services <span class="apple-style-span">regarding
pregnancy and child care, received by the women at an MCH clinic of an urban
health center of Kolkata. </span>A community-based, cross-sectional,
observational study was undertaken over a period of six months, in an urban
health centre (UHC) of Kolkata that caters to a mixed population of 1.18 from
all sections of the community. The study subjects comprised 400 antenatal (AN)
and postnatal (PN) mothers and mothers of children under five (U5) years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">To determine sample size,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">was taken as 0.5, considering the theory
of probability that 50</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> are likely to have received the services, which also
gives the maximum sample size. Thus, sample comprised 400 women, considering 95</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> confidence interval and allowing 10</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> error.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
number of under 5 children was noted from the records, and the estimated number
of AN and PN mothers at one point of time were calculated from the birth rate
and population of the area during the previous year. To determine the size of
these different groups within the sample, approximately 15 per cent of the
total population in each group was taken. Thus, the sample comprised 350 U5
children and 50 AN and PN mothers. Only one person was selected from each
household if more than one eligible participant was found.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
was collected by house visits and interview method, using a pre tested, semi
structured schedule which included IEC services, received by the mothers,
regarding important points about pregnancy and child care, in the AN and PN
period. Proportion of women receiving such services regarding issues under
consideration was analyzed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Results
show that <span class="apple-style-span">warning signs of danger was explained to
only 10</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the AN and PN women.
Advice regarding family planning appeared to be the most frequently covered,
though that too was explained to less than half of the subjects. About one
third of the women were advised on breast feeding. Only 8</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the mothers had been told about all issues regarding
pregnancy and child care. Breast feeding and weaning was properly explained to
85.7 and 81.1</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the total mothers
of U5 children. Advice regarding subsequent nutrition was given to 60.9</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of mothers. About only a quarter of the
total mothers were advised on home management of diarrhea and acute respiratory
infections. Very few mothers were counseled about the growth pattern of the
children and none were shown the growth chart. Only 12.9</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the mothers were informed about all issues.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Based on the findings above, it was
concluded that provision of information, education, and communication regarding
maternal and child care other than feeding practices was a neglected service in
the health facility where the study was conducted.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Materia%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Materia,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mehari%20W%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mehari,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mele%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mele,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rosmini%20F%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rosmini, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Stazi%20MA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stazi, </span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Damen%20HM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Damen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Basile%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Basile,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Miuccio%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Miuccio,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferrigno%20L%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferrigno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Miozzo%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Miozzo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(1993) conducted a community survey on maternal and child health services
utilization in rural Ethiopia. Cross sectional research design was employed in
the study. The instruments used for data collection were interview and focus
group discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="apple-style-span">A household
health interview survey on MCH services utilization was carried out among
mothers of child bearing age in 22 villages of a rural district of Arsi region,
Ethiopia, before the launching of an integrated MCH programme. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result showed that the coverage of
antenatal services was 26</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">and 61</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">of
the women who received antenatal care reported having had 3 or more visits.
Antenatal care was positively associated with living within 10 km of the Health
Centre. Twenty-eight percent of the mothers attended the under-5 clinic and
most returned for 3 or more visits. In addition, 99</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">reported having breast-fed their last child but more
than 25</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">started weaning only after
the seventh month of age. Differences in practice of treating diarrhoea
according to knowledge of ORS were found. Of the 33</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">of those with knowledge of ORS, almost 90</span> per
cent <span class="apple-style-span">reported use of ORS for treating child's
diarrhoea, showing a positive attitude towards modern health care. The
proportion of women using family planning was 5</span> per cent, <span class="apple-style-span">with no difference found between Christians and Muslims.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Audo%20MO%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Audo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferguson%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferguson</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Njoroge%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Njoroge </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">(2005)<span class="Heading4Char"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span">the quality of care
provided by the Kisumu Municipal health facilities in Kenya, </span>and its
effects in the utilization of maternal and child health (MCH) services. A <span class="apple-style-span">descriptive cross-sectional survey was employed in
studying a total of 482 mothers. Interview was the instrument used for data
collection.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result of the study revealed that only
40.4</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent<span class="apple-style-span">, 53.7</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> and 45.7</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> had respectively used Municipal facilities for
antenatal services (ANC), immunization and treatment of their children the last
time they required such a service. This translates to by-pass rates for
Municipal health facilities of 59.5</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span">, 46.3</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> and
54.3</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> respectively for the three
services. By-pass was higher for the more central urban catchment areas than
the more peripheral ones, a finding that was associated with the socio-economic
status of the respondents and the relative location of the municipal facilities
vis-a-vis competing facilities, mainly the District and Provincial hospitals. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The main reasons cited for by-pass were
poor care (21%), lack of drugs and supplies (17%) and lack of/poor laboratory
services (12%). From the facility audit, most of the clinics had a reasonable
capacity to offer basic health care with only three scoring less than 50</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> in the scale used. The worst areas were
in availability of drugs, equipment and management issues. There was a strong
relationship between the perceived quality of care and utilization of MCH
services as well as by-pass. The capacity of the facilities to offer care was
however not associated with utilization of MCH services or by-pass. However, it
was concluded in the study that there is under-utilization of Municipal health
facilities for MCH services. This is related to the perceived poor quality of
care in the facilities. Perception of quality is influenced by a person's
socio-economic status especially education.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mwaniki%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mwaniki</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kabiru%20EW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kabiru</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mbugua%20GG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mbugua</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(2002) researched utilization of antenatal and maternity services by mothers
seeking child welfare services in Mbeere District, Eastern Province of Kenya.
The <span class="apple-style-span">Cross-sectional, descriptive research design
was employed in the study. Two hundred mothers bringing their children aged one
year and below to the child welfare clinic between September and December 2000
were studied.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study revealed that the
proportion of mothers who utilized health facilities for antenatal and
maternity services was 97.5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and 52</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, respectively. Utilization of
health facilities for maternity services was significantly influenced by number
of children and distance to health facility in that, as number of children
increased, utilization of maternity services reduced. Mothers living less than
5 km to a health facility utilized the services better than those living 5 km
and beyond. Among the reasons given by the mothers (individual respondents and
through Focus Group Discussions) regarding dissatisfaction with the services
offered included shortage of drugs and essential supplies, lack of commitment
by staff, poor quality of food and lack of cleanliness in the health
facilities.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coverage for antenatal services was
high among mothers during their last pregnancy. However, only about half of the
mothers interviewed utilized health facilities for maternity services (labour
and delivery). The major constraints experienced by the mothers as they sought
for the services (as reported by individual respondents and through Focus Group
Discussions) included lack of transport, lack of money for transport and
hospital fee and delay in admission to health facility once mothers report in
labour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kongnyuy%20EJ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kongnyuy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Hofman%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hofman,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mlava%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mlava,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mhango%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mhango </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Broek%20N%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Van Den</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(2009) investigated the availability, utilisation and quality of basic and
comprehensive emergency obstetric care services in Malawi. The study s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">urveyed of all the 73 health
facilities (13 hospitals and 60 health centres) that provide maternity services
in the three districts (population, 2,812,183).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Result
of the study shows that </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">there
were 1.6 comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) facilities per 500,000
population and 0.8 basic emergency obstetric care (BEmOC) facilities per
125,000 population. About 23</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of deliveries were conducted in
emergency obstetric care (EmOC) facilities and the met need for emergency
obstetric complications was 20.7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The case fatality rate for emergency
obstetric complications treated in health facilities was 2.0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Up to 86.7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of pregnant women attended
antenatal clinic at least once and only 12.0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of them attend postnatal clinic at
least once. There was a shortage of qualified staff and unequal distribution
with more staff in hospitals leaving health centres severely understaffed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The total number of CEmOC facilities
was adequate but the distribution is unequal, leaving some rural areas with
poor access to CEmOC services. There are no functional BEmOC facilities in the
three districts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Vallières, McAuliffe, Palmer, Magbity and Bangura
(2013) conducted a research </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">which assessed the effects of both
mobile phones and 7-11 timed and targeted counseling (7-11/ttC) mobile
application on health workers’ motivation and health care service delivery
structures in Sierra Leone <span class="apple-style-span">given that Sierra Leone is consistently ranked among the
countries with the highest maternal mortality ratio (970 per 100,000), and that
women in Sierra Leone have a 1 in 21 lifetime risk of dying as a result of
pregnancy</span>. The main
objective of the research was to examine changes in Community Health Workers’
motivation, triggered by the introduction of the 7-11/ttC mobile application,
and assess how this mediates health worker performance over time. Motivation
levels will be assessed in conjunction with other factors including:
supervision, organisational commitment, and job satisfaction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A
longitudinal cohort design to monitor individual and group changes in
motivation, organizational commitment, supervision and job-satisfaction across
three intervention groups over a period of 18 months was employed.
Participants were initially contacted from a list of active CHWs in the area,
provided by the Bonthe District Health Management Team (DHMT). All 333
community health workers on the mainland in addition to one in-charge member of
staff from all 26 health care centres in the area were asked if they were
willing to participate in the study. Within this sample size, both males
and females were represented equally as part of the selection criteria for CHWs
within each PHU. In order to ensure that all CHWs had the same basic level of
7-11/ttC training, CHWs completed the 7-11/ttC training jointly conducted by
the DHMT and World Vision. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results from systematic reviews of
CHW programmes confirmed that CHWs provided critical links between rural
communities and the formal health system and have been shown to reduce child morbidity
and mortality when compared to usual healthcare services. The study also
revealed that CHWs’ potential however, is hampered by inadequate supervision,
lack of locally relevant incentive systems, loss of motivation, insufficient
recognition and community support, poor connectivity to health facilities, and
knowledge retention problems. Moreover, it was found that higher attrition
rates are often associated with programmes where CHWs are asked to volunteer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The study recommended that with
appropriate support and sufficient training, CHWs can potentially play a
pivotal role in strengthening health systems in areas with poor human resources
for health. More specifically, they are an important resource for
implementing interventions targeting reductions in neonatal mortality and
tracking women throughout their pregnancy while simultaneously promoting
appropriate maternal and newborn care practices. It was concluded in the study
that the motivation of CHWs and the risk of high attrition rates therefore have
important implications for the effectiveness, success, cost, credibility and
continuity of CHW-based programmes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">IRIN News (2006) reported a finding on
the side effects of free maternal and child health services in Burundi. The
source of information was through the mothers and children hospital health
records. The reports revealed that<i> </i>a new
policy of free medical care for Burundian mothers and children was intended to
improve their lives; instead it has crippled the nation's health system</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">;
that p<span class="apple-style-span">ublic hospitals in Burundi have recorded
double, sometimes triple, the number of patients since a presidential directive
for free paediatric and maternal health services was implemented on 1 May; and
that overcrowded wards, a shortage of doctors and other medical staff, as well
as patients' inability to afford prescribed medications are some of the
challenges health officials are now facing.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study recommend that the government should</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> increase medical staff, compel all
health centres to remain open 24 hours and reinforce weekend teams to cope with
the growing influx of patients. In addition to recruiting more staff, the
government needed to increase salaries in order to stem an exodus of doctors
from government service.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Summary of Literature
Review <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> The
focus of the present study is to investigate the level of provision and
utilization of free MCH services among the child-bearing mothers in Igbo-Eze
North LGA of Enugu State. Literature revealed that Nigeria is second country
(after India) with highest cases of maternal and child mortality and morbidity.
This led to the introduction of free MCH services in most states in Nigeria
including Enugu State. Yet, literature consistently report that there is still
high rate of maternal and child mortality and morbidity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In the present
study, the free MCH services are those
free health services given to mothers and their children regardless of their
ability to pay for the services in order to reduce the rate of maternal and
child death and achieve the optimal health of both the mother and her child.
Provision and utilization of MCH services remains the only proven tool for
reducing the rate of maternal and child mortality. Definitions of concepts such
as provision, utilization, and extent as given by different authors were
x-rayed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Certain variables have
been found to influence the extent of provision and utilization of MCH
services. One of such variables is economic status. Increased income was
documented to have a positive effect on the utilization of modern health care
services. Also, women's involvement in gainful employment empowers women to
take part in decision-making processes about health care in the family.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mother’s level of
education was also shown to influence the extent of utilization of MCH services.
It is argued that better educated women are more aware of health problems; know
more about the availability of health care services; and use this information
more effectively to maintain or achieve good health status. It was also found
that a higher level of maternal education results in improved child survival
because health services that effectively prevent fatal childhood diseases are
used to a greater extent by mothers with higher education than by those with
little or no education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Apart from mother’s
level of education, age of mother was also shown to influence the extent of
utilization of MCH services.</span><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">
Findings on how age influences health care utilization are not consistent. Some
reports show that older women utilize health services more than their younger
counterparts but the reverse is reported by some other studies. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The third school of thought believes that one would
naturally seek care when distressed irrespective of one’s age. This means that
age has no influence on the mothers’ extent of utilization of health services.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The location and
quality of services available are also important factors affecting MCH services
utilization. Proximity to a health facility has been found to affect the use of
MCH services especially in rural areas as these facilities are usually located
at long distances. For many, lack of transportation and/or considerations of
the cost of transportation serve as mitigating factors to healthcare seeking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The theories of anchor
in the present study are: the theory of health seeking-behaviour <span class="apple-converted-space">by </span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-4"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anderson and Newman
(1973</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and the attachment theory by Bolby (1969). The tenet of the theory of health
seeking-behaviour is that utilization of health services depends the
predisposing (such age, gender etc); enabling factor like income level; and
need factor (perceived needs and evaluated needs). The tenet of the Attachment
theory is that there is <span class="apple-style-span">universal human tendency
to prefer certain familiar companions over other people, especially when ill,
injured, or distressed.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Literature
revealed that the rate of maternal and child mortality globally is unacceptably
high especially in developing countries including Nigeria despite the widely
publicized free health programmes and policies which target reduction of
maternal and child mortality. This led to copious studies on the extent of
provision and utilization of free maternal and child health services. However,
most of the literatures on the topic describe the situation as it exists
elsewhere. None of such studies, to the best of the knowledge of the present
researcher, has been conducted in Igbo-Eze North Local Government of Enugu
State. The present study fills the gap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Paul, B.
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Requejo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Vocabulary</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.com</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2013). <i>What
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">/dictionary/provision.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-46448935495644098692014-04-28T05:44:00.003-07:002014-04-28T05:44:30.920-07:00Importance of provision and utilization of MCH services<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:roundrect
id="_x0000_s1120" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:407.1pt;margin-top:-46.25pt;width:114.9pt;height:78.2pt;z-index:251751424'
arcsize="10923f" fillcolor="white [3212]" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout; position: relative; z-index: 251751424;"><span style="height: 105px; left: 0px; left: 542px; position: absolute; top: -62px; width: 154px;"><img height="105" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1120" width="154" /></span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">CHAPTER
TWO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Review of Related Literature<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This
chapter presents the review of related literature on <span class="apple-style-span">the extent of provision and utilization of free MCHS
among the childbearing mothers in Igbo-Eze North LGA of Enugu State</span>.
Literature on the subject abound. A few of them are from Nigeria while a great
number of them are conducted elsewhere in foreign countries. The review of
related literature is organized under the following headings:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Conceptual Framework<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Concept
of maternal and child health services (MCHS)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Provision
and Utilization of health services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 115%;">Measurement
of extent of provision and utilization of MCHS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Demographic
factors associated with the extent of utilization of free MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theoretical
Framework <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory of health seeking-behaviour. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory of attachment. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical
Studies on Extent of Provision and Utilization of Free MCH Services <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Summary of Literature
Review <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Conceptual Framework<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This section will
review the concepts of MCHS, and extent of provision and utilization of MCHS.
Numerous researchers have defined MCHS diversely. However, most of them have
common conceptual focus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Concept
of maternal and child health services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal
and child health services (MCHS) are those health services provided for childbearing
mothers and their children to protect them from sickness, trauma and death. <span class="apple-style-span">Department of Education and Early Childhood-DEEC (2013)
defined Maternal and Child Health Service as a universal primary care service
for families with children from birth to school age. </span>The targets for MCHS
are all women in their reproductive age groups, i.e., 15 - 49 years of age,
children, school age population and adolescents (Addisse, 2003). Oklahoma State
Department of Health-OSDH, (2013) added that MCHS’s mission is to provide state
leadership, in partnership with key stake holders, to improve the physical and
mental health, safety and well-being of the mother and child population. <span class="apple-style-span">The service provides a comprehensive and focused
approach for the promotion, prevention, early detection, and intervention of
the physical, emotional or social factors affecting the health of young
children and their families in contemporary communities (DEEC, 2013).</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">MCHS
is aimed at helping to improve the health of mothers and their newborns in
order to reduce maternal and child morbidity and mortality. This may be only possible
if the services are accessible to mothers and children in terms of financial
cost. This may be why the Department of Health and Human Services-DHHS (2010)
described MCHS as a broad array of programmes organized to improve the
availability of and access to high quality preventive and primary health care
for all children and to reproductive health care for all woman and their
partners regardless of their ability to pay. In the present study, MCH services
are those health services given to
mothers and their children regardless of their ability to pay for the services
in order to reduce the rate of maternal and child death and achieve the optimal
health for both the mother and her child. Programmes under MCHS may include maternal
health and child health.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal health services (MHS) are all the health care services a mother
receives during pregnancy, childbirth and after child birth. Onuzulike (2004)
defined MHS as health or health-related care fashioned towards helping mother
to cope successfully with physical or psychological strains under which they
are exposed to in the course of fulfilling their roles as wives and mothers.
Mothers need assistance in their childbearing period because they face with a
lot of challenges in this period. Federal Ministry of Health-FMOH (2007)
identified that during pregnancy and childbirth, mothers are always challenged
by conditions such as haemorrhage, puerperal, sepsis, obstructed labour, unsafe
abortion and pregnancy-induced hypertension. Others are malaria, HIV and
AIDs, diabetes mellitus and
hepatitis. This makes the mothers
a vulnerable <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">group. In the
context of this study, MHS means health services for the mother during
pregnancy, childbirth and 6 months after delivery. Maternal health services may
include prenatal care, antenatal care, delivery care, and postpartum care.
Others are family planning, emergency obstetric care, and post-abortion care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Pre-conception
cares are health actions directed toward preparing a mother for a safe and a
risky-free pregnancy and child-bearing. PATHS (2005), and Ara and Islam (2013)
described pre-conception care as the information and services (such as
screening for and managing conditions which may complicate pregnancy,
childbirth and health of the mother and child) given to an individual or couple
who intend to biologically father or mother a child. According to Holt (2008), </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pre-conception counseling may
include assessment of lifestyle such as diet, exercise, consumption of alcohol
or tobacco, and ways of dealing with stress; recommendation of vitamins;
administration of necessary vaccinations; and general advice about maintaining
healthy habits. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Koblinsky and Corberff (1987) observed
that the risk of maternal death is up to 15 times higher for women who do not
receive pre-natal care than it is for those who do. However, when a woman
eventually gets pregnant, she needs antenatal care for her welfare and that of
her unborn child.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Antenatal
care is the care of the women during pregnancy. Park (2014) <span style="background: white;">defined antenatal care as the care which mothers
receive from healthcare professionals during their pregnancies. </span>The
above report further<span style="background: white;"> noted that the purpose of
antenatal care is to monitor mothers’ health, the babies’ health and support
families to make child-bearing plans which are right for them. </span>During
pregnancy, it is very important that mother takes good care of her own health
and that of her baby. This includes taking good nutrition at appropriate
quantity and quality. According to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UNFPA (2014),</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> the primary objective
of antenatal care is to establish contact with the women, and identify and
manage current <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and potential
risks and problems. UNFPA </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2014)
maintained </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">that this creates the opportunity for the woman and
her health care provider to establish a delivery plan based on her unique
needs, resources and circumstances. Therefore, the delivery plan identifies her
intentions about where and with whom she intends to give birth and contingency
plans in the event of complications (transport, place of referral, etc). With
this, a mother may be guaranteed a safe-delivery.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Safe-delivery is a
procedure of assisting women who undergo rigorous labour processes and
peurperium without injury, infection or any form of morbidity (PATHS, 2005). If
pregnant women are handled effectively during labour, the factors that lead to
maternal mortality and morbidity may be drastically reduced. <span style="background: white;">After delivery, a mother still needs a postpartum
care.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A woman, in the course
of childbirth may undergo enormous physiological and emotional stress. She
needs to be cared for after delivery so that she may fully recover from the
pains accompanying childbirth. This care is known as postpartum care. Adama
(2008) defined postpartum care as the care given to mothers after delivery to
recuperate from injuries associated with childbirth. This seems to reverse the
physiological changes that occurred during pregnancy and delivery, and to
restore the body to its pre-pregnancy state. During this period, breastfeeding
is established, and family planning is introduced to avert early occurrence of
another pregnancy (Lucas & Gilles, 2003). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Family planning
involves the management of number and space of births. Derek (1993) described
family planning as a means of helping individuals and couples choose the number
of children they will have. He added that the choice depends on a complicated
mixture of social, cultural and psychological influences. PATHS (2005) defined
family planning as a way of thinking and living adopted voluntarily upon the
basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible decisions by individual and
couples in order to promote the health of family and thus contribute
effectively to the social development of the country. Another care for the
mother worth discussing is abortion and post-abortion care.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Abortion means
termination of pregnancy before the end of its term. It is the death or
expulsion of the foetus either spontaneously or by induction before the 28<sup>th
</sup>week of the pregnancy (Myles, 2009). According to Umar (1993), abortion
involves the detachment, forcing out or expulsion of the incompletely developed
foetus or embryo from the mother’s womb before viability. Abortion always comes
with complications making post-abortion care very necessary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Post-abortion care
means after-abortion care. This means care given to a woman following abortion.
NPSM (2003) described post-abortion as offering contraception to a woman who
has experienced an abortion complication as a way of preventing subsequent
abortion. The above report recommended the need for administration of broad
spectrum antibiotics intravenous fluids, and blood transfusion to prevent,
infection, de-hydration and anaemia that may lead to maternal morbidity or mortality.
In addition to the foregoing, mothers need obstetric and other maternal cares.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Emergency obstetric
care and Life saving skills are cares given to a woman to ensure that risks of
complications associated with pregnancy and delivery are prevented. Emergency
obstetric care and Life saving skills are targeted towards saving the life and
promoting the health of the mother and her child in the course of and after
delivery (PATHS, 2005). UNFPA (2014) advised that since up to 50 per cent of
maternal deaths occur after delivery, a midwife or a trained and supervised
Traditional Birth Attendant (TBA) should visit all mothers as soon as possible
within the first 24-48 hours after birth. Ara and Islam (2013) advised that the
midwife or TBA should assess the mother's general condition and recovery after
childbirth and identify any special needs. A child also needs health services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Child health services
(CHS) are services directed towards ensuring that a child is totally healthy.
WHO (2000) defined CHS as an aspect of modern services specifically designed
for health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment of children under five
years of age. According to Park (2009), CHS is that branch of medical science
that deals with the care of children from conception to childhood, in health
and disease. According to Bennette (2004), CHS comprises immunization services,
promotion of breastfeeding, oral rehydration therapy, nutrition education,
antennal and postnatal treatment of minor prevalent illnesses as well as outreach
programmes. In the present study, CHS refers to an aspect of modern services
specifically designed for health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment
of children under five years of age. AlHilfy and Esaa (2007) had aptly noted
that mothers and children are vulnerable groups that need special care through
maternal care; for women in the child-bearing period, especially the pregnant
and lactating, and through child care; for children below five years infants
and preschool children. If all these programmes are fully pursued, the rates of
morbidity and mortality may be reduced to the barest minimum among the under 5
and childbearing mothers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A childbearing mother is one in her reproductive age (i.e. between
puberty and menopause). She may be described as that woman who has the natural
capability to conceive and give birth, and who may be between the ages of 12 to
49 or above. Child-bearing age has been described as <span class="apple-style-span">the period in a woman’s life between puberty and
menopause (Williams & Wilkins, 2006). Experts, as reported by Medical News
Today-MNT (2005), advised that the best age for childbearing remains
20-35. MNT (2005) warned that
age-related fertility problems increase after 35 and dramatically after 40.
Under-aged mothers may also be at the high risk of pregnancy-related
complication. </span>WHO (2012) reported that young adolescents face a higher
risk of complications and death as a result of pregnancy than older women.
Studies like Jatau (2000), and <span class="apple-style-span">Williams and Wilkins (2006) </span>showed that
adolescent pregnancy is an exploding problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. Young women
under 20 years of age in Africa are more likely to have a child than those in
other regions (Daly, Azefor & Nasah, 1993). For example, by age 18 more
than 40 percent of the women in Africa have given birth already (Senderwitz
1993). In clarifying this, Daly, Azefor and Nasah (1993) reported that in
Africa, 1 in 5 adolescent women will have a birth in a given year. They noted
that most of the births to teenagers are first births and women having their
first child carry higher risk of serious medical complications. The above
report further reveals that babies who are first births face a higher infant
mortality rate than higher order births and this risk is even greater for
teenage mothers. However, a childbearing mother (also interchangeably used with
women of childbearing age) in this study is a woman who is in a period between
her puberty and menopause, and who still give birth to a child. If necessary
cares are not made available and accessible to childbearing mothers, there may
be increase in the rate of maternal morbidity.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal morbidity is a pregnancy related health problems or disabilities
which women suffer during or after childbirth, but not result into death (NPSM,
2003). Price (2002) reported that an estimated 40 per cent and above of
pregnant women, which equivalent to 50 million women experience pregnancy
related health problems during or after childbirth each year. The report
further indicated that 15 per cent of these women suffer severe or long-term,
often dilapidating complications such as uterine prolapsed (sliding of the
uterus from its normal position), fistulae (hole in the vagina), pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID), and infertility. These complications if not well
managed may lead to maternal mortality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Maternal
mortality is the number of deaths of childbearing mothers in a year due to
pregnancy or childbirth. Maternal mortality is the annual number of women who
die from pregnancy- or childbirth-related complications per 100,000 live births
(Indexmundi, 2013). According to Addisse (2003) maternal mortality is defined
as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of
pregnancy irrespective of the site and duration of pregnancy from any acutely
related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from
accidental or incidental causes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The rate of maternal
mortality is found to be associated with lifetime risk of mothers among other
factors. The joint report of <span class="smallprint">WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA and the World Bank (2012) described</span>
lifetime risk as the probability that a woman will die from complications of
pregnancy and childbirth over her lifetime; it takes into account both the
maternal mortality ratio and the total fertility rate (probable number of
births per woman during her reproductive years). Thus in a high-fertility
setting a woman faces the risk of maternal death multiple times, and her
lifetime risk of death will be higher than in a low-fertility setting. The
lifetime risk of maternal death in the developing world in 2010 as a whole was
1 in 150, compared with industrialized regions with an estimated 1 in 4,700.
Among the regions, women in sub-Saharan Africa face the highest lifetime risk
– one maternal death in every 39 births. However, maternal death or
illness appears to affect her children and entire household. According to </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Canadian Institute for Health
Information-CIHI (2001</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">), a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> woman's death during childbirth may lead to the death of
the child. This is known as child mortality.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Child mortality is the annual number of deaths of children below the age
of 5 years per 100,000 live births (Indexmundi, 2013). Maternal and infant
death may be prevented by ensuring that maternal health complications are
recognized, referred, and treated by skilled health care and that women and
children access high quality MCHS. However, for MCHS to achieve its aim depends
on the extent of its provision.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Extent of provision implies the degree of supply or availability of
something. The word ‘extent’ is synonymous to ‘degree’. According to Farlex
(2013), ‘extent’ means the range, magnitude, or distance over which a thing
extends. Babylon (2014) described ‘extent’ as <span style="background: white;">how
much; how many; or what degree.</span> The word “extent’ in this study means
how much. Also in the present study, it is used as extent of provision. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Provision means supply or availability of something. Farlex (2014)
defined provision in three distinct ways thus: i) the act of supplying or
fitting out: ii) something provided: and iii) a stock of necessary supplies.
According to Vocabulary.com (2013), a provision is a store or supply of
something like food or clothing. The above definitions agree that provision is
making something available. In this study, provision means the supply of health
facilities necessary for MCHS. This study will concentrate on the extent of
provision of MCHS. However, extent of provision of MCHS may influence its
utilization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; tab-stops: 6.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Utilization means making use of something or finding a practical or
effective use for something. Farlex (2013) described it as an act of using
something. This work is interested in service utilization. According to Hampton
and Nagy (2013), <span class="apple-style-span">service utilization refers to the
extent to which people are making use of whatever services which are already
available in the community or at one’s organization.</span> RobDavies (2013)
described utilization mathematically thus: it is the ratio of time a system is
busy (i.e. working for us), divided by the time it is available. For example,
if MCH services is available for 160 hours and busy for 40 hours only, then utilization
is 40/160= 0.25. So, there is 25 per cent of utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">In this study, utilization refers to the extent at which
childbearing mothers and their children are making use of MCH services which
are available in the community. </span>Adequate provision and utilization of
MCHS remain the proven tools for curbing the rates of mortality and morbidity
among women of child bearing age and their children. Extent of provision and
utilization of MCH services are measurable.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Measurement
of extent of provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Measurement refers to the assignment of numerals to
objects or events according to rules (Nwachukwu, 2007). Nwachukwu noted that
measurement is conducted using instruments like a range, a scale or a test. Any
instrument capable of providing dependable measurement must possess certain
qualities such as validity, reliability and usability (Nwachukwu, 2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Provision and utilization may be regarded as
practices. Practice according to Hornby (2005) simply mean action. Therefore,
provision and utilization can be regarded as practice because both involve
action. In this study, methods applied in measuring practice will be applied in
the measurement of extent of provision and utilization of MCH services. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In measuring the extent of provision of MCH
services, the rating scale of “a large extent (LE)”, “some extent (SE)” and
“Never (N)” according Gemson (2011) can be <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">applied.
“YES” and “NO” option according to Enyi (2006) can be used to measure practice
(provision and utilization). Sometimes, question with multiple option where the
respondent is expected to choose an option can be used to measure practice. In
this study, the three options above will be employed to ascertain the extent of
provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Importance
of provision and utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Increasing the
proportion of mothers who are cared for in health facilities during pregnancy,
childbirth and puerperium reduces the health risks and deaths of mothers and
their children. In MCH services, emphasis is placed on ensuring services to
childbearing women, infants, children, and adolescents (including children with
special health care needs, low income populations, those with poor nutritional
status and those who do not have access to health care) (</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">UNICEF,
2013)<span class="apple-style-span">. This is the main function of MCH services
where provided. </span>The importance of MCH services is not limited to the
health of mothers and children or their immediate problems. Rather, it shows
the role and necessity of MCH services in the welfare of the family, the
community and the country as a whole. Thus, MCH is an issue that has to be
addressed in terms of national productivity and futurity of a country.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">UNICEF (2013) clamours the need for provision of MCH
services given that<span class="apple-style-span"><b><i> </i></b>every single day,
Nigeria loses about 2,300 under-five year olds and 145 women of childbearing
age. This makes the country the second largest contributor to the under–five
and maternal mortality rate in the world.</span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Preventable or treatable infectious diseases such as
malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea, measles and HIV/AIDS account for more than 70
per cent of the estimated one million under-five deaths in Nigeria (WHO, 2013).
UNICEF (2013) lamented that malnutrition is the underlying cause of morbidity
and mortality of a large proportion of children under-5 in Nigeria. It accounts
for more than 50 per cent of deaths of children in this age bracket. The deaths
of newborn babies in Nigeria represent a quarter of the total number of deaths
of children under-five. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Many of these deaths are preventable with MCH
services. Presently, less than 20 per cent of health facilities offer emergency
obstetric care and only 35 per cent of deliveries are attended by skilled birth
attendants (UNICEF, 2013). This justifies the need for provision of maternal
and child health interventions.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Addisse (2003) outlined the important considerations
and justifications for provision of MCHS thus:<b> </b>(i) Mothers and children make up over 2/3 of the whole population.
(ii) Women in reproductive age (15 – 49) constitute 21 per cent, pregnant
women, 4.5 per cent, and children under the age of 5, 47 per cent. This working
estimate may be very important in developing countries for project planning and
implementation<b>. </b>(iii)<b> </b>Maternal mortality is an adverse
outcome of many pregnancies. (iv) Miscarriage, induced abortion, and other
factors, are causes for over 40 per cent of the pregnancies in developing
countries to result in complications, illnesses, or permanent disability for
the mother or child. (v) About 80 per cent
of maternal deaths are related to obstetric deaths. They result from obstetric
complications of the pregnant state (pregnancy, labour, and puerperium), from
intervention, omissions, incorrect treatment, or from a chain of events
resulting from any of the above. (vi) Most pregnant women in the developing
world receive insufficient or no prenatal care and deliver without help from
appropriately trained health care providers. More than 7 million newborn deaths
are believed to result from maternal health problems and their mismanagement. (vii)
Poorly timed unwanted pregnancies carry high risks of morbidity and mortality,
as well as social and economic costs, particularly to the adolescent and many
unwanted pregnancies end in unsafe abortion. (viii) Poor maternal health hurts
women's productivity, their families' welfare, and socio-economic development.
The foregoing justifies the importance of MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Addisse (2003) noted that cultural attitudes and
practices impede women's use of MCH services that are available. The women also
lack access to relevant information, trained providers and supplies, emergency
transport, and other essential services. Addisse maintained that because many
women are fed less, marry early, carry a heavy workload, and spend a
considerable portion of their lifespan in pregnancy and lactation, they are
exposed to persistent low nutritional status and high-energy expenditure. This predisposes
mothers to bear low-birth-weight infants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: .2in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Demographic
factors associated with the extent of utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Certain variables have
been found to influence the extent of provision and utilization of MCH
services. One of such variables is economic status. It is well known that
increased income has a positive effect on the utilization of modern health care
services (Elo, 1992; Fosu, 1994).<span class="apple-style-span"> </span>The study
conducted by </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">revealed
that women whose husbands worked in business or services were most likely to be
users of modern health care services to treat complications during pregnancy.
About 33.4 per cent of women whose husbands worked in business or services went
to some qualified medical personnel for treatment, compared with 24 per cent
among those whose husbands worked in agriculture or as day laborers. Also,
women's involvement in gainful employment empowers women to take part in
decision-making processes about health care in the family. About 35.4 per cent
of women who worked for cash went to some qualified medical personnel for
treatment, compared with only 25.3 per cent of those who did not work.
Husband's occupation can be considered a proxy of family income, as well as
social status. </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Audo%20MO%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Audo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferguson%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferguson</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Njoroge%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Njoroge </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">(2005)
<span class="apple-style-span">reported that poor utilization of MCH services was
associated with the socio-economic status of the respondents.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Differences in attitudes
to modern health care services by occupational groups depict occupation as a
predisposing factor. Alternatively, viewing occupation as proxy to income,
which enables acquisition of more and better health care, depicts it as an
enabling factor (Fiedler, 1981). </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Heuvel%20OA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vanden,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=de%20Mey%20WG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De Mey, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Buddingh%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddingh </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bots%20ML%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bots</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(1999) found that <span class="apple-style-span">unemployment and being without a
husband were associated with deliveries outside the hospital. The patients may
not have known their expected day of delivery (EDD) because they do not get
antenatal services. </span>Unaffordable medical bills is a major barrier to
utilization of maternal and child healthcare services leading to a very high
maternal and perinatal mortality and the inability to attain the MDG4 and MDG5
in many developing countries (</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Okafor,
Obi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">&
Ugwu, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">011)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result of the study conducted by </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kiwanuka%20SN%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kiwanuka</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ekirapa%20EK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ekirapa</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peterson%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peterson</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Okui%20O%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Okui</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rahman%20MH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rahman</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peters%20D%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peters</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> and</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Pariyo</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2008) <span class="apple-style-span">indicated
that the poor and vulnerable ones experience a greater burden of disease </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">and</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> have
lower access to health services than t</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">he
rich ones</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">. </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mwaniki%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mwaniki</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kabiru%20EW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kabiru</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mbugua%20GG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mbugua</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2002) reported that lack of money for transport and hospital fee are
the major constraints experienced by the mothers as they sought for the
services. <span class="apple-style-span">IRIN News (2006)</span> reported that
the <span class="apple-style-span">patients' inability to afford prescribed
medications is some of the challenges health officials are now facing.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The level of
utilization of MCH services is still very low even with the introduction of the
free MCH services. Suffice this to say that lack of or low level utilization of
MCH care is not only due to financial reasons. Other factors have been
consistently reported to influence the level of utilization of MCH care. One of
such factors is the mother’s level of education.<span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">It is well recognized
that mother's education has a positive impact on health care utilization. </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">investigated
the determinants of the use of maternal health services in rural Bangladesh and
found that there were more educated women (34.6% ) than uneducated ones (26.5%)
who sought care from qualified medical personal for treating complications. The
study revealed that mother's education associated positively with treatment
received. Govindasamy
and Ramesh (1997) reported that a higher level of maternal education
results in improved child survival because health services that effectively
prevent fatal childhood diseases are used to a greater extent by mothers with
higher education than by those with little or no education. The study further
reported that the benefits of maternal education persist even when other
socioeconomic factors are taken into account. Elo (1992) reported quantitatively
important and statistically significant effect of mother's education on the use
of prenatal care and delivery assistance. In another study conducted by <span class="apple-style-span">Becker, Peters, Gray, Gultiano and Blake (</span><span class="cit-pub-date">1993</span><span class="apple-style-span">), it was </span>found
that mother's education is the most consistent and important determinant of the
use of child and maternal health services. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">It is argued that
better educated women are more aware of health problems, know more about the
availability of health care services, and use this information more effectively
to maintain or achieve good health status. Mother's education may also act as a
proxy variable of a number of background variables representing women's higher
socioeconomic status, thus enabling her to seek proper medical care whenever
she perceives it necessary. UNICEF (1997) reported that education is positively
associated with increased utilization of antenatal care. Nisar and White (2003)
observed that there are a number of explanations why education is a key
determinant of demand. The authors maintained that education is likely to
enhance female autonomy. Women therefore, develop greater confidence and
capabilities to make decisions regarding their own health, as well as their
children’s health. It is likely that more educated women seek higher quality
services and have greater ability to use health care inputs to produce better
health. In addition to maternal education, age of the mother may play important
role in the utilization of MCHS.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mother's age may
sometimes serve as a proxy for the women's accumulated knowledge of health care
services, which may have a positive influence on the use of health services. On
the other hand, because of development of modern medicine and improvement in
educational opportunities for women in recent years, younger women might have
an enhanced knowledge of modern health care services and place more value upon
modern medicine. </span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and
Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
reported that older women are more likely to seek maternal health-care services
than younger women. About 42 per cent of older (age >35 years) respondents
sought care for any current complication from a doctor or nurse, compared with
28.5 per cent of younger women (age
<20 age="" also="" at="" em="" indicated="" marriage="" report="" that="" the="" years=""><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></20></span></div>
<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) associated positively with treatment received. <o:p></o:p><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The report of Owino (2012) contradicted the above finding.
Owino reported that maternal age also had a statistically significant
relationship with place of delivery; the chances of delivering at home were
greatest among older mothers aged 35 years and above; and the youngest age
group, of mothers aged from 15 to 24, had the most chances of delivering at a
health institution. Moreover, a greater percentage of mothers who delivered at
health institutions were lower parity women with 1 to 3 children. Over 70 per
cent of mothers of parity 7 and above delivered at home, compared to about 54
per cent of those of parity 1 to 3. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The above relationships
of age and parity concur with previous studies (such as Dissevelt, 1978;
Nginya, 1980; Winikoff, 1987; Obemeyer & Potter, 1991; Sargent &
Rawlings, 1991; Bulut, 1995) where it was reported that younger women tended to
deliver at a health facility for fear of complications during childbirth. Older
women, however, were observed to deliver at home confidently due to their
experience with previous births.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Some authors believe
that one would naturally seek care irrespective of one’s age. This means that
mother’s age has no connection with the attitude to and practice of safe
motherhood. Igbokwe and Adama (2011)
reported that age had no significance
influence on child-bearing mother’s practice of SMI components. The authors maintained that age of an individual
does not necessarily influence the individual's capacity to effectively practice health-related behaviour most
especially when the behaviour
is of immense benefit to the individual.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Studies
show that home-hospital distance influences the level of utilization of MCH
services. The location and quality of services available are also important
factors affecting MCH services utilization. Proximity to a health facility has
been found to affect the use of MCH services especially in rural areas (Rahaman
et al, 1982 in Chakraborty et al, 2003) as these facilities are usually located
at long distances. For many, lack of transportation and/or considerations of
the cost of transportation serve as mitigating factors to healthcare seeking. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i
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</span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:
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Researcher generated conceptual framework<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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</v:group></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 683px; left: 0px; margin-left: 74px; margin-top: 264px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 591px; z-index: 251750400;"><img height="683" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1062 _x0000_s1063 _x0000_s1064 _x0000_s1065 _x0000_s1066 _x0000_s1067 _x0000_s1068 _x0000_s1069 _x0000_s1070 _x0000_s1071 _x0000_s1072 _x0000_s1073 _x0000_s1074 _x0000_s1075 _x0000_s1076 _x0000_s1077 _x0000_s1078 _x0000_s1079 _x0000_s1080 _x0000_s1081 _x0000_s1082 _x0000_s1083 _x0000_s1084 _x0000_s1085 _x0000_s1086 _x0000_s1087 _x0000_s1088 _x0000_s1089 _x0000_s1090 _x0000_s1091 _x0000_s1092 _x0000_s1093 _x0000_s1094 _x0000_s1095 _x0000_s1096 _x0000_s1097 _x0000_s1098 _x0000_s1099 _x0000_s1100 _x0000_s1101 _x0000_s1102 _x0000_s1103 _x0000_s1104 _x0000_s1105 _x0000_s1106 _x0000_s1107 _x0000_s1108 _x0000_s1109 _x0000_s1110 _x0000_s1111 _x0000_s1112 _x0000_s1113 _x0000_s1114 _x0000_s1115 _x0000_s1116 _x0000_s1117 _x0000_s1118 _x0000_s1119" width="591" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Several
other studies also found that physical proximity of health care services,
especially in the developing countries, plays an important role in utilization
of these services (Stock, 1983; Airey, 1989; Paul, 1991). In this study,
‘access’ refers to the availability of MCH services in closer proximity to the
users. Rahaman (1982) reported that geographical distance is one of the most
important determinants of health care service utilization in rural areas. World
Bank (1999) and WHO (2012) listed distance, lack of information, inadequate
services, cultural practices among others as the obstacle to the utilization of
MCHS. The present study focuses on mother’s economic status, level of
education, age and distance as they influence the extent of utilization of MCH
services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Figure
1 above is the conceptual framework generated by the present researcher in
explaining the level of provision and utilization of free MCH services among
the child-bearing mothers and their children. There are two routes to getting
MCH services: route A and B. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">When sickness strikes
or when there is need to seek medical attention, one is always confronted with
obstacle that might hinder one from getting the right type of medical
attention. One might choose any of the routes. Route A above is when the
patients resiliently seek care notwithstanding factors such as financial
constraints, distance among others. When one passes through obstacles, the
route is always rough. The dotted arrow in route A indicates rough route. The
patient eventually accesses the MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Route
B is an escapist and seemingly easier route from on set. The patient makes a
U-turn in the face of an obstacle. She takes an alternative decision which
might be to ignore the sign or to pray. Some resort to alternative medicine.
They complain of the medical bills, distance, unyielding husband, cultural
barriers among others, as factors hindering them from receiving care. This
might lead to complications or worsened condition. Then, the patient would be
rushed to the hospital through the roughest route ignoring cultural barriers
and financial constraints indicted earlier. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Most times,
complications may lead to maternal and child morbidity and/or mortality. There
may be still birth, pre-term delivery among others. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theoretical
Frame Work<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theories are
constructs and postulations that guide or suggest a way in which individuals
perceive phenomena and act or behave which in turn may influence the nature and
the level of what they know or practice. The way individuals get information or
behave is assumed or believed to depend on a person’s scheme (Illaete, 1980).
The scheme attempts to know (knowledge), how they want to get the information
(methods of learning) and how, what or which of the facts (knowledge) they want
to act on (attitude). The theory is an idea or belief about something arrived
through speculation or conjecture (Microsoft Encarta, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: -5.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This study will therefore be anchored on
theory of health seeking-behaviour and theory of attachment in explaining the
level of provision and utilization of free MCH services among mothers of
child-bearing age in Igbo-Eze North LGA of Enugu State.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Theory
of health seeking-behaviour.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Health care utilization
is the point in health systems where patients’ needs meet the professional
system. It is well known that apart from need-related factors, health care
utilization is also supply-induced and thus strongly dependent on the
structures of the health care system. Furthermore, many study findings have
shown differences in health care utilization based on patients’ social
characteristics. For instance, women tend to use outpatient health care
services more often than men. In addition to the multitude of studies
describing patterns of utilization in different health care settings, several
scholars have developed explanatory frameworks identifying predictors of health
care utilization. One of the most widely acknowledged is the </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">theory
of health seeking-behaviour<span class="apple-converted-space"> by </span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-4"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anderson and Newman (1973</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The theory has a multilevel model that incorporates
both individual and contextual determinants of health services use. In doing
so, it divides the major components of contextual characteristics in the same
way as individual characteristics have traditionally been divided—those that
predispose, enable , or suggest need for individual use of health services (<span class="apple-style-span">Andersen, 2008</span>). In their most recent explication
of the model, Andersen & Davidson (<span class="apple-style-span">2001)</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>described these three major components
as follows: (i) <em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Predisposing
factors.</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Individual
predisposing factors include the demographic characteristics of age and sex as
“biological imperatives” , social factors such as education, occupation,
ethnicity and social relationships (e.g., family status), and mental factors in
terms of health beliefs (e.g., attitudes, values, and knowledge related to
health and health services). Contextual factors predisposing individuals to the
use of health services include the demographic and social composition of
communities, collective and organizational values, cultural norms and political
perspectives. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Enabling factors are factors such
as f</span></em><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">inancing and organizational factors which are
considered to serve as conditions enabling services utilization. Individual
financing factors involve the income and wealth at an individual’s disposal to
pay for health services and the effective price of health care which is
determined by the individual’s health insurance status and cost-sharing
requirements. Organizational factors entail whether an individual has a regular
source of care and the nature of that source. They also include means of
transportation, travel time to and waiting time for health care. At the
contextual level, financing encompasses the resources available within the
community for health services, such as per capita community income, affluence,
the rate of health insurance coverage, the relative price of goods and
services, methods of compensating providers, and health care expenditures.
Organization at this level refers to the amount, varieties, locations,
structures and distribution of health services facilities and personnel. It
also involves physician and hospital density, office hours, provider mix,
quality management oversight, and outreach and education programs. Health policies
also fall into the category of contextual enabling factors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -5.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The third factor is the <em><span style="font-style: normal; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">need factors</span>.</em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>At the individual level, there is
difference between perceived need for health services (i.e., how people view
and experience their own general health, functional state and illness symptoms)
and evaluated need (i.e., professional assessments and objective measurements
of patients’ health status and need for medical care). At the contextual level,
they make a distinction between environmental need characteristics and
population health indices. Environmental need reflects the health-related
conditions of the environment (e.g., occupational and traffic and crime-related
injury and death rates). Population health indices are overall measures of
community health, including epidemiological indicators of mortality, morbidity,
and disability.<span class="apple-style-span"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">According to Andersen and Newman (1973), the need factor is
the most immediate cause of health service use. The need factor reflects the
perceived health status, as indicated by severity of the morbidity conditions
or the number of morbidities. The presence of predisposing and enabling
components may not be enough for a mother to seek health care. She must
perceive the disease as serious and believe that the treatment will provide the
expected benefits (</span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-10"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fosu, 1994</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">). Need represents the most immediate
cause of health service use. The need for health care can be measured in a
variety of ways: self-perceived health status, number of morbidity symptoms, or
duration and severity of disability (</span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-9"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fiedler, 1981</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">). Perceived severity or number of
episodes of diseases has a positive association with greater MCH care
utilization among the child-bearing mothers. </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">However, this theory will be used in
the present work to explain factors that determine the level of provision and
utilization of MCH services.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Attachment theory.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Attachment
theory focuses on the relationships and bonds between people, particularly
long-term relationships including those between a patients and health-care
provider. Attachment is an emotional bond to another person (Cherry, 2013). <span class="apple-style-span">According to Ciechanowski, Walker, Katon and Russo
(2002) Theory of Attachment is a framework of ideas that attempt to explain
attachment, the almost universal human tendency to prefer certain familiar
companions over other people, especially when ill, injured, or distressed.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Psychologist, </span><a href="http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesal/p/john-bowlby.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bowlby</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1969),<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>was the first
attachment theorist, describing attachment as a lasting psychological connectedness
between human beings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Bowlby (1969)
believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have
a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. He suggested attachment
also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the child's
chances of survival. The central theme of attachment theory is that primary
caregivers who are available and responsive to an infant's needs allow the
child to develop a sense of security (Cherry, 2013). The infant knows that the
caregiver is dependable, which creates a secure base for the child to then
explore the world.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">This analogy
can be extended to the patients-health providers relationship. People get
attached to health providers who give them sense of health security. This is
why a patient likes one doctor or nurse more than the other(s). If his/her
doctor or nurse is no longer at the hospital (may be transferred), he/she finds
it difficult to continue using the health services in the hospital. Moreover, a
patient may have the same attachment to a particular hospital just as an infant
knows that its care-giver is dependable. He/she believes that the hospital has
genuine drugs, trained health personnel among other reason.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b
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<b
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mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'>Withdrawal and search for
alternative source of help, joy, security and confidence.</span></b><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%'><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
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<b
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</span></span></span><![endif]><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:
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<o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;
line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Increased
utilization of MCH services<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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</tr>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>ATTACHMENT
THEORY<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
<p align=center style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:
center'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:
9.0pt;color:#333333'>People love and get attached to their care-givers</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:10.5pt;
mso-bidi-font-size:12.5pt;color:#333333'>.</span></b><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:12.5pt;
color:#333333'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p> </o:p></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'>THEORY OF HEALTH-SEEKING BEHAVIOUR<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span
class=apple-style-span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";
color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>The use of health care services is a
function of predisposing characteristics, enabling characteristics
and<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>need characteristics.</span></b></span><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>YES<o:p></o:p></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Berlin Sans FB Demi","sans-serif"'>Figure 2: <i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>A</i> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>theoretical framework adapted from Fraley and Shaver (2000)<o:p></o:p></i></span></b></p>
</div>
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</v:rect></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]-->
<!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<br clear="ALL" />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Figure
2 above is a theoretical framework adapted from the work of Fraley and Shaver.
The researcher modified the framework to suit the present discourse. The double
arrows linking the two theories are used to demonstrate that the two theories
agree that people are always attracted to where things that catch their
interest. When the patients’ needs (such as cost of medication, personnel of
interest among others) are met in the arrow tagged “yes”, they feel loved,
secured and confident, and level of MCH services utilization increases. Depression,
anger and frustration set in when these needs are not met (see the arrow tagged
“NO”). Patients may resort to withdrawal. Some patients may begin to look for
another way out while others may remain at home not looking for alternate help.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Empirical
Studies<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Nitai+Chakraborty&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Nitai</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=M.+Ataharul+Islam&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Islam</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Rafiqul+Islam+Chowdhury&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Chowdhury</span></a><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">, </span></span><a href="http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/search?author1=Wasimul+Bari&sortspec=date&submit=Submit"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bari</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> and Akhter (1993)</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">examined
the factors that influence the use of maternal health care services in
Bangladesh. Prospective data obtained from the survey on Maternal Morbidity in
Bangladesh, which was conducted by the Bangladesh Institute of Research for
Promotion of Essential and Reproductive Health and Technologies (BIRPERHT) was
used.</span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Data collection spanned the period from November 1992 to
December 1993. The study had two components: cross-sectional and prospective.
The paper employed data from the prospective component. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Multi-stage random sampling was
employed to collect data on maternal morbidity. One district from each of four
divisions was selected in the first stage. In the second stage, one thana (a
thana contains several ‘unions’, comprising a population size of 0.2–0.25
million) from each selected district was selected randomly. Finally, two unions
(unions consist of several ‘wards’, which are small geographical boundaries
comprising villages in rural areas) from each selected thana were considered
study areas. For the prospective study, 1020 pregnant women (pregnant for <6 1020="" 993="" antenatal="" at="" follow-up="" had="" interviewed.="" least="" months="" o:p="" of="" one="" out="" pregnant="" selected.="" were="" who="" women=""></6></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results showed that older women
are more likely to seek maternal health-care
services than younger women. The results from the study indicated a U-shaped
relationship with birth order and the use of health services to treat maternal
morbidities. The percentage of women who
sought care from a doctor, nurse or FWV to treat any complications decreases
from 29 per cent in women with no previous pregnancies to 26.1 per cent in
mothers with one to four previous pregnancies; it increases again to 35.1 per
cent in women with five or more previous pregnancies. The use of traditional
and other health services related to the number of previous pregnancies also
show a similar pattern.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results show a U-shaped relation
between family size and the use of health services for treating any
complications during pregnancy. The percentage of women who sought care from
qualified medical personnel, i.e. a doctor, nurse or FWV, to treat
complications decreases from 30.3 per cent in women with less than four family
members to 23.2 per cent among mothers with four to six family members, and
increases again to 33.6 per cent in women with seven or more family members.
The use of traditional and other health services does not show a similar
pattern in relation to family size.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results from this study also
support the positive association between the level of mother's education and
health care utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">The results indicate that
female education has a net effect on maternal health service use, independent
of other background characteristics, household socioeconomic status and access
to health care services.</span> The percentage of women who sought care from
qualified medical personal for treating complications increases from 26.5 per
cent among illiterate women to 34.6 per cent among women with secondary or
higher education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The study revealed that women whose husbands worked in
business or services were most likely to be users of modern health care
services to treat complications during pregnancy. About 33.4 per cent of women
whose husbands worked in business or services went to some qualified medical
personnel for treatment, compared with 24 per cent among those whose husbands
worked in agriculture or as day laborers. Also, women's involvement in gainful
employment empowers women to take part in decision-making processes about
health care in the family. About 35.4 per cent of women who worked for cash
went to some qualified medical personnel for treatment, compared with only 25.3
per cent of those who did not work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">There was no substantial difference
in utilization of health care services for complications according to how far
respondents lived from health facilities. This result is quite surprising
because the respondents residing in close proximity to health care services are
more likely to use them. The study finally revealed that mother's education (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.05), age at marriage (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>< 0.10) and type of housing (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) appeared to be associated positively with treatment received, while
family size (<em><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">p</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><
0.10) was negatively associated with receiving treatment for complications.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Heuvel%20OA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vanden,</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=de%20Mey%20WG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De Mey, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Buddingh%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddingh</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> </span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bots%20ML%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bots</span></a><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (1999) conducted a research which aimed at <span class="apple-style-span">determining
the coverage of antenatal and delivery care and the determinants of
non-compliance in a rural area of Zimbabwe in order to improve the quality and
efficiency of maternal health care services. A community-based, cross-sectional
study was carried out in the catchment area of Gutu Mission Hospital, in rural
Zimbabwe, from January to June 1996. Two hundred and thirty-five women, aged 16
to 54 years, who had delivered a child in the past three years, were
interviewed on general characteristics (age, marital status, religion,
education, work), obstetric history, use of family planning, pregnancy
complications, number of antenatal visits, and use of maternity waiting
shelters. Associations of these factors to non-use of antenatal care facilities
and hospital delivery were studied. In the Gutu district, guidelines exist to
identify women at high risk of complications during pregnancy and to indicate
where women should give birth (hospital, rural clinic or at home). The study
evaluated which factors were important for non-compliance to these guidelines.
The analyses were performed using a logistic regression model.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Results
show that 97 per cent of the pregnant women attended the antenatal care
facilities at least once. 73 per cent came at least five times or more. </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The level of mother's education influenced
health care utilization. <span class="apple-style-span">Belonging to certain
religious groups proved to be the strongest explanatory factor for not
attending antenatal care facilities. Use of maternity waiting shelters and
complications during the pregnancy were important factors for hospital
delivery, whereas unemployment and being without a husband were associated with
deliveries outside the hospital. Identification as high risk of a complicated
pregnancy by application of the existing guidelines was not associated with
place of delivery. Delivery at a location that did not conform to the existing
guidelines was associated with non-use of maternity waiting shelters,
unemployment or being without a husband and use of traditional care.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kiwanuka%20SN%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kiwanuka,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ekirapa%20EK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ekirapa,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peterson%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peterson, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Okui%20O%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Okui, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rahman%20MH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rahman,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Peters%20D%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18565559"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Peters</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Pariyo (2008)<span class="apple-style-span"> conducted a systematic review of socio-economic
differences in morbidity and access to health care in Uganda. It includes
published studies from electronic databases and official reports from surveys
done by government, bilateral and multilateral agencies and universities. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
outcome measures studied were: the distribution of HIV/AIDS; maternal and child
morbidity; and access to and utilisation of health services for people
belonging to different socio-economic and vulnerability groups. Forty-eight of
678 identified studies met the inclusion criteria for the study. Results
indicated that the poor and vulnerable experience a greater burden of disease
but have lower access to health services than the less poor. Barriers to access
arise from both the service providers and the consumers. Distance to service
points, perceived quality of care and availability of drugs are key
determinants of utilization. Other barriers are perceived lack of skilled staff
in public facilities, late referrals, health worker attitude, costs of care and
lack of knowledge.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Govindasamy and Ramesh (1997) conducted a
study to ascertain the relationship between m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">aternal education and the utilization of maternal and child health
services in India. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Using data from the National Family Health
Survey 1992–93, they examined the relationship between maternal schooling and factors
known to reduce the risks of maternal and child mortality, namely, healthcare
practices, for some selected northern and southern states in India. They hypothesized
that the practices of educated women are quite different from those of
uneducated women with regard to pregnancy, childbirth, immunization, and
management of childhood diseases such as diarrhoea and acute respiratory
infection (ARI). However, there exist a number of confounding factors such as socioeconomic
status that are associated with the study of the impact of maternal education
on health-care utilization. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The hypothesis that the relationship between
mother’s education and healthcare practices might be the result of other
variables was tested, and regression analysis on several of these variables was
carried out. It was evident that a higher level of maternal education results
in improved child survival because health services that effectively prevent
fatal childhood diseases are used to a greater extent by mothers with higher education
than by those with little or no education. The study concluded that the
benefits of maternal education persist even when other socioeconomic factors
are taken into account.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ditekemena
(2013) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">conducted a study which aimed at identifying
the determinants of male partners’ involvement in MCH activities, focusing
specifically on HIV prevention of maternal to child transmission (PMTCT) in
sub-Saharan Africa. Source of information was through the following data bases:
Pubmed/MEDLINE; CINAHL; EMBASE; COCHRANE; Psych INFORMATION and the websites of
the International AIDS Society (IAS), the International AIDS Conference and the
International Conference on AIDS in Africa (ICASA) 2011.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was found that the majority of
studies defined male participation as male involvement solely during antenatal
HIV testing. Other studies defined male involvement as any male participation
in HIV couple counseling. The study identified three main determinants for male
participation in PMTCT services: 1) Socio-demographic factors such as level of
education, income status; 2) health services related factors such as opening
hours of services, behavior of health providers and the lack of space to
accommodate male partners; and 3) Sociologic factors such as beliefs, attitudes
and communication between men and women.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">It was concluded in the study that there
are many challenges to increase male involvement/participation in PMTCT
services and that few interventions addressing these challenges have been
evaluated and reported. The study recommended that improvement of antenatal
care services by making them more male friendly, and health education campaigns
to change beliefs and attitudes of men are absolutely needed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">As </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">unaffordable
medical bills is a major barrier to utilization of maternal and child
healthcare services leading to a very high maternal and perinatal mortality and
the inability to attain the MDG4 and MDG5 in many developing countries, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Okafor, Obi and Ugwu (2011) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">conducted
a study which examined the uptakes of obstetric services following introduction
of Free Maternal and Child Health Care (FMCHC) in Enugu State University
Teaching Hospital, Southeast Nigeria and its impact on the maternal and
neonatal healthcare outcome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Information
from a retrospective comparative study of the utilizations of maternal and
child healthcare services from June to August in 2008 with that of September to
November in 2008 after commencement of the FMCHC were utilized. Information on
all the pregnant women and neonates in their first week of Life that attended
clinic within the period under review was collected from the Medical Records
department of the hospital.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study revealed that FMCHC caused tremendous increases in the uptakes of
antenatal booking (202.2%), and hospital delivery (151.8%). It also resulted in
decreased maternal and perinatal mortality by 16.4 per cent and 34 per cent
respectively. It was concluded in the study that implementation of FMCHC can
make MDG4 and MDG5 attainable in sub-Saharan Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Banerjee%20B%5Bauth%5D"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Banerjee</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2009) investigated the level of </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">information,
education, and communication (IEC) services <span class="apple-style-span">regarding
pregnancy and child care, received by the women at an MCH clinic of an urban
health center of Kolkata. </span>A community-based, cross-sectional,
observational study was undertaken over a period of six months, in an urban
health centre (UHC) of Kolkata that caters to a mixed population of 1.18 from
all sections of the community. The study subjects comprised 400 antenatal (AN)
and postnatal (PN) mothers and mothers of children under five (U5) years.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">To determine sample size,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">P</span></em><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">was taken as 0.5, considering the theory
of probability that 50</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> are likely to have received the services, which also
gives the maximum sample size. Thus, sample comprised 400 women, considering 95</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> confidence interval and allowing 10</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> error.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
number of under 5 children was noted from the records, and the estimated number
of AN and PN mothers at one point of time were calculated from the birth rate
and population of the area during the previous year. To determine the size of
these different groups within the sample, approximately 15 per cent of the
total population in each group was taken. Thus, the sample comprised 350 U5
children and 50 AN and PN mothers. Only one person was selected from each
household if more than one eligible participant was found.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Data
was collected by house visits and interview method, using a pre tested, semi
structured schedule which included IEC services, received by the mothers,
regarding important points about pregnancy and child care, in the AN and PN
period. Proportion of women receiving such services regarding issues under
consideration was analyzed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Results
show that <span class="apple-style-span">warning signs of danger was explained to
only 10</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the AN and PN women.
Advice regarding family planning appeared to be the most frequently covered,
though that too was explained to less than half of the subjects. About one
third of the women were advised on breast feeding. Only 8</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the mothers had been told about all issues regarding
pregnancy and child care. Breast feeding and weaning was properly explained to
85.7 and 81.1</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the total mothers
of U5 children. Advice regarding subsequent nutrition was given to 60.9</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of mothers. About only a quarter of the
total mothers were advised on home management of diarrhea and acute respiratory
infections. Very few mothers were counseled about the growth pattern of the
children and none were shown the growth chart. Only 12.9</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> of the mothers were informed about all issues.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Based on the findings above, it was
concluded that provision of information, education, and communication regarding
maternal and child care other than feeding practices was a neglected service in
the health facility where the study was conducted.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Materia%20E%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Materia,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mehari%20W%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mehari,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mele%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mele,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Rosmini%20F%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Rosmini, </span></a><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Stazi%20MA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Stazi, </span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Damen%20HM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Damen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Basile%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Basile,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Miuccio%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Miuccio,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferrigno%20L%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferrigno</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Miozzo%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=8307136"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Miozzo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(1993) conducted a community survey on maternal and child health services
utilization in rural Ethiopia. Cross sectional research design was employed in
the study. The instruments used for data collection were interview and focus
group discussion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span class="apple-style-span">A household
health interview survey on MCH services utilization was carried out among
mothers of child bearing age in 22 villages of a rural district of Arsi region,
Ethiopia, before the launching of an integrated MCH programme. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result showed that the coverage of
antenatal services was 26</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">and 61</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">of
the women who received antenatal care reported having had 3 or more visits.
Antenatal care was positively associated with living within 10 km of the Health
Centre. Twenty-eight percent of the mothers attended the under-5 clinic and
most returned for 3 or more visits. In addition, 99</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">reported having breast-fed their last child but more
than 25</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">started weaning only after
the seventh month of age. Differences in practice of treating diarrhoea
according to knowledge of ORS were found. Of the 33</span> per cent <span class="apple-style-span">of those with knowledge of ORS, almost 90</span> per
cent <span class="apple-style-span">reported use of ORS for treating child's
diarrhoea, showing a positive attitude towards modern health care. The
proportion of women using family planning was 5</span> per cent, <span class="apple-style-span">with no difference found between Christians and Muslims.
<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Audo%20MO%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Audo</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Ferguson%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ferguson</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Njoroge%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=16463747"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Njoroge </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">(2005)<span class="Heading4Char"><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></span><span class="apple-style-span">the quality of care
provided by the Kisumu Municipal health facilities in Kenya, </span>and its
effects in the utilization of maternal and child health (MCH) services. A <span class="apple-style-span">descriptive cross-sectional survey was employed in
studying a total of 482 mothers. Interview was the instrument used for data
collection.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The result of the study revealed that only
40.4</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent<span class="apple-style-span">, 53.7</span>
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> and 45.7</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> had respectively used Municipal facilities for
antenatal services (ANC), immunization and treatment of their children the last
time they required such a service. This translates to by-pass rates for
Municipal health facilities of 59.5</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span">, 46.3</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> and
54.3</span> per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> respectively for the three
services. By-pass was higher for the more central urban catchment areas than
the more peripheral ones, a finding that was associated with the socio-economic
status of the respondents and the relative location of the municipal facilities
vis-a-vis competing facilities, mainly the District and Provincial hospitals. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The main reasons cited for by-pass were
poor care (21%), lack of drugs and supplies (17%) and lack of/poor laboratory
services (12%). From the facility audit, most of the clinics had a reasonable
capacity to offer basic health care with only three scoring less than 50</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent<span class="apple-style-span"> in the scale used. The worst areas were
in availability of drugs, equipment and management issues. There was a strong
relationship between the perceived quality of care and utilization of MCH
services as well as by-pass. The capacity of the facilities to offer care was
however not associated with utilization of MCH services or by-pass. However, it
was concluded in the study that there is under-utilization of Municipal health
facilities for MCH services. This is related to the perceived poor quality of
care in the facilities. Perception of quality is influenced by a person's
socio-economic status especially education.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mwaniki%20PK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mwaniki</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kabiru%20EW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kabiru</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mbugua%20GG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=12625672"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mbugua</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(2002) researched utilization of antenatal and maternity services by mothers
seeking child welfare services in Mbeere District, Eastern Province of Kenya.
The <span class="apple-style-span">Cross-sectional, descriptive research design
was employed in the study. Two hundred mothers bringing their children aged one
year and below to the child welfare clinic between September and December 2000
were studied.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The study revealed that the
proportion of mothers who utilized health facilities for antenatal and
maternity services was 97.5</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> and 52</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, respectively. Utilization of
health facilities for maternity services was significantly influenced by number
of children and distance to health facility in that, as number of children
increased, utilization of maternity services reduced. Mothers living less than
5 km to a health facility utilized the services better than those living 5 km
and beyond. Among the reasons given by the mothers (individual respondents and
through Focus Group Discussions) regarding dissatisfaction with the services
offered included shortage of drugs and essential supplies, lack of commitment
by staff, poor quality of food and lack of cleanliness in the health
facilities.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Coverage for antenatal services was
high among mothers during their last pregnancy. However, only about half of the
mothers interviewed utilized health facilities for maternity services (labour
and delivery). The major constraints experienced by the mothers as they sought
for the services (as reported by individual respondents and through Focus Group
Discussions) included lack of transport, lack of money for transport and
hospital fee and delay in admission to health facility once mothers report in
labour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Kongnyuy%20EJ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Kongnyuy</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Hofman%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Hofman,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mlava%20G%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mlava,</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Mhango%20C%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Mhango </span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">and<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Broek%20N%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=18581221"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Van Den</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
(2009) investigated the availability, utilisation and quality of basic and
comprehensive emergency obstetric care services in Malawi. The study s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">urveyed of all the 73 health
facilities (13 hospitals and 60 health centres) that provide maternity services
in the three districts (population, 2,812,183).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Result
of the study shows that </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">there
were 1.6 comprehensive emergency obstetric care (CEmOC) facilities per 500,000
population and 0.8 basic emergency obstetric care (BEmOC) facilities per
125,000 population. About 23</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of deliveries were conducted in
emergency obstetric care (EmOC) facilities and the met need for emergency
obstetric complications was 20.7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The case fatality rate for emergency
obstetric complications treated in health facilities was 2.0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Up to 86.7</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of pregnant women attended
antenatal clinic at least once and only 12.0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> per cent</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> of them attend postnatal clinic at
least once. There was a shortage of qualified staff and unequal distribution
with more staff in hospitals leaving health centres severely understaffed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The total number of CEmOC facilities
was adequate but the distribution is unequal, leaving some rural areas with
poor access to CEmOC services. There are no functional BEmOC facilities in the
three districts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Vallières, McAuliffe, Palmer, Magbity and Bangura
(2013) conducted a research </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">which assessed the effects of both
mobile phones and 7-11 timed and targeted counseling (7-11/ttC) mobile
application on health workers’ motivation and health care service delivery
structures in Sierra Leone <span class="apple-style-span">given that Sierra Leone is consistently ranked among the
countries with the highest maternal mortality ratio (970 per 100,000), and that
women in Sierra Leone have a 1 in 21 lifetime risk of dying as a result of
pregnancy</span>. The main
objective of the research was to examine changes in Community Health Workers’
motivation, triggered by the introduction of the 7-11/ttC mobile application,
and assess how this mediates health worker performance over time. Motivation
levels will be assessed in conjunction with other factors including:
supervision, organisational commitment, and job satisfaction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">A
longitudinal cohort design to monitor individual and group changes in
motivation, organizational commitment, supervision and job-satisfaction across
three intervention groups over a period of 18 months was employed.
Participants were initially contacted from a list of active CHWs in the area,
provided by the Bonthe District Health Management Team (DHMT). All 333
community health workers on the mainland in addition to one in-charge member of
staff from all 26 health care centres in the area were asked if they were
willing to participate in the study. Within this sample size, both males
and females were represented equally as part of the selection criteria for CHWs
within each PHU. In order to ensure that all CHWs had the same basic level of
7-11/ttC training, CHWs completed the 7-11/ttC training jointly conducted by
the DHMT and World Vision. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The results from systematic reviews of
CHW programmes confirmed that CHWs provided critical links between rural
communities and the formal health system and have been shown to reduce child morbidity
and mortality when compared to usual healthcare services. The study also
revealed that CHWs’ potential however, is hampered by inadequate supervision,
lack of locally relevant incentive systems, loss of motivation, insufficient
recognition and community support, poor connectivity to health facilities, and
knowledge retention problems. Moreover, it was found that higher attrition
rates are often associated with programmes where CHWs are asked to volunteer.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The study recommended that with
appropriate support and sufficient training, CHWs can potentially play a
pivotal role in strengthening health systems in areas with poor human resources
for health. More specifically, they are an important resource for
implementing interventions targeting reductions in neonatal mortality and
tracking women throughout their pregnancy while simultaneously promoting
appropriate maternal and newborn care practices. It was concluded in the study
that the motivation of CHWs and the risk of high attrition rates therefore have
important implications for the effectiveness, success, cost, credibility and
continuity of CHW-based programmes.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">IRIN News (2006) reported a finding on
the side effects of free maternal and child health services in Burundi. The
source of information was through the mothers and children hospital health
records. The reports revealed that<i> </i>a new
policy of free medical care for Burundian mothers and children was intended to
improve their lives; instead it has crippled the nation's health system</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">;
that p<span class="apple-style-span">ublic hospitals in Burundi have recorded
double, sometimes triple, the number of patients since a presidential directive
for free paediatric and maternal health services was implemented on 1 May; and
that overcrowded wards, a shortage of doctors and other medical staff, as well
as patients' inability to afford prescribed medications are some of the
challenges health officials are now facing.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The
study recommend that the government should</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> increase medical staff, compel all
health centres to remain open 24 hours and reinforce weekend teams to cope with
the growing influx of patients. In addition to recruiting more staff, the
government needed to increase salaries in order to stem an exodus of doctors
from government service.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Summary of Literature
Review <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> The
focus of the present study is to investigate the level of provision and
utilization of free MCH services among the child-bearing mothers in Igbo-Eze
North LGA of Enugu State. Literature revealed that Nigeria is second country
(after India) with highest cases of maternal and child mortality and morbidity.
This led to the introduction of free MCH services in most states in Nigeria
including Enugu State. Yet, literature consistently report that there is still
high rate of maternal and child mortality and morbidity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">In the present
study, the free MCH services are those
free health services given to mothers and their children regardless of their
ability to pay for the services in order to reduce the rate of maternal and
child death and achieve the optimal health of both the mother and her child.
Provision and utilization of MCH services remains the only proven tool for
reducing the rate of maternal and child mortality. Definitions of concepts such
as provision, utilization, and extent as given by different authors were
x-rayed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Certain variables have
been found to influence the extent of provision and utilization of MCH
services. One of such variables is economic status. Increased income was
documented to have a positive effect on the utilization of modern health care
services. Also, women's involvement in gainful employment empowers women to
take part in decision-making processes about health care in the family.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Mother’s level of
education was also shown to influence the extent of utilization of MCH services.
It is argued that better educated women are more aware of health problems; know
more about the availability of health care services; and use this information
more effectively to maintain or achieve good health status. It was also found
that a higher level of maternal education results in improved child survival
because health services that effectively prevent fatal childhood diseases are
used to a greater extent by mothers with higher education than by those with
little or no education.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Apart from mother’s
level of education, age of mother was also shown to influence the extent of
utilization of MCH services.</span><span class="name"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; padding: 0in;">
Findings on how age influences health care utilization are not consistent. Some
reports show that older women utilize health services more than their younger
counterparts but the reverse is reported by some other studies. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">The third school of thought believes that one would
naturally seek care when distressed irrespective of one’s age. This means that
age has no influence on the mothers’ extent of utilization of health services.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The location and
quality of services available are also important factors affecting MCH services
utilization. Proximity to a health facility has been found to affect the use of
MCH services especially in rural areas as these facilities are usually located
at long distances. For many, lack of transportation and/or considerations of
the cost of transportation serve as mitigating factors to healthcare seeking.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">The theories of anchor
in the present study are: the theory of health seeking-behaviour <span class="apple-converted-space">by </span></span><a href="http://m.heapro.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/327.full#ref-4"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Anderson and Newman
(1973</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">)</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
and the attachment theory by Bolby (1969). The tenet of the theory of health
seeking-behaviour is that utilization of health services depends the
predisposing (such age, gender etc); enabling factor like income level; and
need factor (perceived needs and evaluated needs). The tenet of the Attachment
theory is that there is <span class="apple-style-span">universal human tendency
to prefer certain familiar companions over other people, especially when ill,
injured, or distressed.</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Literature
revealed that the rate of maternal and child mortality globally is unacceptably
high especially in developing countries including Nigeria despite the widely
publicized free health programmes and policies which target reduction of
maternal and child mortality. This led to copious studies on the extent of
provision and utilization of free maternal and child health services. However,
most of the literatures on the topic describe the situation as it exists
elsewhere. None of such studies, to the best of the knowledge of the present
researcher, has been conducted in Igbo-Eze North Local Government of Enugu
State. The present study fills the gap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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low-income Jamaican women. <i>Human Organisation</i>, <i>50 (2).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Singh, P. K., Rai, R. K., Alagarajan,
M. & Singh, L. (2012). <i>Determinants
of maternity care services utilization among married adolescents in rural
India.</i> <i>PLoS ONE 7 (2), 45-72.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Stock,
R. (</span></span><span class="cit-pub-date"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">1983</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">). Distance and utilization of health
facilities in rural Nigeria.</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="cit-source"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Social Science and Medicine</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="cit-vol"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">17</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i></span><span class="cit-fpage"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">63</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><i><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">–570</span></i></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">. <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">UNICEF
(2013). <i>Maternal and child health</i>.
Retrieved from </span><a href="http://www.unicef.org/%20nigeria/children_1926.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.unicef.org/
nigeria/children_1926.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">United Nation International Children
Emergency Fund, UNICEF, (1997). Women’s health in Pakistan. <i>Fact sheets prepared for Pakistan National
Forum on Women’s Health 3-5, 16-17.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">United
Nations Environment Programme (2013). <i>Millennium
Development Goals.</i> Retrieved from </span></span><a href="http://www.unep.org/documentid=489&l=en"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">www.unep.org/documentid=489&l=en</span></a><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Vallières, F., McAuliffe, E., Palmer, I., Magbity,
E., & Bangura, A. S. (2013). </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Supporting and strengthening maternal, neonatal, and
child health services using mobile phones in sierra leone: A research protocol</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Retrieved from </span><a href="http://africa.harvard.edu/apj/supporting-strengthening-maternal-neonatal-and-child-health-services-using-mobile-phones-in-sierra-leone-a-research-protocol/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://africa.harvard.edu/apj/supporting-strengthening-maternal-neonatal-and-child-health-services-using-mobile-phones-in-sierra-leone-a-research-protocol/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=van%20den%20Heuvel%20OA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Vanden, H. O. A</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=de%20Mey%20WG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">De Mey, W. G</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Buddingh%20H%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buddingh, H</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.,
&<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=Bots%20ML%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bots, M. L</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.
(1999). <i>Use of maternal care in a rural
area of Zimbabwe: A population-based study.</i> Retrieved from </span><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577611"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10577611</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Vocabulary</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">.com</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> (2013). <i>What
is provision?</i> Retrieved from </span><a href="http://www.vocabulary.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.vocabulary. com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">/dictionary/provision.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">WHO (2000). <i>Child mortality.</i> Geneva: WHO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">WHO (2012). <i>Maternal mortality.</i> Retrieved from </span><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre%20/factsheets/fs348/en/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.who.int/mediacentre
/factsheets/fs348/en/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, &
World Bank (2012). </span><a href="http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/9789241503631/en/index.html" target="_blank"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to
2010</span></i></a><em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">.</span></em><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> Geneva: WHO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Williams
J., & Wilkins, W. U. (2006). </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> <i>Child-bearing age</i>. Retrieved from </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">http://www.
medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=1634</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Winikoff,
B. (1987). Assessing the role of family planning in reducing maternal mortality<i>.
Studies in Family Planning</i>, <i>18 (3).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">World Bank (1999).<i>Human development in South Asia: The crisis
of governance.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-23430550226437242422014-04-09T03:08:00.001-07:002014-04-09T03:08:11.090-07:00<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ASSIGNMENT: MEASUREMENT IN THE PHYSICAL SCIENCE IS A
DIRECT PROCESS WHICH IN EDUCATION IT IS AN INDIRECT PROCESS. DISCUSS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In physical science which
is a direct measurement are ones you actually take with gauges or Instruments
or by counting. You could use a rain Gauge and record rain fall or you could
measure the amount of carbon dioxide in air while in education measurement are
indirect measurements are taken of something other than the actual thing of
interest. For example, the rings of a tree might indicate that ten or twenty
years ago there was less rain because the rings are narrower. The amount of
carbon dioxide trapped in polar ice-caps might be used to estimate the
concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> in the air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">A direct measurement would be counting the
number of people who walk through a stadium gate and an indirect measurement of
this would be counting the number of tickets sold or counting the money from
the sale of tickets. The two indirect measurements could be wrong because not
everyone who buys a ticket uses it or the handling of the money was
inappropriate.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">There are many ways to collect evidence of
student learning. To simplify the options, somewhat, assessment efforts are
categorized as direct and indirect measures. Direct measures are probably more
familiar to teaching faculty. A direct measure is based on a sample of actual
student work, including reports, exams, demonstrations, performances, and
completed works. The strength of direct measurement is that faculty members are
capturing a sample of what students can do, which can be very strong evidence
of student learning. A possible weakness of direct measurement is that not
everything can be demonstrated in a direct way, such as values, perceptions,
feelings, and attitudes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Examples of direct and indirect assessment
methods are given in the table below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 2.7pt 2.7pt 2.7pt 2.7pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #780956 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 4.75pt 0in 4.75pt 0in; width: 50.0%;" valign="top" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Direct Measurement <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #780956 1.5pt; border: none; padding: 4.75pt 0in 4.75pt 0in; width: 50.0%;" valign="top" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Indirect Measurement <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #FAEEA3; border-bottom: solid #093B54 1.0pt; border-left: dotted #780956 1.0pt; border-right: dotted #780956 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #093B54 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted #780956 .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: dotted #780956 .75pt; padding: 4.75pt 4.75pt 4.75pt 4.75pt; width: 50.0%;" valign="top" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">(1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Essay test
question<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">(2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Term paper<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">(3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Oral presentation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">(4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Multiple-choice
test question<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">(5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Performance piece
(e.g., musical recital)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">(6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Case analysis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">(7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Standardized test<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">(8)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> Class project (individual or group)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">
(9) Poster presentation<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #FAEEA3; border-bottom: solid #093B54 1.0pt; border-left: dotted #780956 1.0pt; border-right: dotted #780956 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid #093B54 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: dotted #780956 .75pt; mso-border-right-alt: dotted #780956 .75pt; padding: 4.75pt 4.75pt 4.75pt 4.75pt; width: 50.0%;" valign="top" width="50%">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(1) Classroom Assessment Techniques such
as “muddiest point”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(2) Survey of current students<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(3) Survey of faculty members<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(4) Survey of internship supervisors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(5) Survey of graduates<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(6) Survey of employers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">(6) Survey of transfer institutions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-9598277149772603962014-04-04T06:11:00.011-07:002014-04-04T06:11:41.501-07:00The scope and study of Udi local government of Enugu State<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">CHAPTER ONE <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.1 <b>BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Man in his environment encounters a
lot of difficulties such as physical and social factors in the environment. His
ultimate goal is to conquer both the physical and social problems of his
environment and to achieve this objective, he utilizes available human and
material resources. In the course of man acquainting himself with his immediate
environment and finding solutions to problems in the environment, physical and
social development take place. </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Development,
therefore, </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">arose from
the need to find solution to problems of human environment.</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The quest for development made for the
Federal government to create the necessary reforms that enable the government
at the third tier play her complementary role. The Federal government of
Nigeria, through the 1976 Local Government Reforms, explained local government
as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> “Local Government is Government at
local level exercised through representation councils established by law to
exercise specific power within defined areas” (Government print: 1976)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> A political division of a nation (In a
Federal or State system) which is constituted by law and has substantial
control of local affairs including the power to impose taxes to exact labour
for prescribed purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> There are 774 Local Government
Councils in Nigeria, an average of 21 per state. In Enugu state where Udi Local
Government Area emanates from, the local government area are 17 in number.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> There are condition for the creation
which has to be taken into consideration. People that has common culture,
affinity and are close with the required population would be easily to be
considered to be given local government. The likely problems within the area
should be considered. The Ibos lead an independent life of theirs for they like
to provide for themselves more basic needs which they could get through mass
participation in providing such as food, roads, shelter and protection. Their
communities were organized in such a way that most of their needs were provided
by the people as a body or by individuals on groups within the community.
Hence, the communities that have common affinity and almost common problem
should be tied as a local government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The development centres as they were
created by Governor Chimaroke Nnamani around 2007 was to enable development to
get to the grass root. The government within her 17 local government recognized
by the Federal government created 54 LDC and that is Local Government
Development Council. The centres were to ensure that development is extended to
other parts of the mother local government. This 17 local government that is 54
Local Development Council carved out in Enugu State was also the pattern Lagos
State created about 54 or 74 local government and they wanted the Federal
government to fund the Local government
development council. The Federal government withheld the allocation and
asked the Lagos government to revert to the old local government. The fourth
tier of government as being practiced by some government is the town union.
This would enable the development to get to the town stretching from the local
government to local development council and then the town union. It makes
development faster and accessible to the people that were concerned if there
would be checks and balances.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The study focus on the local
government system. A case study of Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State
(1999-2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From our background exposition, it is
important to note that the problems of local government in Nigeria and in fact,
Udi local government area in particular are multi-faceted. Despite the justification for the
establishment of local government and its inevitable importance to the people
at the grass root level; Udi rural populace in particular, this tier of
government seems not to have justified the reasons for which it was
established.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The
questions that summarily come to one’s mind are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Why has local government not lived up to
its expectations?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">What are the causes of those seemingly
conspicuous weaknesses?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">What are the challenges of the local
government?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">And how can those weaknesses be corrected
and the challenges met?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The Nigeria State created local government of the third tier
of government whose objective is to ensure effective, measurable and efficient
service delivery to the people. Unfortunately, in spite of this aim, autonomy
to local government became a mirage, shifting sand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The autonomy so created was hijack by
the State and Federal government that they do not allow the third tier to
function well. The fund so far allocated to the third tier of government often
time were misused by the people trusted with the mandate of the poor masses. In
fact there is a lot of maladministration in the system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> There are situation whereby the people
entrusted with the fate of the masses were not professionals or may be half
baked educationally, the tendency is that whatever action that is taken may not
address the problems of the people. The poor identification of a peculiar
problem people have coupled with poor allocation of fund tend to set
development programmes backwards. There is also inadequate staffing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> A lot of issues that hinder the local
government is that there are non uniformity and corruption in the systems and
the operators tend to call it a unified local government system. They would
have allowed each local government to operate at her own frequency. There would
not be building of bridges where there are no flowing rivers. The local
government where such problem is not peculiar to would not be disturbed and
fund is allocated for such programme would divert the fund. There is much intra
ethnic interest going on within the system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The local government should be allowed
to operate on their own. The different local government in the country should
be allowed to be managed by professionals who know the where without. The
system is faced with various difficulties. Udi local government is not an
exception in these difficulties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20.25pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It is also hoped that this study will stimulate interest in
local government in order to evolve mere effective approaches to local
government administration means of achieving balanced national development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">This study is very significant in that it goes a long way to
offering suggestions for improvement in rural development with the ultimate aim
of improving the economic and social conditions of the communities and integrating
them into the life of the nation thus contributing fully to national progress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> It is also hoped this study will
stimulate interest in community theorists in order to evolve more effective
approaches to rural diversifications as means of achieving balanced national
development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The scope of our study is Udi local government of Enugu State,
as a point of contact to other local government areas of Enugu State Nigeria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> However, a number of handicap to the researcher
in the period of this work. The most basic handicap was lack of fund on the
part of the research to get to all remote villages in Udi local government area
in order to obtain the bird’s eye-view report. In effect, the researcher tried
to visit a reasonable member of communities that help her to come to a
convincing conclusion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Another factor that proves no less a
modeling handicap was the question of time since the researcher was at the same
time facing other compelling necessities as a final year student. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Finally, although there may have been
some work done on Udi local government area as a study subject, but most of
them were either unpublished or presented in a blazed frame which render them
irrelevant to our researcher. On the side of unpublished works, we only laid
reference to the authoritative works of classroom lecture. And to the other, we
avoided to ensure non-sentimental presentation or representation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">CHAPTER TWO <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW/ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> It is pertinent to note that some
scholars have done some interested works on this topic under study.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Here, I will dwell heavily on the
concepts of local government system in Nigeria and Udi Local Government Area in
particular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> According to Agi (2002:103), He said
that there has been no universally accepted definition of the term local
government. Thus, like every other concepts in the field of the social
sciences, the concept of local government is faced with institutional and
authoritative bias from people of the Lexicol Icon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Agugu (1997:18) defined local government as a government at
the grassroots level of administration meant for meeting peculiar grassroots
need of the people. The concept of local government involves a philosophical
commitment to democratic participation in the governing process at the
grassroots level. This implies legal and administrative decentralization of
authority, power and personnel by a higher level of government to a community
with a will of its own performing specific functions as with the wider national
framework.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Also according to Lawaly (2000:60) Local government can be
defined as that tier of government closet to the people, “which is vested with
certain powers to exercise control over the affairs of people in the domain”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">A
local government is expected to play the role of promoting the democratic deals
of a society and co-coordinating development programme at the local level. It
is also expected to serve as the basis of socio-economic development in the
locality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Appadorai, (1975:287) defined local
government as government by the popularly elected bodies charged with
administrative and executive duties in matters concerning the inhabitants of
the particular district or a place. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Thomas Jefferson (1816) defined local
government as a political and administrative unit that is empowered by law to
administer a specified locality. The new Columbia Encyclopedia (1975) 4<sup>th</sup>
edition defines local government as a political administration of the smallest
sub-divisions of a country’s territory and population (with such other features
as, a continuing organization, the authority to undertake public activities,
the ability to enter into contracts, the ability to collect taxes and determine
a budget.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> It is discovered from the above three
definitions that local government is related as a political administration
geared towards administering a specified locality. The federal government of
Nigeria, through the 1976 local government reforms, explained local government
as government at local level exercised through representative councils
established by law to exercise specific power within defined areas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> On the other hand, Andrain (1972)
defines local government as “A political subdivision of a national or regional
government which performs functions that are culturally defined as local in
character, which in nearly all cases receives its legal powers from the
national or regional government but possesses some degree of discretion in the
making of decisions, and which normally has some taxing, powers”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> According to the United Nations
Division of Public Administration (Abubakar 1993:4) local government is defined
as “A political division of nation (in a federal or state system) which is
constituted by law and has substantial control of local affairs including the
powers to impose taxes or to exact labour for prescribed purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Also the Encyclopedia Americana,
International Edition (1978), volume 17, defines local government as “a
political subdivision of national government or in the case of Federal systems,
a subdivision of regional government”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> W. A. Robson, in the Encyclopedia of
the social services, defines local government as involving “The conception of a
territorial, non-sovereign community possessing the legal right and the
necessary organ to regulate its own affairs. This, in turn, presupposes the
existence of a local authority with the power to act independently of external control
as well as the participation of the local community in the administration of
its affairs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> According to Egwurube in Ademolakun
(1988:157), local government is defined as, “a government at the local level
exercised through representative councils with statutorily defined powers to
initiate and direct resources allocation and resources location among a given
range of prescribed functions within delimited jurisdictional boundaries”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Ozor (2004:2) in the other hand gives
his own view of local government as a concept and a practice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">He
noted that “Local government is a defector government (having Legislative,
Executive and Judicial capabilities) operating within the ambit (jurisdiction)
of (an) other higher government).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Okoli, (2000) noted that local government
is a creation of national government and it’s inferior. He viewed it as the
lens through which the people view the national government and its activities,
and it is the vehicle which transports peoples yearning to the national
government and also as the telescope that draws the national government nearer
to the grass root.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Though all the definitions and views of local
government from different scholars may tend to vary, yet they expose features
characteristic of local government and they include that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Local government is government at the
local levels;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It comprises elected members, such as
Chairman and Councilors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It has its autonomous existence and
endowed with a legal status;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Special powers are reserved for it;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It exists within a defined territory;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It is seen as a distinct tier of
government<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It must provide avenues for the promotion
of the welfare of the members of the community;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It provide authority over a given
population;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It can impose taxes and incur expenses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">From
the above features or summary, we can conclude that local government in its
commonest explanation is the government closest to us at the grass root level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.2 HYPOTHESES <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The following hypotheses apply to our
study and they include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(i)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Udi
local government area does not represent nor pursue rural development of its
rural communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(ii)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Udi
local government area today lacks the requisite conditions or rather
constitutional authonomy that guarantee rural development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(iii)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Udi
local government area is a devolution of Enugu State government, which has
affected all segments of her communities and deprive her the responsibilities
of an authonomy which by principles are stated in the constitution (1999:12) of
the Federal Republic of Nigeria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.3 OPERATIONALIZATION OF THE KEY CONCEPTS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Local Government: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Several scholars
and institutions have given their definitions of the term and institution of
local government. However, Professor E.O. Awa defined the term local government
as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Local government refers to a political
authority set up by a nation or state as a subordinate authority for the
purpose of dispersing or decentralizing political power.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Local government can also be defined
as “a political sub-division of a nation or (in a federal/system) state which
is constituted by law and has substantial control of local affairs, including
the powers to improve taxes or to exact labour for prescribed purposes. The
governing body of such an entity is elected or otherwise locally selected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Guidelines for local government
reforms in Nigeria define local government as government at a local level
exercised through a representative council established by law to exercise
specific powers and functions within defined areas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Development:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Nnoli defined development as a process involving the individual
group and society in an upward movement from a situation of low productivity,
low level of skill and organized capacity to higher level of labour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Development could be seen as a process
through which the various facilities of man are developed to actualize his
various aspirations of development which include socio/political, cultural
environment. Development is oriented towards the satisfaction of human needs
within his specified environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> <b>Community:</b> A community may be
referred to as a group of people interactly among themselves in a
geographically defined space and time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Rural/Community development: Rural
development is defined by UNESCO, as the process by which the effort of the
people are united with those of the government to improve the social, economic
and cultural conditions of communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Thus, Lek (1975:20) defined rural
development as ‘improving the living standards of the mass of low income
population residing in rural area and making the process of their development
self sustaining. In line with this, G.A. Odenigwe (1977) argued that it is a
system of local administration under which communities and towns are organized
to maintain law and order, provide some limited range of social services and
public amenities and encourage the co-operative and participation of the
inhabitants in joint endeavour toward the improvement of their condition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Rural development is also defined as a
strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of the people in
rural areas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> <b>The international co-operation:</b>
Administration sees community development as a process of social actions in
which the people of a community organized themselves for planning and action
and the individual plans with a maximum reliance upon community resources and
supplement these resources when necessary with services and materials from
government and non-governmental agencies outside the community. (cited in
Okoli, 1985:14)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> According to Akinbede (1985) rural
development is directed to the modernization of the rural areas. It involves a
broad spectrum of issues among which are problems of agricultural
modernization, rural industrialization, job creation, transport development and
provision of adequate housing and shelter for rural inhabitants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Elekwe (1992) sees rural development
as a process through which the people in the same community first of all
discuss and define their goals and objectives and then plan and act together to
satisfy them. It is also a process by which the efforts of the people
themselves are united with those of the government to improve economic, social
and cultural conditions of communities in order to integrate these communities
into the life of the nation and enable them to contribute fully to the national
progress which requires citizen participation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.4 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Our choice of theoretical frame work of analysis here dwells
heavily on people centred approach. This approach was developed from the
intellectual discussions of Fred W. Riggs (1982) and colleagues in the book
‘Public Administration in Developing Countries: The Theory of Prismatic
Society?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> According to them as adapted in Aba
(2000:73), ‘The people contred approach’ pays complete regard to the material
condition of the rural populace and consideration for their aspirations. The
people-centred approach therefore places emphasis on self-reliance and the
economic advancement of rural dwellers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The use of this approach is justified
by the following conjectives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Since
it places emphasis on the condition of the rural people of the rural
communities, we shall assess Udi local government area to the extent it has
impacted on the lives of the rural people and communities under her
jurisdiction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The
approach equally pays attention to the self-reliance and economic advancement
of rural dwellers. We shall consequently asses the degree of interventions of
Udi local government are to the aspirations of Udi people and communities for
self reliance and economic advancement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">With the above specifics, we shall do our assessment or
research based on development index as provided or otherwise by Udi local
government area to its rural people and communities since its inception as a
local government area-third-tier level government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In the course of this work, relevance information
are gathered for the success of this work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The following methods are applied:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">the
consultation of written materials such as test book, newspaper and magazine <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">the
searching through internet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">face-to-face
interview of the native, community leaders and local government officials of
the Udi Local Government<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.5.1 SOURCES OF DATA <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The data for this study were generated
from two major sources namely; primary and secondary sources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Primary
Sources of Date:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">These include data generated from the filed, interview and
questionnaire instrument were used to generate the primary data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Secondary
Sources of Data:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> These are data from already existing
documents and literature for this purpose, a great deal of books, journals,
periodicals, internet articles monographs, seminar and research papers,
government document and unpublished research materials were collated and
studied. These complement the primary data and they were also used to verify
the primary data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.5.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The population of study cut across
different occupations. It comprises 100 people made up of career civil servants
and farmers. These groups of people represent the population study for this
research within Udi local government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.5.3 SAMPLE SIZE/SAMPLING TECHNIQUE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It is extremely difficult if not impossible for study an
entire population. Thus for a research endeavour to be more practical and
realistic, there is a need to select some members of the population to
represent enti<b>re </b>population. In this study, a sample size of one hundred
staff and farmers were chosen to represent the Udi local government area. This
entails that one hundred (100) questionnaires were produced and distributed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In determining the sample populations
stratified and sample random sampling techniques were used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.5.4 METHOD OF DATA PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="41" style="vertical-align: top;" width="51"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251623936;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1027">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t202"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:98.1pt;margin-top:130.25pt;width:35.5pt;
height:27.65pt;z-index:251623936' filled="f" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 131px; margin-top: 174px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 51px; z-index: 251623936;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t32" coordsize="21600,21600"
o:spt="32" o:oned="t" path="m,l21600,21600e" filled="f">
<v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" o:connecttype="none"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" shapetype="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:97.6pt;margin-top:133.9pt;width:25pt;
height:0;z-index:251622912' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 129px; margin-top: 178px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 35px; z-index: 251622912;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="35" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The data gotten
through the questionnaire instruments were presented in tables. Each table
shows the response distribution of a question item in the questionnaire. The frequencies
of the response options were shown and their corresponding percentages worked
out using the formular N X 100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Where
N = Number of respondents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> T = Total number of the respondents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> 100 = Percentage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> I – A Unit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In analyzing the data, the frequency
and simple percentage were used. The decision rule is to accept any option that
is endorsed by a simple majority of the respondents. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">CHAPTER THREE <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">3.1 BACKGROUND
INFORMATION ON UDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Udi division was an authority that
could be linked to Oji River province of the then Eastern (later Anambra and
now Enugu State) of Nigeria. In 1967, under the General Gowon’s administration,
Nigeria was divided into twelve states. This was redoubled by Murtala Mohammed
administration in 1976 during the reform that gave Nigeria the former nineteen
(19) state structures. More local government areas emerged therefore in the
1991 states/local government creation (under the General Ibrahim Badamosi
Babangida administration of 1985-1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Udi Local Government is bounded by the
Coordinates: 6<sup>0</sup>19<sup>1</sup>N 7<sup>0</sup>26<sup>1</sup>E, 6.317<sup>0</sup>N
7.433<sup>0</sup>E. It is bounded on the North by Igbo-Etiti, on the South by
Enugu North, on the East by Enugu East and on the West by Eziagu local
government area all in Enugu State. Udi can be referred to as people living
West of the Coal City, Enugu State. The headquarters is in the City of Udi
town.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The Accessibility of Udi is easier
because of the improved development and Urbanization in the area. It is
accessible by road, air and mobile communication. 9<sup>th</sup> Mile Corner in
Udi serves as a junction or stopping place for the entire travellers coming to
Enugu from the North, South and part of South East.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> However, the area has a good network;
most of the roads are tarred while others were well graded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">3.2 COMPOSITION AND POPULATION <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The area has an area of about 897km<sup>2</sup>
and Population of 234,002 at the 2006 census. From this local government four
new development centres were created by Governor Chimaroke Nnamani
Administration in the year 2003. These development centres include: Ezedike,
Ojebeogene, Udi and Ugwunye local government development centres. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ezedike local government development
centre comprises of Akpakwume, Nze and Oghu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ojebe Ogene local government development
centre comprises Awhum, Ebe, Abor, Ukana, Okpatu, Umulumgbe and Umuoka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ugwunye local government development
centre comprises of Amaozalla Affa, Egede, Affa, Amafia Affa and Amokwu Affa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Udi local government development centre.
It comprises Udi town, Obioma, Abia, Agbudu, Obinagu, Umuaga, Nachi, Oji
Amokwe, Enugu Amokwe, Etiti Amokwe, Uwani Amokwe, Eke, Ngwo Asaa, Imeama Ngwo
Assaa, Ameke Ngwo, Nsude Uboji Ngwo, Amankwo Ngwo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It is interesting to let you know how the
name Enugu is gotten from Ngwo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">According to Ikechukwu Ude-Chime in his story of the people we
now know as Ngwo, a part of today’s Udi local government area. Ngwu Nwangwuako
was a great hunter from Neke. He has ten children known collectively as Ngwuo
Ili. One of the sons was Amaudeneogu, whose name his descendants adopted for
their village and, because of the location of their village on a hilltop
“enuugwu”, they became Enuugwu Amaudeneogu. So Enugu is an Anglo adulteration
and shortening of the word “Enuugwu Ngwo”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">All these towns or cities fall inside Udi Local Governemnt
Area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">3.3 POLITICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> It was discovered that before 1976
reform, that Udi like most communities in Igboland are republicans from time
immemorial. They had no kings, and they had no organized military or police
force. In fact, there have no formal judicial nor penal system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> And it is on this condition that Ichie
NOO Udala of Umuaga on June 19, 1973 stated that “Before the white man came we
have no Chief that saw the affairs of the town. But we had several institutions
that helped us organize our activities. The government of this town was not
vested on man. In the olden days, each village had a person that we could now
call a chief to head the town’s political and administrative activities. This
man was normally the oldest man of that village, and was called Onyisi ani.
Within this village we have another man that heads the affairs of the “lineage”
or Umunna called Okenye Umunna. During any case affecting the whole town, the
ndi ishi ani, village heads would meet and discuss effectively the issues
involved. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> And so it was until a certain Udi man
from Eke named Ozo Amulu Onwusi married a beautiful lady from Ebe named
Chinazungwa Ijeonyeabo. They had a son, Onyeama. He grew up to become the nearest
Udi man having one identifiable ruler in living memory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> During the colonial period, Udi did
not swallow colonialism hook, line, and sinker. Everyone, black or white could
settle in Udi and co-exist constructively and peacefully. However, when the European
tourists turned around to rule, the people refused the concept of taxation
without representation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Chief Onyeama n’ Eke acquiesced to the
tyrannical repudiation of popular participatory politics (Oha ne eze). The
people revolted. So this spirit of revulsion at oppression was reenacted in the
Udi Revolt and the bloody coal miner’s strike (Iva valley, Enugu) on November
18, 1949 which signaled the beginning of the struggle for independence. It is
no coincidence that Udi was the first political capital of lands east of the
Nigeria. The capital was only moved to Enugu after the discovery of Coal in Udi
Hills.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In the present day, Udi Local
Government Area which involves democratic system of government, the head is the
Chairman of the Local Government Area, Sole Administrator for Local Government
Development Centre and Councilors down to traditional rulers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Culturally, Udi has a certain
commonality of culture, but it varies as much as cultural diversity in Igbo
land. They include: Odo festival which occurs in northern parts of Udi (Odo ozo
area), while Mmanwu appears more from Oshie to Neke communities. Eke is a town
of both Odo and Mmanwu. Umuabi had the strongest attachment to the Mmanwu
phenomenon; Nachi, much less so. Umuaga; besides its strong Mmanwu culture, has
the popular rites of rebellion called “Okomoyo” during which the young are
allowed to revel all-night long under the supposedly watchful eyes of the older
folk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Moreover, other traditional practices
include, marriage rites, New yam festival, Title-taking rites such as “Ichi
Ozor”. They believe in the sacredness of Ani, the earth deity, and in the
supremacy of Chi ukwu (Almighty God). Each town in Udi has at least one major
deity, a being force (alusi) to which a shrine is built. In the table below are
some towns in Udi Local Government Area and their various deities:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Town<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">
Major Deity (alusi)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Udi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Umuaga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Abia,
Amaokwe and Udi town<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Abia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Okpatu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Awhum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Umulumgbe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Affa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ani
Udi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Nneche
Umuaga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Aniobodoishiokwe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Onu
Eke Oga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Affia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ukwuakpu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ugwuedem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Dinapata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> When the white men came, they came
with their religion and their method of Education. The towns in Udi local
government areas embraced both their education and their religion. The Udi
north are predominantly of Roman Catholic denomination while the Southern Udi
embraced CMS (Anglican Church).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> It was the politic in religion that
made it that Onyeama a paramount Chief within the Udi enclave did not allow the
Church Missionary Society to penetrate more into Agbaja area where he controlled.
Even though he openly desired no part of Christianity, he invited and
encouraged church missionaries – to teach his people the ways of the white man.
When the CMS would not teach English, but in Owere dialect of the Igbo
language, Onyeama expelled them and brought in the Roman Catholics, on the
condition that they teach in English and Latin and let his people speak their
own dialect of Igbo! From his kingdom, the Catholic Church reached all parts of
northern Igboland, Ogoja and Benue areas. He encouraged serious economic
development, including mineral exploration and railway construction linking
Enugu with Port Harcourt. This Kingdom stretched even down to Nsukka areas of
which most of the towns have more of Roman Catholic Churches than CMS. Through
the establishment of their religion they also introduced their education which
enabled people to interact with them. The churches so far established helped to
curb some of the devilish habits of the people. As they embraced these big
religious bodies they also allow the existence of other churches. In fact they
are not inclined only to traditional religion they practice Christianity to the
core. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The motives of their education were to
prepare ground for the exploitation of the hinterland so that their language
could be interpreted as to enable them get what they wanted. The Udi people
gained exceedingly from them as they not only interpreted but they delved into
other field of human endeavour. The first Igbo medical doctor was Dr Simon
Ezevuo Onwu, son of Ozo Offianaecheafa of Amaozalla Affa. The first Nigerian
World Court Judge Justice Charles Dadi Onyeama, a contemporary of Dr Onwu was
also an Udi son from Eke.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> There were a lot of prominent men in
Udi that shone like bright star among whom were Justice Philip Nnaemeka Agu and
Anthony Aniagolu, Chief Gabriel Onoh the father of Chief C.C. Onoh. There are
Professors like Odenigwe, Egudu, Aneke, Chime, Nebo and others that could not
be included in this write up. There were also great teachers, technocrats and
technicians that had contributed immensely to the welfare of the Local
government and Nigeria at large.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Under this political dispensation the
son of Udi, His Excellency, Bar. Sullivan Iheanacho Chime is the governor of
Enugu State. Other intelligent and well educated ones occupied other positions
in Enugu State and they are men from Udi enclave.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It is important to note that, no Udi town speaks exactly the
same dialect as the other. It is obvious to detect the differences. The
different towns that made up Udi local government have different taboos. For
example, the people of Umuaga do not eat snails, in Ngwo, Afia usu market is
located beneath giant cotton tree on which bats habit in their thousands.
Though eating bat is not prohibited, no one would be allowed to kill any of the
bats at the giant cotton tree. Oshie communities curiously do not inter marry,
for they are descended from one man; curious because intra-marriage occurs in
these communities. Intermarriage is virtually zero between that people of Nsude,
Eke, Amaokwe, Abia and Udi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">3.4 OCCUPATION AND SOURCE OF REVENUE OF THE AREA
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The occupation of the inhabitants of
Udi Local Government Area is predominantly agriculture. They involve in
agricultural activities such as cultivation of cassava, yams, cashew trees,
stringed beans, vegetables, oil beans, tropic fruits and assorted agricultural
products.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Some population embarks on trading
since there are areas like 9<sup>th</sup> Mile Corner which is a booming place
for business. For those who want natural drinks, the best palm wine in the
whole wide world “Aneke Achime” flow from Nkwo Agu market in abundance to
compliment the best “Okpa” (Udi bread) on earth. So Udi is said to produce the
best palm wine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The land near or close to 9<sup>th</sup>
Mile Corner is blessed with a natural aquifer which is very close to the
surface of the earth. So the area serves as a good source of pipe borne water
which is used in all part of Enugu State and even beyond. Also because of this
aquifer, the largest brewery in West Africa (Amah brewery) and the major
bottling companies ranging from Coca-Cola bottling Company Plc, Limca and Seven
Up to create employment to the people of Udi Local Government Area and generate
revenue for the Udi Local Government Area. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">CHAPTER FOUR <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">4.1 DATA
PRESENTATION <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Here in this chapter, the collected
data will be analyzed to reflect the research questions <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
1: Distribution of Respondents by Sex<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Sex<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage
(%)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">MALES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">FEMALES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
compiled field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
2: Distribution of respondents by age
group<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Age
group<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage
(%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20-30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">31-45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">46-
more<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
3: Distribution of respondents by
academic qualification or level of education.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Education
Qualification <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage
(%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">FSLC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">WASC/GCE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">NCE/HND/DEGREE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">MSC/PH.D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Table 4: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How
do you feel with the performance of Udi Local Government Area since the new
democratic dispensation in 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The first question in the questionnaire/interviews sought to
know how each of the respondents feels with the performance of Udi Local Government
Area since the new democratic dispensation in 1999 to the present. The opinions
of the respondent are represented in a tabular form below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Satisfactory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Fairly
satisfactory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Dissatisfactory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Highly
dissatisfactory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the above table 100
questionnaires were distributed across the levels of respondents. 10 persons
responded that Udi local government area has performed satisfactory, 15
responded to the option of fairly satisfactory, while 55 and 20 responded to
the options of dis-satisfactory respectively. Therefore the total percentages
were including to dissatisfaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
5: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What are responsible for your opinion in question one above</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> <b>Options<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Availability of
social amenities that creates happiness</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Political
interference, administrative ineptitude</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">39<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">39<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Political
interference lack of financial and administrative autonomy</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The table above demonstrate the cause
of feeling of respondents to the performances or non-performances of Udi local
government area since 1999 to the present. In effect we discovered that the
majority of the population of study believe that political interference,
administrative ineptitude and lack of financial autonomy are highly responsible
for the non-performance of Udi local government toward ensuring accelerated
rural development in Udi local government area since 1999 democratic
dispensation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
6: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How many times were employment exercises under-taken by
Udi Local Government Area since 1999?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Once</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">95
(2004/2005)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Twice</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">More than twice</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">None<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The researcher discovered that since
May 29, 1999, it was only once that employment exercise was carried out in Udi
Local Government Area. Furthermore, the researcher observed that of the
respondents, the 5 persons that responded to the “non option” were of the stack
illiterate and unaware. However, the table demonstrates that Udi Local
Government Area has only conducted one single employment exercise since 1999 to
date.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
7: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What are responsible for the delays or failure to
conduct employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> <b>Options<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of local
autonomy, State Government embanges, financial problem</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of qualified
personnel for recruitment</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Over-staffing and
limited job vacancies</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of political
will, corruption and nepotism</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the indication of the responses
in the table we understand that both the literate and illiterate classes of the
respondents believe that lack of political autonomy, state government embargo
on employment, financial problems, occasional limited political will, added to
corruption and nepotism have been responsible for the failure of adequate
employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
8: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">To what extent is Udi Local Government Area responsible
to your community’s demand?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Effectively</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Periodically</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nonchalantly</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Uninterested</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The result above form the opinions of
respondent indicated that Udi Local Government does not respond effectively to
community demands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
9: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What are responsible for her success or failure in (5
above)?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Due to credible
seasoned leadership</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of credible,
tested leadership</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Corruption,
political interference from higher authorities</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the opinion of the respondents,
one glaring factors were responsible for the failure or delay of Udi Local Government
area to respond to the individual demands of Udi rural communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
10: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Are your people being adequately consulted in choosing/electing
the leaders of Udi Local Government Area?</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Effectively</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Periodically</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Once</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Scarcely</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Not aware </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the responses, indication shows
that the people of Udi Local government area are scarcely consulted during the
exercise of choosing their local government representatives. This does not
imply that they were not aware of political time-table of political exercise.
Rather, in their opinion, the choice of those who often emerged as their local
government representative in the local government executive councils at various
episodes were more or less chosen without regards to their choice persons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
11: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How far has Udi Local Government Area impacted on your
community in terms of provisions of social amenities since 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Effectively</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Periodically</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Non at all</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Uninterested</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From further investigations due to the
nature of the responses to the above question, we discovered that many of the
respondents chosen in our random selection have never felt the impact of the
government. The five people that responded positively were discovered to have
come from the constituencies of the Chairman of Udi local government council
since the changes that took place between 2004 to the present.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table 12: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What are responsible for its failure to provide adequate
social amenities such as electricity, roads, pipe-borne water,
hospitals/maternities and employment to your people?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Corruption among
the leadership, political interference, lack of autonomy</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of political
will on the political leadership</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of political
awareness on the part of the people</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">No need for such
in rural places</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the above investigation, the
researcher found out that those people on the negative were more or less
illiterate, aged and resigned to fate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table 13: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Of the available social amenities in your community they
were provided by<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Udi Local
Government Area</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Udi Local
Government with community efforts</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Enugu State
Government</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Enugu State
Government with Community Assistant</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> We understand that only two relevant
sources were responsible for the provision of social amenities in Udi local
government are to include Enugu State government and Enugu State government
with Community support/self effort respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
14: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Have you been paying taxes, rates, dues/levies to your
Local Government (Udi) Area?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Regularly </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Periodically</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Financially,
Materially and kindly</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">None at all <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the response we understand that
20 of the respondents indicated were uninterested. They don’t pay tax due to
the fact that they had nothing doing as youths within the age of 20-30 years of
age. This does not indicate their adult but rather a consequence of their state
of unemployment and therefore lack a veritable source of taxable livelihood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table 15: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Do
you have co-operative societies in your place?</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Yes</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">No</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The impression here indicate that there are co-operative
societies in various communities that make up Udi local government area.
Hoever, the few respondents in the negative were of the illiterate, aged and
unaware class form our interview reports.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
16: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Of what assistance has Udi Local Government Area
rendered to the co-operative societies in your community?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Financially</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Materially</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Financially,
Materially and Kindly</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">None at all</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the responses to the above
question, we came to a conclusion that Udi local government area has not been
rendering assistance to rural co-operative societies in the communities that make
up Udi local government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: -81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table 17: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How do you sustain your community co-operative
societies?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Through loans from
Udi Local Government Area</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Through loans from
leaders/financial institutions</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Through self-help
efforts like thrifts</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Through (b) and
(c) above</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">From indication shown in this response it is obvious that the
sources of sustenance of the Community/Rural co-operatives were through loans
from the banks and financial intuitions and through self help efforts such as
thrift system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
18: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What development programme has been effectively executed
in your community by Udi Local Government Area since 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Political
socialization through party politics</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Infrastructural
provision and development</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Massive
employment/ recruitment</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">None of the above</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the responses to question 15, we
understand that Udi local government area was more or less concerned with
political socialization of the various communities. We sought to correlate this
question with our initial question in the numbers with respect to the
consultation of the localities (since they are spheres of political
socialization) in process of choosing the leader of Udi local government
council. Our discovery which did not indicate in our questions shows that the
splees of socialization were more or less concentrated on party infacts, the
programmes assisted by WHO has nothing to do with the areas of the rural
infrastructures developments, employments opportunities and governmental
assistance towards enhancing community/rural development in Udi local
government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">4.2 DATA ANALYSIS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">This section verifies the views expressed by the majority in
the questionnaire using interview data and secondary data. This leads us to
accept or reject the hypotheses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Udi Local Government Area does not
represent rural/local development of its people and communities. From our
opinion of rural development, and development it signifies a positive change
that results in the elevation of a people to a higher level politically,
socially, culturally and economically (Ezeani, 2000). This implies improvement
in per capital income, Gross Domestic Production (GDP), provision of the
requisite amenities that are equally further agencies of production,
distribution and exchange (Igwe, 1998).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From our investigation research work,
we shall at this point dwell in testing our hypothetical statements, which
pivoted our research attempts. We shall thus take them in turns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Hypothesis
One: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Our first hypothesis states this; Udi Local
Government Area does not represent rural/local development of its people and
communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In testing the relevance of the above
hypothesis, we can draw from the responses in questions 1, 3, 4, 13, 14, and
15. To which each of the questions and their numerical responses are
represented thus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 86.05pt 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">How do you feel with the performance of
Udi Local Government Area since the new democratic dispensation in 1999 to the
present? Of the respondents 75% responded to the tone of dis-satisfaction. This
denotes that Udi Local Government Area has not performed in area under
investigation with the first question.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 86.05pt 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
third question requests thus: How many time were employment exercise undertaken
by Udi Local Government Area since 1999 and when? From the responses, it was
only once and done between 2000/2001 (Enugu Gazettee) indicated by 95%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
fourth questions wishes to know the causes of delays or failures to conduct
employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area since 1999. In opinion of the
respondent two factors were responsible in the order of priority that lack of
political autonomy and lack of political will, corruption and nepotism
represented by 100%. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
next question that is corroborates to the first hypothesis is question 13,
which state thus: of what assistance has Udi Local Government Area rendered to
the co-operative societies in your community? Of the above question, 80% of the
respondents responded in the negative signifying that Udi Local Government Area
has not been giving any significant assistance to the development of community
co-operatives in Udi Local Government Area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
final question with which to test hypothesis is question 14 which states thus.
How do you sustain your community co-operatives societies?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Responses
indicate that community co-operative societies in Udi Local Government Area are
being sustained through loans from banks, financial institutions and self help
efforts in the nature of thrifts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From
our statement of problem, we posed that ‘Based on infrastructural index, how
far has Udi Local Government provided social amenities the cradle of economic
and social growth of societies, for the development of her rural communities?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Indication
from the responses in the above questions, 95% indicated that Udi local
Government Area has not ever embodied on any such programmes. Therefore Local
Government Area as demonstrated by Udi Local Government Area not represent
rural/community development. Therefore the first hypothesis is adjusted as
relevant and carried as aptly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Hypothesis Two: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
second hypothesis maintains that Udi Local Government Area today lacks the
requisite constitutional autonomy that guarantee to rural development of her
people and communities. In testing the above hypothesis, we shall draw from the
responses in the following questions 2, 4, 6, and 9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Question
2 requests to know what were responsible for the negative outcomes in question
1, which invariantly wished to understand the feeling of the people with the
performance of Udi Local Government Area since 1999. It was understood that
administrative ineptitude, political interferences leading to lack of
administrative and financial autonomy were responsible for their responses to
question two, which by their percentage representative is 82%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Question
4 requests to understand why Udi Local Government delayed or failed to conduct
employment exercises since 1999. At this, it was equally understood that it was
lack of political autonomy that impelled the efforts to conduct employment
exercise in Udi Local Government Area with the percentage representation of
75%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Question
6 requests to know what were responsible for Udi Local Governments failure to
render assistance to community co-operative societies in Udi Local Government
Area. In understood from the scores that 85% of them attested to lack of
credible and tested leadership (since they are not consulted in choosing their
leaders) corruption and political interference from higher authority thereby
trampling on the autonomy of Udi Local Government Area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Question
9 requests to understand the causes of Udi Local Government failure to provide
the necessary social amenities to the communities. Here we noted that 85% of
the responses agreed that it was a consequence of corruption, political
interference and lack of political autonomy of Udi Local Government Area to
make decision for herself. In the light of the above hypothesis II is thus
sustained and carried.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Hypothesis Three:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
third hypothesis states that Udi Local Government Area is devolution of State
Government in Enugu State which has affected all segments of the responsibilities
in Udi Local Government Area by the constitution f the Federal Republic of
Nigeria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Schedule
four, section 7 of the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria spelt
out the areas of authority of Local Government Area in Nigeria. From
investigations corroborated by the responses to question 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 we
understand that the Local Government and Local Government Area in particular is
not allowed by the state government to perform these constitutional functions.
Rather, Udi Local Government becomes more or less an agency for the deliverance
of the policies and programmes of Enugu State Government instead of being
responsible for initiating, aggregating and executing public interests. To this point, hypothesis three is
equaling adopted and sustained.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From
the above hypothesis over view vis-à-vis our research findings, we can
understand that more surface and thus a quick measure becomes emergent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">CHAPTER FIVE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5.1 SUMMARY
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From
our background information, we understand that Udi Local Government Area is
made up of twenty three (23) communities as follows Akpakwume, Nze, Oghu,
Awhum, Ebe, Abor, Ukana, Okpatu, Umulumgbe, Umuoka, Egede, Affa, Udi, Obioma,
Abia, Agudu, Obinagu, Umuaga, Nachi, Amokwe, Ngwo, Eke and Nsude.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From
our investigations, we came to terms that even though there are a number of
social amenities existing in the communities. We were made to understand that
most or all those social amenities were not provided by Udi Local Government
Area. Rather, they were provided by Enugu State Government in conjunction with
community support efforts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Furthermore,
in spite of the existence of the community co-operative societies in Udi Local
Government Area, we discovered that Udi Local Government Area has not provided
any assistance to the improvement of these socio-economic ventures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> On
another sphere, employment of qualified people remains a cardinal
responsibility of government at all levels. Udi local government area as a
level of government, though a third tiers and of lowest command of authority,
is and ought to be as well privileged to ensure adequate recruitment of her
qualified youths and adults. This ought to be one of the major responsibilities
of a government that enjoys obedience to law of the citizens, compliance with
the laws or bye-laws of the local territory and above it all, ensuring their
payment of taxes, dues, levies and rates. Udi local government area is still
found waiting in the area of recruitment of qualified personnel indigenes of
Udi local government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> At
the bottom-line of our research is to investigate the impact of Udi local
government area in rural development. Consequently, we sought to understand as
a guided norm what constitute development and especially with respect to the
context under study. We posited that development is more or less an
incredemental positive process that tantamount to the changes in the living
standards that are no less a filliping to individual comfort.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In
cognizance of the above quest, we found out that Udi local government area,
even as a progenitor of several local government areas in the former Udi
provincial council, has not been of instrumental impact to the elevation of the
rural communities. Rather, it has been the state government that has proved of
relative impact toward the development of the rural communities that make up
Udi local government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5.2 CONCLUSION
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> At
this point, we wish to conclude this research project by restating thus: Udi
local government area does not represent rural, local development of its people
and communities. Udi local government today lacks the requisite constitutional
autonomy that gives fillip to rural development of her people and communities.
This is a consequence of political interferences of state government in the
activities or programmes of Udi local government area since its creation. Udi
local government area is a devolution of state government in Enugu State which
has affected all segments of the responsibilities in Udi local government area
by the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This is corroborated by
the imposing of employment, usurpation of programmes (development) that ought
to be initiated and executed by Udi local government area by Enugu State government
and the command structure in the administrative systems in Enugu State that now
renders Udi local government area and perhaps the rest of local government
areas of Enugu State to the tutelage of Enugu State government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Thus,
Udi local government area is more or less a tier of government that tantamount
to a stage of the State government authority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">At this juncture, it is pertinent to offer some relevant
suggestions towards the improvement of rural development by Udi local government
area thus:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Local governments (which include Udi
local government area) should be treated as a tier of government as accorded to
it by the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. By this, the State
government should concentrate on issues that concern the joint interest of the
state and allow local governments to function on their won merits and
capabilities. The present practice of joint financial allocation existing at
the state level should be dissolved forth with to allow the local government
areas in the state the opportunity and autonomy to pursue their different local
problems at their own paces. The monthly income/revenue and expenditures
accruing to Udi local government council should be made accessible to the
public. Through this measure, the public would be able to raise alarm whenever
the local council officials go out of prescribed financial regulations. The
people would be able to compare the various administrations to ensure a
people-oriented development. The state/local office (SLGO) in the presidency
should open offices in all the senatorial and local government areas across the
country to monitor the adequacy of delivery of federation monthly statutory
allocations to the entire local government areas in the country. This will help
the local government areas in Nigeria to checkmate the extent and degree of
interception of the monies meant for local government areas by their parent
state governments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Public awareness other than party
political activities should be instilled on all the communities to participate
in the activities of the Udi local government area, so as to be able to raise
alarm officially whenever and wherever official corruption is discovered. Such
alarm would be channeled through the SLGO in their district to the appropriated
authority for prompt corrective actions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The internal audit department of Udi
local government and the State auditor general of local governments should be
attached to the office of SLGO and recognized as federal monitoring offices in
Udi and other local government areas in Nigeria for adequate monitoring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Finally, selection or election of
leaders or political office holders of Udi local government area should be done
at all time with the consent of the rural and entire people-oriented administration.
This will help to accelerate development and by the inference rural development
in Udi local government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> At this juncture, the researcher
believes that if the above suggestions are in place, and in view of the fact
that Udi people have been law-abiding, paying their taxes, rates, levies to Udi
local government area adequately, the rural development question in Udi local
government area would receive a vigorous attention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BIBLIOGRAPHY
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Books<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adrain, R. Charles (1992) local
polities in international encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 4<sup>th</sup>
ed. New York.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Agagu, A. A. (1997) “Local
Government” in Kolawole, D. (ed) Readings in Political Science, Ibadan, Dekaal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Appadorai, A. (1975) The
Substance of Politics. <st1:city w:st="on">New Delhi</st1:city>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Oxford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>
press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lawal, S. (2000) “Local
Government Administration in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place>:
A practical Approach”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">M. U. Akpan Pub Admin in Nig. Ikot Ekpere Longman
Nig. Ltd. 1982<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Odenigwe, G. (1979 encyclopedia
of the Social S) “Mobilizing Citizen for Community Development under the New
System of Local Government “in Administrative and Roland, L. (ed). The Local
Government in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region>:
Problem and Prospect: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Ibadan</st1:city></st1:place>;
Heinemann Ltd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Okoli, F. C. (2000) Theory and
Practice of Local Government: A Nigeria perspective John Jacob’s classic
publishers Ltd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ozor, Ebonyi (2004) Third Tier
Government in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region>:
Evaluation, Development and Future <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Ibadan</st1:city></st1:place>:
University Press<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Robson, W. A. in Enclopedia of the Social Sciences,
International Edition, -1978<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The New <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Columbia</st1:city></st1:place>
Encyclopedia. 4<sup>th</sup> Edition <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JOURNALS/ARTICLES
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Agi S. P. I. (2002) “Local
Government As a Tie of Government: Theoretical Problem” in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place> Journal of Public
Administration and Local Government Vol. 11. No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Okoli, F. C. (1985) Western
Ideology and Community Development in <st1:place w:st="on">Africa</st1:place>:
A Nigerian case study to Ikenga Journal of African studies vol 7 No 1 and 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">GOVERNMENT
DOCUMENTS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Guidelines for Local Government
Reforms in Nigeria Local Government Yearbook (1976)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria 1999 Section 7 schedule 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">INTERNET
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">^ “Post Offices-with map of LGA”. NIPOST. </span><a href="http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx"><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx</span></a><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. retrieved on 17 May, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udi"><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Enugu</st1:place></st1:city>&oldid=511229964”
retrieved 17 May, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.kwenu.com/history/udi/udi"><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www.kwenu.com/history/udi/udi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> moehtm. retrieved on 12 July, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">INTERVIEWS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ochiaka, Simeon Oral Interview about Udi Community
and their deity on December 13, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ogbuzulu, Christian Oral Interview about Udi Local
Government on December 16, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Okafor KNC Self Help and Community development Unpublished
Thesis, 1983 Sociology and Anthropology. UNN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">APPENDIX
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PERSONAL
DATA <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1033" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:161.75pt;margin-top:3.2pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251630080' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 215px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251630080;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1033" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1032"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:90.95pt;
margin-top:2.75pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251629056' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 120px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251629056;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I. Sex Male Female<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1036" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:318.05pt;margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251633152' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 423px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251633152;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1036" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1035"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:222.2pt;
margin-top:1.4pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251632128' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 295px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251632128;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1034"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:128.75pt;
margin-top:1.1pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251631104' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 171px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251631104;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">II. Age (a) 20 – 30 (b) 31 – 45 (c) Above -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1038" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:319.25pt;margin-top:1.2pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251635200' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 425px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251635200;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1037"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:201.5pt;
margin-top:1.65pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251634176' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 268px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251634176;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1037" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">III. Educational Status (a) FSLC (b) WASC/GCE <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1040" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:297.2pt;margin-top:.75pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251637248' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 395px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251637248;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1041"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:395.75pt;
margin-top:1.75pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251638272' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 527px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251638272;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1041" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1039"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:167.9pt;
margin-top:2.45pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251636224' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 223px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251636224;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1039" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (C) NCE/HND/Degree (d) Master/PHD (e) Illiterate <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. How do you feel with the performance of Udi Local Government
Area since the new democratic dispensation in 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1042" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:125pt;margin-top:3pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;
z-index:251639296' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 166px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251639296;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1044"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:414.95pt;
margin-top:2.85pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251641344' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 552px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251641344;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1044" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1043"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:276.95pt;
margin-top:3.45pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251640320' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 368px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251640320;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Satisfactory (b)
Fairly satisfactory (c) Dis-satisfactory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1045" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:185.75pt;margin-top:3.65pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251642368' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251642368;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1045" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Highly Dis-satisfactory <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. What are responsible for your opinion in
question one above <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1047" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:362.05pt;margin-top:2.4pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251644416' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 482px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251644416;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1047" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Availability of social amenities
that creates happiness<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1046"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:326.75pt;
margin-top:2.4pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251643392' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 435px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251643392;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1046" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(b)
Political interference, administrative ineptitude <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1048"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:439.9pt;
margin-top:3.2pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251645440' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 586px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251645440;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1048" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(c)
Political interference lack of financial and administrative autonomy <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. How many times were employment exercises under-taken by Udi Local
Government Area since 1999?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1052" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:316.1pt;margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251649536' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 420px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251649536;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1052" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1051"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:174.2pt;
margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251648512' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 231px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251648512;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1051" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1050"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:89.15pt;
margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251647488' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 118px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251647488;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1050" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Once (b) Twice
(c) More than twice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1049" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:93.7pt;margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251646464' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 124px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251646464;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1049" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) None<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. What are responsible for the delays or failure to conduct
employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1028" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:89.15pt;margin-top:24.8pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251624960' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 118px; margin-top: 32px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251624960;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Lack of local autonomy, State
Government embanges, financial problem <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:305pt;margin-top:2.45pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251625984' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 406px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251625984;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (b)
Lack of qualified personnel for recruitment
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1030" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:280.25pt;margin-top:.5pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251627008'
filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 373px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251627008;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(c)
Over-staffing and limited job vacancies <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1031" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:320.45pt;margin-top:1.7pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251628032' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 426px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251628032;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Lack of political will, corruption
and nepotism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5. To what extent is Udi Local Government Area responsible to
your community’s demand?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
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left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:238.65pt;margin-top:2.55pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251691520' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 317px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251691520;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1093" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1094"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:367.05pt;
margin-top:1.95pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251692544' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 488px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251692544;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1094" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1054"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:121.2pt;
margin-top:4.5pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251651584' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 161px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251651584;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1054" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Effectively (b) Periodically
(c) Nonchalantly <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1053" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:133.65pt;margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251650560' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 177px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251650560;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1053" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Uninterested <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">6. What are responsible for her success or failure in (5 above)?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1055" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:265.05pt;margin-top:2.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251652608' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 352px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251652608;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1055" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Due to credible seasoned
leadership<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1056" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:266.7pt;margin-top:3.6pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251653632' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 355px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251653632;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1056" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (b) Lack
of credible, tested leadership<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1057" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:394.35pt;margin-top:2.5pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251654656' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 525px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251654656;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1057" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (c) Corruption,
political interference from higher authorities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">7. Are your people being adequately consulted in
choosing/electing the leaders of Udi Local Government Area?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1059" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:118.2pt;margin-top:4.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251656704' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 157px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251656704;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1059" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1061"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:326.95pt;
margin-top:3.05pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251658752' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 435px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251658752;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1061" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1060"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:240.9pt;
margin-top:3.95pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251657728' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 320px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1060" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Effectively (b) Periodically
(c) Once <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1058" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:106.2pt;margin-top:3.8pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251655680' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 141px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251655680;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1058" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1062"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:239.65pt;
margin-top:2.6pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251659776' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 319px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251659776;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1062" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Scarcely (e) Not aware <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">8. How far has Udi Local Government Area impacted on your
community in terms of provisions of social amenities since 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1066" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:351.6pt;margin-top:3.15pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251663872' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 468px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251663872;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1066" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1065"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:239.85pt;
margin-top:4.2pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251662848' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 319px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251662848;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1065" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1064"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:119.1pt;
margin-top:4.2pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251661824' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 158px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251661824;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1064" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Effectively (b) Periodically
(c) Non at all <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1063" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:134.55pt;margin-top:2.75pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251660800' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 178px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251660800;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1063" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Uninterested <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">9. What are responsible for its failure to provide adequate
social amenities such as electricity, roads, pipe-borne water,
hospitals/maternities and employment to your people?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1069" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:414.45pt;margin-top:26.65pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251666944' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 552px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251666944;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1069" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1070"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:98.1pt;
margin-top:25.75pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251667968' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 130px; margin-top: 33px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251667968;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1070" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Corruption among the leadership,
political interference, lack of autonomy (b)
Lack of political will on the political leadership <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
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id="_x0000_s1068" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:360.95pt;margin-top:2.5pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251665920'
filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 480px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251665920;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1068" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(c)
Lack of political awareness on the part of the people<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
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left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:243.9pt;margin-top:3.5pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251664896' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 324px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251664896;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1067" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) No need for such in rural places <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">10. Of the available social amenities in your community they were
provided by<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
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left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:216.45pt;margin-top:2.5pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251672064' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 288px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251672064;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1074" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Udi Local Government Area<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1073" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
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filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 432px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251671040;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1073" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(b)
Udi Local Government with community efforts <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
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filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 212px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251670016;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1072" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1071"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:203.55pt;
margin-top:2.6pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251668992' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 270px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251668992;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1071" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(c)
Enugu State Government (d)
Enugu State Government with Community Assistant <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">11. Have you been paying taxes, rates, dues/levies to your Local
Government (Udi) Area?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1078" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:99.75pt;margin-top:26.15pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251676160' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 132px; margin-top: 34px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251676160;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1078" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1077"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:240.15pt;
margin-top:3.9pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251675136' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 319px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251675136;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1077" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1076"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:113.85pt;
margin-top:3.9pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251674112' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 151px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251674112;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1076" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Regularly (b) Periodically (c)
Financially, Materially and kindly <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1075" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:122.7pt;margin-top:2.6pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251673088' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 163px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251673088;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1075" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) None at all <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">12. Do you have co-operative societies in your place?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1080" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:156.3pt;margin-top:2.7pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251678208' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 207px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251678208;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1080" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1079"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:80pt;margin-top:2.7pt;
width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251677184' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 106px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251677184;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1079" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Yes (b) No
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">13. Of what assistance has Udi Local Government Area rendered to the
co-operative societies in your community? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1084" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:80pt;margin-top:27.3pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251682304' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 106px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251682304;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1084" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1083"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:229.8pt;
margin-top:2.8pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251681280' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 305px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251681280;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1083" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1082"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:117.15pt;
margin-top:3.7pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251680256' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 155px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251680256;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1082" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Financially (b) Materially
(c) Financially, Materially and Kindly <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1081" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:122.55pt;margin-top:1.55pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251679232' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 162px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251679232;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1081" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) None at all <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">14. How do you sustain your community co-operative societies? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1085" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:334.15pt;margin-top:1pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251683328' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 445px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251683328;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1085" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Through loans from Udi Local
Government Area<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1086" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:338.8pt;margin-top:1.8pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251684352' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 451px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251684352;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1086" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (b) Through loans from
leaders/financial institutions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1087" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:264.7pt;margin-top:2.2pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251685376' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 352px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251685376;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1087" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (c) Through self-help efforts like
thrifts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1088" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:214.45pt;margin-top:2.1pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251686400' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 285px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251686400;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1088" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Through (b) and (c) above<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">15. What development programme has been effectively executed in your
community by Udi Local Government Area since 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1089" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:303.35pt;margin-top:2.2pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251687424' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 403px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251687424;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1089" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Political socialization through
party politics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1090" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:305pt;margin-top:2.2pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251688448' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 406px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251688448;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1090" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (b) Infrastructural provision and
development<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1092" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:421.4pt;margin-top:2pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251690496' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 561px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251690496;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1092" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1091"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:255.95pt;
margin-top:2pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251689472' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 340px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251689472;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1091" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (c) Massive employment/
recruitment (d) None of the above<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-64284635390769442642014-04-04T06:11:00.007-07:002014-04-04T06:11:39.981-07:00The scope and study of Udi local government of Enugu State<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">CHAPTER ONE <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.1 <b>BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Man in his environment encounters a
lot of difficulties such as physical and social factors in the environment. His
ultimate goal is to conquer both the physical and social problems of his
environment and to achieve this objective, he utilizes available human and
material resources. In the course of man acquainting himself with his immediate
environment and finding solutions to problems in the environment, physical and
social development take place. </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Development,
therefore, </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">arose from
the need to find solution to problems of human environment.</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The quest for development made for the
Federal government to create the necessary reforms that enable the government
at the third tier play her complementary role. The Federal government of
Nigeria, through the 1976 Local Government Reforms, explained local government
as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> “Local Government is Government at
local level exercised through representation councils established by law to
exercise specific power within defined areas” (Government print: 1976)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> A political division of a nation (In a
Federal or State system) which is constituted by law and has substantial
control of local affairs including the power to impose taxes to exact labour
for prescribed purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> There are 774 Local Government
Councils in Nigeria, an average of 21 per state. In Enugu state where Udi Local
Government Area emanates from, the local government area are 17 in number.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> There are condition for the creation
which has to be taken into consideration. People that has common culture,
affinity and are close with the required population would be easily to be
considered to be given local government. The likely problems within the area
should be considered. The Ibos lead an independent life of theirs for they like
to provide for themselves more basic needs which they could get through mass
participation in providing such as food, roads, shelter and protection. Their
communities were organized in such a way that most of their needs were provided
by the people as a body or by individuals on groups within the community.
Hence, the communities that have common affinity and almost common problem
should be tied as a local government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The development centres as they were
created by Governor Chimaroke Nnamani around 2007 was to enable development to
get to the grass root. The government within her 17 local government recognized
by the Federal government created 54 LDC and that is Local Government
Development Council. The centres were to ensure that development is extended to
other parts of the mother local government. This 17 local government that is 54
Local Development Council carved out in Enugu State was also the pattern Lagos
State created about 54 or 74 local government and they wanted the Federal
government to fund the Local government
development council. The Federal government withheld the allocation and
asked the Lagos government to revert to the old local government. The fourth
tier of government as being practiced by some government is the town union.
This would enable the development to get to the town stretching from the local
government to local development council and then the town union. It makes
development faster and accessible to the people that were concerned if there
would be checks and balances.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The study focus on the local
government system. A case study of Udi Local Government Area of Enugu State
(1999-2009).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From our background exposition, it is
important to note that the problems of local government in Nigeria and in fact,
Udi local government area in particular are multi-faceted. Despite the justification for the
establishment of local government and its inevitable importance to the people
at the grass root level; Udi rural populace in particular, this tier of
government seems not to have justified the reasons for which it was
established.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The
questions that summarily come to one’s mind are:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Why has local government not lived up to
its expectations?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">What are the causes of those seemingly
conspicuous weaknesses?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">What are the challenges of the local
government?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Tahoma;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">And how can those weaknesses be corrected
and the challenges met?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.3<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The Nigeria State created local government of the third tier
of government whose objective is to ensure effective, measurable and efficient
service delivery to the people. Unfortunately, in spite of this aim, autonomy
to local government became a mirage, shifting sand. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The autonomy so created was hijack by
the State and Federal government that they do not allow the third tier to
function well. The fund so far allocated to the third tier of government often
time were misused by the people trusted with the mandate of the poor masses. In
fact there is a lot of maladministration in the system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> There are situation whereby the people
entrusted with the fate of the masses were not professionals or may be half
baked educationally, the tendency is that whatever action that is taken may not
address the problems of the people. The poor identification of a peculiar
problem people have coupled with poor allocation of fund tend to set
development programmes backwards. There is also inadequate staffing. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> A lot of issues that hinder the local
government is that there are non uniformity and corruption in the systems and
the operators tend to call it a unified local government system. They would
have allowed each local government to operate at her own frequency. There would
not be building of bridges where there are no flowing rivers. The local
government where such problem is not peculiar to would not be disturbed and
fund is allocated for such programme would divert the fund. There is much intra
ethnic interest going on within the system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The local government should be allowed
to operate on their own. The different local government in the country should
be allowed to be managed by professionals who know the where without. The
system is faced with various difficulties. Udi local government is not an
exception in these difficulties.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It is also hoped that this study will stimulate interest in
local government in order to evolve mere effective approaches to local
government administration means of achieving balanced national development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">This study is very significant in that it goes a long way to
offering suggestions for improvement in rural development with the ultimate aim
of improving the economic and social conditions of the communities and integrating
them into the life of the nation thus contributing fully to national progress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> It is also hoped this study will
stimulate interest in community theorists in order to evolve more effective
approaches to rural diversifications as means of achieving balanced national
development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The scope of our study is Udi local government of Enugu State,
as a point of contact to other local government areas of Enugu State Nigeria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> However, a number of handicap to the researcher
in the period of this work. The most basic handicap was lack of fund on the
part of the research to get to all remote villages in Udi local government area
in order to obtain the bird’s eye-view report. In effect, the researcher tried
to visit a reasonable member of communities that help her to come to a
convincing conclusion. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Another factor that proves no less a
modeling handicap was the question of time since the researcher was at the same
time facing other compelling necessities as a final year student. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Finally, although there may have been
some work done on Udi local government area as a study subject, but most of
them were either unpublished or presented in a blazed frame which render them
irrelevant to our researcher. On the side of unpublished works, we only laid
reference to the authoritative works of classroom lecture. And to the other, we
avoided to ensure non-sentimental presentation or representation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">CHAPTER TWO <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW/ RESEARCH METHODOLOGY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> It is pertinent to note that some
scholars have done some interested works on this topic under study.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Here, I will dwell heavily on the
concepts of local government system in Nigeria and Udi Local Government Area in
particular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> According to Agi (2002:103), He said
that there has been no universally accepted definition of the term local
government. Thus, like every other concepts in the field of the social
sciences, the concept of local government is faced with institutional and
authoritative bias from people of the Lexicol Icon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Agugu (1997:18) defined local government as a government at
the grassroots level of administration meant for meeting peculiar grassroots
need of the people. The concept of local government involves a philosophical
commitment to democratic participation in the governing process at the
grassroots level. This implies legal and administrative decentralization of
authority, power and personnel by a higher level of government to a community
with a will of its own performing specific functions as with the wider national
framework.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Also according to Lawaly (2000:60) Local government can be
defined as that tier of government closet to the people, “which is vested with
certain powers to exercise control over the affairs of people in the domain”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">A
local government is expected to play the role of promoting the democratic deals
of a society and co-coordinating development programme at the local level. It
is also expected to serve as the basis of socio-economic development in the
locality.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Appadorai, (1975:287) defined local
government as government by the popularly elected bodies charged with
administrative and executive duties in matters concerning the inhabitants of
the particular district or a place. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Thomas Jefferson (1816) defined local
government as a political and administrative unit that is empowered by law to
administer a specified locality. The new Columbia Encyclopedia (1975) 4<sup>th</sup>
edition defines local government as a political administration of the smallest
sub-divisions of a country’s territory and population (with such other features
as, a continuing organization, the authority to undertake public activities,
the ability to enter into contracts, the ability to collect taxes and determine
a budget.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> It is discovered from the above three
definitions that local government is related as a political administration
geared towards administering a specified locality. The federal government of
Nigeria, through the 1976 local government reforms, explained local government
as government at local level exercised through representative councils
established by law to exercise specific power within defined areas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> On the other hand, Andrain (1972)
defines local government as “A political subdivision of a national or regional
government which performs functions that are culturally defined as local in
character, which in nearly all cases receives its legal powers from the
national or regional government but possesses some degree of discretion in the
making of decisions, and which normally has some taxing, powers”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> According to the United Nations
Division of Public Administration (Abubakar 1993:4) local government is defined
as “A political division of nation (in a federal or state system) which is
constituted by law and has substantial control of local affairs including the
powers to impose taxes or to exact labour for prescribed purposes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Also the Encyclopedia Americana,
International Edition (1978), volume 17, defines local government as “a
political subdivision of national government or in the case of Federal systems,
a subdivision of regional government”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> W. A. Robson, in the Encyclopedia of
the social services, defines local government as involving “The conception of a
territorial, non-sovereign community possessing the legal right and the
necessary organ to regulate its own affairs. This, in turn, presupposes the
existence of a local authority with the power to act independently of external control
as well as the participation of the local community in the administration of
its affairs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> According to Egwurube in Ademolakun
(1988:157), local government is defined as, “a government at the local level
exercised through representative councils with statutorily defined powers to
initiate and direct resources allocation and resources location among a given
range of prescribed functions within delimited jurisdictional boundaries”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Ozor (2004:2) in the other hand gives
his own view of local government as a concept and a practice.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">He
noted that “Local government is a defector government (having Legislative,
Executive and Judicial capabilities) operating within the ambit (jurisdiction)
of (an) other higher government).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Okoli, (2000) noted that local government
is a creation of national government and it’s inferior. He viewed it as the
lens through which the people view the national government and its activities,
and it is the vehicle which transports peoples yearning to the national
government and also as the telescope that draws the national government nearer
to the grass root.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Though all the definitions and views of local
government from different scholars may tend to vary, yet they expose features
characteristic of local government and they include that:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Local government is government at the
local levels;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It comprises elected members, such as
Chairman and Councilors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It has its autonomous existence and
endowed with a legal status;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Special powers are reserved for it;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It exists within a defined territory;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It is seen as a distinct tier of
government<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It must provide avenues for the promotion
of the welfare of the members of the community;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It provide authority over a given
population;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It can impose taxes and incur expenses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -31.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">From
the above features or summary, we can conclude that local government in its
commonest explanation is the government closest to us at the grass root level.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.2 HYPOTHESES <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The following hypotheses apply to our
study and they include:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(i)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Udi
local government area does not represent nor pursue rural development of its
rural communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(ii)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Udi
local government area today lacks the requisite conditions or rather
constitutional authonomy that guarantee rural development.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(iii)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Udi
local government area is a devolution of Enugu State government, which has
affected all segments of her communities and deprive her the responsibilities
of an authonomy which by principles are stated in the constitution (1999:12) of
the Federal Republic of Nigeria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.3 OPERATIONALIZATION OF THE KEY CONCEPTS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Local Government: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Several scholars
and institutions have given their definitions of the term and institution of
local government. However, Professor E.O. Awa defined the term local government
as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Local government refers to a political
authority set up by a nation or state as a subordinate authority for the
purpose of dispersing or decentralizing political power.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Local government can also be defined
as “a political sub-division of a nation or (in a federal/system) state which
is constituted by law and has substantial control of local affairs, including
the powers to improve taxes or to exact labour for prescribed purposes. The
governing body of such an entity is elected or otherwise locally selected.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Guidelines for local government
reforms in Nigeria define local government as government at a local level
exercised through a representative council established by law to exercise
specific powers and functions within defined areas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Development:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Nnoli defined development as a process involving the individual
group and society in an upward movement from a situation of low productivity,
low level of skill and organized capacity to higher level of labour.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Development could be seen as a process
through which the various facilities of man are developed to actualize his
various aspirations of development which include socio/political, cultural
environment. Development is oriented towards the satisfaction of human needs
within his specified environment.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> <b>Community:</b> A community may be
referred to as a group of people interactly among themselves in a
geographically defined space and time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Rural/Community development: Rural
development is defined by UNESCO, as the process by which the effort of the
people are united with those of the government to improve the social, economic
and cultural conditions of communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Thus, Lek (1975:20) defined rural
development as ‘improving the living standards of the mass of low income
population residing in rural area and making the process of their development
self sustaining. In line with this, G.A. Odenigwe (1977) argued that it is a
system of local administration under which communities and towns are organized
to maintain law and order, provide some limited range of social services and
public amenities and encourage the co-operative and participation of the
inhabitants in joint endeavour toward the improvement of their condition.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Rural development is also defined as a
strategy designed to improve the economic and social life of the people in
rural areas. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> <b>The international co-operation:</b>
Administration sees community development as a process of social actions in
which the people of a community organized themselves for planning and action
and the individual plans with a maximum reliance upon community resources and
supplement these resources when necessary with services and materials from
government and non-governmental agencies outside the community. (cited in
Okoli, 1985:14)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> According to Akinbede (1985) rural
development is directed to the modernization of the rural areas. It involves a
broad spectrum of issues among which are problems of agricultural
modernization, rural industrialization, job creation, transport development and
provision of adequate housing and shelter for rural inhabitants.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Elekwe (1992) sees rural development
as a process through which the people in the same community first of all
discuss and define their goals and objectives and then plan and act together to
satisfy them. It is also a process by which the efforts of the people
themselves are united with those of the government to improve economic, social
and cultural conditions of communities in order to integrate these communities
into the life of the nation and enable them to contribute fully to the national
progress which requires citizen participation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.4 THEORETICAL FRAME WORK <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Our choice of theoretical frame work of analysis here dwells
heavily on people centred approach. This approach was developed from the
intellectual discussions of Fred W. Riggs (1982) and colleagues in the book
‘Public Administration in Developing Countries: The Theory of Prismatic
Society?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> According to them as adapted in Aba
(2000:73), ‘The people contred approach’ pays complete regard to the material
condition of the rural populace and consideration for their aspirations. The
people-centred approach therefore places emphasis on self-reliance and the
economic advancement of rural dwellers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The use of this approach is justified
by the following conjectives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Since
it places emphasis on the condition of the rural people of the rural
communities, we shall assess Udi local government area to the extent it has
impacted on the lives of the rural people and communities under her
jurisdiction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The
approach equally pays attention to the self-reliance and economic advancement
of rural dwellers. We shall consequently asses the degree of interventions of
Udi local government are to the aspirations of Udi people and communities for
self reliance and economic advancement.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">With the above specifics, we shall do our assessment or
research based on development index as provided or otherwise by Udi local
government area to its rural people and communities since its inception as a
local government area-third-tier level government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.5 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In the course of this work, relevance information
are gathered for the success of this work.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The following methods are applied:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">the
consultation of written materials such as test book, newspaper and magazine <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">the
searching through internet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Antique Olive";">(3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">face-to-face
interview of the native, community leaders and local government officials of
the Udi Local Government<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.5.1 SOURCES OF DATA <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The data for this study were generated
from two major sources namely; primary and secondary sources.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Primary
Sources of Date:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">These include data generated from the filed, interview and
questionnaire instrument were used to generate the primary data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Secondary
Sources of Data:<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> These are data from already existing
documents and literature for this purpose, a great deal of books, journals,
periodicals, internet articles monographs, seminar and research papers,
government document and unpublished research materials were collated and
studied. These complement the primary data and they were also used to verify
the primary data.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.5.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The population of study cut across
different occupations. It comprises 100 people made up of career civil servants
and farmers. These groups of people represent the population study for this
research within Udi local government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.5.3 SAMPLE SIZE/SAMPLING TECHNIQUE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It is extremely difficult if not impossible for study an
entire population. Thus for a research endeavour to be more practical and
realistic, there is a need to select some members of the population to
represent enti<b>re </b>population. In this study, a sample size of one hundred
staff and farmers were chosen to represent the Udi local government area. This
entails that one hundred (100) questionnaires were produced and distributed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In determining the sample populations
stratified and sample random sampling techniques were used.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">2.5.4 METHOD OF DATA PRESENTATION AND
ANALYSIS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td height="41" style="vertical-align: top;" width="51"><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso]--><span style="left: 0pt; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; z-index: 251623936;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td><!--[endif]-->
<div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt 3.6pt 7.2pt;" v:shape="_x0000_s1027">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
<!--[if !mso]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if !mso & !vml]--> <!--[endif]--><!--[if !vml]--></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t202"
coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="202" path="m,l,21600r21600,l21600,xe">
<v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/>
<v:path gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" type="#_x0000_t202" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:98.1pt;margin-top:130.25pt;width:35.5pt;
height:27.65pt;z-index:251623936' filled="f" stroked="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 41px; left: 0px; margin-left: 131px; margin-top: 174px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 51px; z-index: 251623936;">
</span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t32" coordsize="21600,21600"
o:spt="32" o:oned="t" path="m,l21600,21600e" filled="f">
<v:path arrowok="t" fillok="f" o:connecttype="none"/>
<o:lock v:ext="edit" shapetype="t"/>
</v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t32" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:97.6pt;margin-top:133.9pt;width:25pt;
height:0;z-index:251622912' o:connectortype="straight"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: 129px; margin-top: 178px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 35px; z-index: 251622912;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1026" width="35" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The data gotten
through the questionnaire instruments were presented in tables. Each table
shows the response distribution of a question item in the questionnaire. The frequencies
of the response options were shown and their corresponding percentages worked
out using the formular N X 100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Where
N = Number of respondents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> T = Total number of the respondents<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> 100 = Percentage<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> I – A Unit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In analyzing the data, the frequency
and simple percentage were used. The decision rule is to accept any option that
is endorsed by a simple majority of the respondents. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">CHAPTER THREE <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">3.1 BACKGROUND
INFORMATION ON UDI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Udi division was an authority that
could be linked to Oji River province of the then Eastern (later Anambra and
now Enugu State) of Nigeria. In 1967, under the General Gowon’s administration,
Nigeria was divided into twelve states. This was redoubled by Murtala Mohammed
administration in 1976 during the reform that gave Nigeria the former nineteen
(19) state structures. More local government areas emerged therefore in the
1991 states/local government creation (under the General Ibrahim Badamosi
Babangida administration of 1985-1993).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Udi Local Government is bounded by the
Coordinates: 6<sup>0</sup>19<sup>1</sup>N 7<sup>0</sup>26<sup>1</sup>E, 6.317<sup>0</sup>N
7.433<sup>0</sup>E. It is bounded on the North by Igbo-Etiti, on the South by
Enugu North, on the East by Enugu East and on the West by Eziagu local
government area all in Enugu State. Udi can be referred to as people living
West of the Coal City, Enugu State. The headquarters is in the City of Udi
town.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The Accessibility of Udi is easier
because of the improved development and Urbanization in the area. It is
accessible by road, air and mobile communication. 9<sup>th</sup> Mile Corner in
Udi serves as a junction or stopping place for the entire travellers coming to
Enugu from the North, South and part of South East.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> However, the area has a good network;
most of the roads are tarred while others were well graded.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">3.2 COMPOSITION AND POPULATION <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The area has an area of about 897km<sup>2</sup>
and Population of 234,002 at the 2006 census. From this local government four
new development centres were created by Governor Chimaroke Nnamani
Administration in the year 2003. These development centres include: Ezedike,
Ojebeogene, Udi and Ugwunye local government development centres. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ezedike local government development
centre comprises of Akpakwume, Nze and Oghu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ojebe Ogene local government development
centre comprises Awhum, Ebe, Abor, Ukana, Okpatu, Umulumgbe and Umuoka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ugwunye local government development
centre comprises of Amaozalla Affa, Egede, Affa, Amafia Affa and Amokwu Affa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 39.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Udi local government development centre.
It comprises Udi town, Obioma, Abia, Agbudu, Obinagu, Umuaga, Nachi, Oji
Amokwe, Enugu Amokwe, Etiti Amokwe, Uwani Amokwe, Eke, Ngwo Asaa, Imeama Ngwo
Assaa, Ameke Ngwo, Nsude Uboji Ngwo, Amankwo Ngwo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 21.9pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It is interesting to let you know how the
name Enugu is gotten from Ngwo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">According to Ikechukwu Ude-Chime in his story of the people we
now know as Ngwo, a part of today’s Udi local government area. Ngwu Nwangwuako
was a great hunter from Neke. He has ten children known collectively as Ngwuo
Ili. One of the sons was Amaudeneogu, whose name his descendants adopted for
their village and, because of the location of their village on a hilltop
“enuugwu”, they became Enuugwu Amaudeneogu. So Enugu is an Anglo adulteration
and shortening of the word “Enuugwu Ngwo”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">All these towns or cities fall inside Udi Local Governemnt
Area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">3.3 POLITICAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> It was discovered that before 1976
reform, that Udi like most communities in Igboland are republicans from time
immemorial. They had no kings, and they had no organized military or police
force. In fact, there have no formal judicial nor penal system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> And it is on this condition that Ichie
NOO Udala of Umuaga on June 19, 1973 stated that “Before the white man came we
have no Chief that saw the affairs of the town. But we had several institutions
that helped us organize our activities. The government of this town was not
vested on man. In the olden days, each village had a person that we could now
call a chief to head the town’s political and administrative activities. This
man was normally the oldest man of that village, and was called Onyisi ani.
Within this village we have another man that heads the affairs of the “lineage”
or Umunna called Okenye Umunna. During any case affecting the whole town, the
ndi ishi ani, village heads would meet and discuss effectively the issues
involved. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> And so it was until a certain Udi man
from Eke named Ozo Amulu Onwusi married a beautiful lady from Ebe named
Chinazungwa Ijeonyeabo. They had a son, Onyeama. He grew up to become the nearest
Udi man having one identifiable ruler in living memory.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> During the colonial period, Udi did
not swallow colonialism hook, line, and sinker. Everyone, black or white could
settle in Udi and co-exist constructively and peacefully. However, when the European
tourists turned around to rule, the people refused the concept of taxation
without representation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Chief Onyeama n’ Eke acquiesced to the
tyrannical repudiation of popular participatory politics (Oha ne eze). The
people revolted. So this spirit of revulsion at oppression was reenacted in the
Udi Revolt and the bloody coal miner’s strike (Iva valley, Enugu) on November
18, 1949 which signaled the beginning of the struggle for independence. It is
no coincidence that Udi was the first political capital of lands east of the
Nigeria. The capital was only moved to Enugu after the discovery of Coal in Udi
Hills.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In the present day, Udi Local
Government Area which involves democratic system of government, the head is the
Chairman of the Local Government Area, Sole Administrator for Local Government
Development Centre and Councilors down to traditional rulers. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Culturally, Udi has a certain
commonality of culture, but it varies as much as cultural diversity in Igbo
land. They include: Odo festival which occurs in northern parts of Udi (Odo ozo
area), while Mmanwu appears more from Oshie to Neke communities. Eke is a town
of both Odo and Mmanwu. Umuabi had the strongest attachment to the Mmanwu
phenomenon; Nachi, much less so. Umuaga; besides its strong Mmanwu culture, has
the popular rites of rebellion called “Okomoyo” during which the young are
allowed to revel all-night long under the supposedly watchful eyes of the older
folk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Moreover, other traditional practices
include, marriage rites, New yam festival, Title-taking rites such as “Ichi
Ozor”. They believe in the sacredness of Ani, the earth deity, and in the
supremacy of Chi ukwu (Almighty God). Each town in Udi has at least one major
deity, a being force (alusi) to which a shrine is built. In the table below are
some towns in Udi Local Government Area and their various deities:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Town<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">
Major Deity (alusi)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.0pt;" valign="top" width="276">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Udi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Umuaga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Abia,
Amaokwe and Udi town<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Abia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Okpatu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Awhum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Umulumgbe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Affa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" valign="top" width="222">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ani
Udi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Nneche
Umuaga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Aniobodoishiokwe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Onu
Eke Oga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Affia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ukwuakpu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Ugwuedem<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Dinapata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> When the white men came, they came
with their religion and their method of Education. The towns in Udi local
government areas embraced both their education and their religion. The Udi
north are predominantly of Roman Catholic denomination while the Southern Udi
embraced CMS (Anglican Church).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> It was the politic in religion that
made it that Onyeama a paramount Chief within the Udi enclave did not allow the
Church Missionary Society to penetrate more into Agbaja area where he controlled.
Even though he openly desired no part of Christianity, he invited and
encouraged church missionaries – to teach his people the ways of the white man.
When the CMS would not teach English, but in Owere dialect of the Igbo
language, Onyeama expelled them and brought in the Roman Catholics, on the
condition that they teach in English and Latin and let his people speak their
own dialect of Igbo! From his kingdom, the Catholic Church reached all parts of
northern Igboland, Ogoja and Benue areas. He encouraged serious economic
development, including mineral exploration and railway construction linking
Enugu with Port Harcourt. This Kingdom stretched even down to Nsukka areas of
which most of the towns have more of Roman Catholic Churches than CMS. Through
the establishment of their religion they also introduced their education which
enabled people to interact with them. The churches so far established helped to
curb some of the devilish habits of the people. As they embraced these big
religious bodies they also allow the existence of other churches. In fact they
are not inclined only to traditional religion they practice Christianity to the
core. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The motives of their education were to
prepare ground for the exploitation of the hinterland so that their language
could be interpreted as to enable them get what they wanted. The Udi people
gained exceedingly from them as they not only interpreted but they delved into
other field of human endeavour. The first Igbo medical doctor was Dr Simon
Ezevuo Onwu, son of Ozo Offianaecheafa of Amaozalla Affa. The first Nigerian
World Court Judge Justice Charles Dadi Onyeama, a contemporary of Dr Onwu was
also an Udi son from Eke.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> There were a lot of prominent men in
Udi that shone like bright star among whom were Justice Philip Nnaemeka Agu and
Anthony Aniagolu, Chief Gabriel Onoh the father of Chief C.C. Onoh. There are
Professors like Odenigwe, Egudu, Aneke, Chime, Nebo and others that could not
be included in this write up. There were also great teachers, technocrats and
technicians that had contributed immensely to the welfare of the Local
government and Nigeria at large.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Under this political dispensation the
son of Udi, His Excellency, Bar. Sullivan Iheanacho Chime is the governor of
Enugu State. Other intelligent and well educated ones occupied other positions
in Enugu State and they are men from Udi enclave.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">It is important to note that, no Udi town speaks exactly the
same dialect as the other. It is obvious to detect the differences. The
different towns that made up Udi local government have different taboos. For
example, the people of Umuaga do not eat snails, in Ngwo, Afia usu market is
located beneath giant cotton tree on which bats habit in their thousands.
Though eating bat is not prohibited, no one would be allowed to kill any of the
bats at the giant cotton tree. Oshie communities curiously do not inter marry,
for they are descended from one man; curious because intra-marriage occurs in
these communities. Intermarriage is virtually zero between that people of Nsude,
Eke, Amaokwe, Abia and Udi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">3.4 OCCUPATION AND SOURCE OF REVENUE OF THE AREA
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The occupation of the inhabitants of
Udi Local Government Area is predominantly agriculture. They involve in
agricultural activities such as cultivation of cassava, yams, cashew trees,
stringed beans, vegetables, oil beans, tropic fruits and assorted agricultural
products.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Some population embarks on trading
since there are areas like 9<sup>th</sup> Mile Corner which is a booming place
for business. For those who want natural drinks, the best palm wine in the
whole wide world “Aneke Achime” flow from Nkwo Agu market in abundance to
compliment the best “Okpa” (Udi bread) on earth. So Udi is said to produce the
best palm wine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The land near or close to 9<sup>th</sup>
Mile Corner is blessed with a natural aquifer which is very close to the
surface of the earth. So the area serves as a good source of pipe borne water
which is used in all part of Enugu State and even beyond. Also because of this
aquifer, the largest brewery in West Africa (Amah brewery) and the major
bottling companies ranging from Coca-Cola bottling Company Plc, Limca and Seven
Up to create employment to the people of Udi Local Government Area and generate
revenue for the Udi Local Government Area. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">CHAPTER FOUR <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">4.1 DATA
PRESENTATION <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Here in this chapter, the collected
data will be analyzed to reflect the research questions <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
1: Distribution of Respondents by Sex<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Sex<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage
(%)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">MALES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">65<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">FEMALES<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 94.5pt;" valign="top" width="126">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 164.0pt;" valign="top" width="219">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
compiled field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
2: Distribution of respondents by age
group<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Age
group<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage
(%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20-30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">31-45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">46-
more<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 132.5pt;" valign="top" width="177">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
3: Distribution of respondents by
academic qualification or level of education.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Education
Qualification <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage
(%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">FSLC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">WASC/GCE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">NCE/HND/DEGREE<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">40<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">MSC/PH.D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.0pt;" valign="top" width="204">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 130.5pt;" valign="top" width="174">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 105.5pt;" valign="top" width="141">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Table 4: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How
do you feel with the performance of Udi Local Government Area since the new
democratic dispensation in 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The first question in the questionnaire/interviews sought to
know how each of the respondents feels with the performance of Udi Local Government
Area since the new democratic dispensation in 1999 to the present. The opinions
of the respondent are represented in a tabular form below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Satisfactory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Fairly
satisfactory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Dissatisfactory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Highly
dissatisfactory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.75in;" valign="top" width="168">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the above table 100
questionnaires were distributed across the levels of respondents. 10 persons
responded that Udi local government area has performed satisfactory, 15
responded to the option of fairly satisfactory, while 55 and 20 responded to
the options of dis-satisfactory respectively. Therefore the total percentages
were including to dissatisfaction.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
5: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What are responsible for your opinion in question one above</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> <b>Options<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Availability of
social amenities that creates happiness</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">18<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Political
interference, administrative ineptitude</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">39<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">39<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Political
interference lack of financial and administrative autonomy</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">43<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The table above demonstrate the cause
of feeling of respondents to the performances or non-performances of Udi local
government area since 1999 to the present. In effect we discovered that the
majority of the population of study believe that political interference,
administrative ineptitude and lack of financial autonomy are highly responsible
for the non-performance of Udi local government toward ensuring accelerated
rural development in Udi local government area since 1999 democratic
dispensation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
6: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How many times were employment exercises under-taken by
Udi Local Government Area since 1999?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Once</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">95
(2004/2005)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Twice</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">More than twice</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">None<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 207.9pt;" valign="top" width="277">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="top" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The researcher discovered that since
May 29, 1999, it was only once that employment exercise was carried out in Udi
Local Government Area. Furthermore, the researcher observed that of the
respondents, the 5 persons that responded to the “non option” were of the stack
illiterate and unaware. However, the table demonstrates that Udi Local
Government Area has only conducted one single employment exercise since 1999 to
date.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
7: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What are responsible for the delays or failure to
conduct employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> <b>Options<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of local
autonomy, State Government embanges, financial problem</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of qualified
personnel for recruitment</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Over-staffing and
limited job vacancies</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of political
will, corruption and nepotism</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 252.9pt;" valign="top" width="337">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 103.5pt;" valign="top" width="138">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the indication of the responses
in the table we understand that both the literate and illiterate classes of the
respondents believe that lack of political autonomy, state government embargo
on employment, financial problems, occasional limited political will, added to
corruption and nepotism have been responsible for the failure of adequate
employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; tab-stops: -112.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
8: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">To what extent is Udi Local Government Area responsible
to your community’s demand?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Effectively</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Periodically</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nonchalantly</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">75<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Uninterested</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 153.9pt;" valign="top" width="205">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 121.5pt;" valign="top" width="162">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.0in;" valign="top" width="192">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The result above form the opinions of
respondent indicated that Udi Local Government does not respond effectively to
community demands.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
9: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What are responsible for her success or failure in (5
above)?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Due to credible
seasoned leadership</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of credible,
tested leadership</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">35<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Corruption,
political interference from higher authorities</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the opinion of the respondents,
one glaring factors were responsible for the failure or delay of Udi Local Government
area to respond to the individual demands of Udi rural communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
10: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Are your people being adequately consulted in choosing/electing
the leaders of Udi Local Government Area?</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Effectively</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Periodically</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Once</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Scarcely</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Not aware </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the responses, indication shows
that the people of Udi Local government area are scarcely consulted during the
exercise of choosing their local government representatives. This does not
imply that they were not aware of political time-table of political exercise.
Rather, in their opinion, the choice of those who often emerged as their local
government representative in the local government executive councils at various
episodes were more or less chosen without regards to their choice persons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
11: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How far has Udi Local Government Area impacted on your
community in terms of provisions of social amenities since 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Effectively</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Periodically</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Non at all</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Uninterested</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From further investigations due to the
nature of the responses to the above question, we discovered that many of the
respondents chosen in our random selection have never felt the impact of the
government. The five people that responded positively were discovered to have
come from the constituencies of the Chairman of Udi local government council
since the changes that took place between 2004 to the present.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table 12: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What are responsible for its failure to provide adequate
social amenities such as electricity, roads, pipe-borne water,
hospitals/maternities and employment to your people?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Corruption among
the leadership, political interference, lack of autonomy</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of political
will on the political leadership</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Lack of political
awareness on the part of the people</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">No need for such
in rural places</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the above investigation, the
researcher found out that those people on the negative were more or less
illiterate, aged and resigned to fate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table 13: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Of the available social amenities in your community they
were provided by<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Udi Local
Government Area</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Udi Local
Government with community efforts</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Enugu State
Government</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">72<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Enugu State
Government with Community Assistant</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> We understand that only two relevant
sources were responsible for the provision of social amenities in Udi local
government are to include Enugu State government and Enugu State government
with Community support/self effort respectively.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
14: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Have you been paying taxes, rates, dues/levies to your
Local Government (Udi) Area?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Regularly </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Periodically</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Financially,
Materially and kindly</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">None at all <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the response we understand that
20 of the respondents indicated were uninterested. They don’t pay tax due to
the fact that they had nothing doing as youths within the age of 20-30 years of
age. This does not indicate their adult but rather a consequence of their state
of unemployment and therefore lack a veritable source of taxable livelihood. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table 15: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Do
you have co-operative societies in your place?</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Yes</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">95<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">No</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">The impression here indicate that there are co-operative
societies in various communities that make up Udi local government area.
Hoever, the few respondents in the negative were of the illiterate, aged and
unaware class form our interview reports.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
16: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Of what assistance has Udi Local Government Area
rendered to the co-operative societies in your community?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Financially</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Materially</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Financially,
Materially and Kindly</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">None at all</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">80<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the responses to the above
question, we came to a conclusion that Udi local government area has not been
rendering assistance to rural co-operative societies in the communities that make
up Udi local government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: -81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table 17: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">How do you sustain your community co-operative
societies?</span></b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Through loans from
Udi Local Government Area</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Through loans from
leaders/financial institutions</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">45<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Through self-help
efforts like thrifts</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">50<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Through (b) and
(c) above</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">From indication shown in this response it is obvious that the
sources of sustenance of the Community/Rural co-operatives were through loans
from the banks and financial intuitions and through self help efforts such as
thrift system.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Table
18: </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">What development programme has been effectively executed
in your community by Udi Local Government Area since 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: .1pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid black; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid black; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 160;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Options<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Frequency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Percentage (%)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Political
socialization through party politics</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">85<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Infrastructural
provision and development</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Massive
employment/ recruitment</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">0<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">None of the above</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 225.9pt;" valign="top" width="301">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Total<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.0pt;" valign="top" width="132">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 112.5pt;" valign="top" width="150">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">100<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Source
Compiled from field data 2012<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From the responses to question 15, we
understand that Udi local government area was more or less concerned with
political socialization of the various communities. We sought to correlate this
question with our initial question in the numbers with respect to the
consultation of the localities (since they are spheres of political
socialization) in process of choosing the leader of Udi local government
council. Our discovery which did not indicate in our questions shows that the
splees of socialization were more or less concentrated on party infacts, the
programmes assisted by WHO has nothing to do with the areas of the rural
infrastructures developments, employments opportunities and governmental
assistance towards enhancing community/rural development in Udi local
government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">4.2 DATA ANALYSIS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">This section verifies the views expressed by the majority in
the questionnaire using interview data and secondary data. This leads us to
accept or reject the hypotheses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Udi Local Government Area does not
represent rural/local development of its people and communities. From our
opinion of rural development, and development it signifies a positive change
that results in the elevation of a people to a higher level politically,
socially, culturally and economically (Ezeani, 2000). This implies improvement
in per capital income, Gross Domestic Production (GDP), provision of the
requisite amenities that are equally further agencies of production,
distribution and exchange (Igwe, 1998).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From our investigation research work,
we shall at this point dwell in testing our hypothetical statements, which
pivoted our research attempts. We shall thus take them in turns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Hypothesis
One: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Our first hypothesis states this; Udi Local
Government Area does not represent rural/local development of its people and
communities.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In testing the relevance of the above
hypothesis, we can draw from the responses in questions 1, 3, 4, 13, 14, and
15. To which each of the questions and their numerical responses are
represented thus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 86.05pt 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">How do you feel with the performance of
Udi Local Government Area since the new democratic dispensation in 1999 to the
present? Of the respondents 75% responded to the tone of dis-satisfaction. This
denotes that Udi Local Government Area has not performed in area under
investigation with the first question.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 86.05pt 0.0001pt 63pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
third question requests thus: How many time were employment exercise undertaken
by Udi Local Government Area since 1999 and when? From the responses, it was
only once and done between 2000/2001 (Enugu Gazettee) indicated by 95%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
fourth questions wishes to know the causes of delays or failures to conduct
employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area since 1999. In opinion of the
respondent two factors were responsible in the order of priority that lack of
political autonomy and lack of political will, corruption and nepotism
represented by 100%. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
next question that is corroborates to the first hypothesis is question 13,
which state thus: of what assistance has Udi Local Government Area rendered to
the co-operative societies in your community? Of the above question, 80% of the
respondents responded in the negative signifying that Udi Local Government Area
has not been giving any significant assistance to the development of community
co-operatives in Udi Local Government Area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
final question with which to test hypothesis is question 14 which states thus.
How do you sustain your community co-operatives societies?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Responses
indicate that community co-operative societies in Udi Local Government Area are
being sustained through loans from banks, financial institutions and self help
efforts in the nature of thrifts. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From
our statement of problem, we posed that ‘Based on infrastructural index, how
far has Udi Local Government provided social amenities the cradle of economic
and social growth of societies, for the development of her rural communities?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Indication
from the responses in the above questions, 95% indicated that Udi local
Government Area has not ever embodied on any such programmes. Therefore Local
Government Area as demonstrated by Udi Local Government Area not represent
rural/community development. Therefore the first hypothesis is adjusted as
relevant and carried as aptly. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Hypothesis Two: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
second hypothesis maintains that Udi Local Government Area today lacks the
requisite constitutional autonomy that guarantee to rural development of her
people and communities. In testing the above hypothesis, we shall draw from the
responses in the following questions 2, 4, 6, and 9.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Question
2 requests to know what were responsible for the negative outcomes in question
1, which invariantly wished to understand the feeling of the people with the
performance of Udi Local Government Area since 1999. It was understood that
administrative ineptitude, political interferences leading to lack of
administrative and financial autonomy were responsible for their responses to
question two, which by their percentage representative is 82%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Question
4 requests to understand why Udi Local Government delayed or failed to conduct
employment exercises since 1999. At this, it was equally understood that it was
lack of political autonomy that impelled the efforts to conduct employment
exercise in Udi Local Government Area with the percentage representation of
75%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Question
6 requests to know what were responsible for Udi Local Governments failure to
render assistance to community co-operative societies in Udi Local Government
Area. In understood from the scores that 85% of them attested to lack of
credible and tested leadership (since they are not consulted in choosing their
leaders) corruption and political interference from higher authority thereby
trampling on the autonomy of Udi Local Government Area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Question
9 requests to understand the causes of Udi Local Government failure to provide
the necessary social amenities to the communities. Here we noted that 85% of
the responses agreed that it was a consequence of corruption, political
interference and lack of political autonomy of Udi Local Government Area to
make decision for herself. In the light of the above hypothesis II is thus
sustained and carried.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Hypothesis Three:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The
third hypothesis states that Udi Local Government Area is devolution of State
Government in Enugu State which has affected all segments of the responsibilities
in Udi Local Government Area by the constitution f the Federal Republic of
Nigeria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Schedule
four, section 7 of the constitution of the federal republic of Nigeria spelt
out the areas of authority of Local Government Area in Nigeria. From
investigations corroborated by the responses to question 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10 we
understand that the Local Government and Local Government Area in particular is
not allowed by the state government to perform these constitutional functions.
Rather, Udi Local Government becomes more or less an agency for the deliverance
of the policies and programmes of Enugu State Government instead of being
responsible for initiating, aggregating and executing public interests. To this point, hypothesis three is
equaling adopted and sustained.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From
the above hypothesis over view vis-à-vis our research findings, we can
understand that more surface and thus a quick measure becomes emergent. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">CHAPTER FIVE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">SUMMARY, CONCLUSION
AND RECOMMENDATIONS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5.1 SUMMARY
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From
our background information, we understand that Udi Local Government Area is
made up of twenty three (23) communities as follows Akpakwume, Nze, Oghu,
Awhum, Ebe, Abor, Ukana, Okpatu, Umulumgbe, Umuoka, Egede, Affa, Udi, Obioma,
Abia, Agudu, Obinagu, Umuaga, Nachi, Amokwe, Ngwo, Eke and Nsude.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> From
our investigations, we came to terms that even though there are a number of
social amenities existing in the communities. We were made to understand that
most or all those social amenities were not provided by Udi Local Government
Area. Rather, they were provided by Enugu State Government in conjunction with
community support efforts.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Furthermore,
in spite of the existence of the community co-operative societies in Udi Local
Government Area, we discovered that Udi Local Government Area has not provided
any assistance to the improvement of these socio-economic ventures.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .7pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> On
another sphere, employment of qualified people remains a cardinal
responsibility of government at all levels. Udi local government area as a
level of government, though a third tiers and of lowest command of authority,
is and ought to be as well privileged to ensure adequate recruitment of her
qualified youths and adults. This ought to be one of the major responsibilities
of a government that enjoys obedience to law of the citizens, compliance with
the laws or bye-laws of the local territory and above it all, ensuring their
payment of taxes, dues, levies and rates. Udi local government area is still
found waiting in the area of recruitment of qualified personnel indigenes of
Udi local government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> At
the bottom-line of our research is to investigate the impact of Udi local
government area in rural development. Consequently, we sought to understand as
a guided norm what constitute development and especially with respect to the
context under study. We posited that development is more or less an
incredemental positive process that tantamount to the changes in the living
standards that are no less a filliping to individual comfort.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> In
cognizance of the above quest, we found out that Udi local government area,
even as a progenitor of several local government areas in the former Udi
provincial council, has not been of instrumental impact to the elevation of the
rural communities. Rather, it has been the state government that has proved of
relative impact toward the development of the rural communities that make up
Udi local government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: .55pt; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5.2 CONCLUSION
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> At
this point, we wish to conclude this research project by restating thus: Udi
local government area does not represent rural, local development of its people
and communities. Udi local government today lacks the requisite constitutional
autonomy that gives fillip to rural development of her people and communities.
This is a consequence of political interferences of state government in the
activities or programmes of Udi local government area since its creation. Udi
local government area is a devolution of state government in Enugu State which
has affected all segments of the responsibilities in Udi local government area
by the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This is corroborated by
the imposing of employment, usurpation of programmes (development) that ought
to be initiated and executed by Udi local government area by Enugu State government
and the command structure in the administrative systems in Enugu State that now
renders Udi local government area and perhaps the rest of local government
areas of Enugu State to the tutelage of Enugu State government.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Thus,
Udi local government area is more or less a tier of government that tantamount
to a stage of the State government authority.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">At this juncture, it is pertinent to offer some relevant
suggestions towards the improvement of rural development by Udi local government
area thus:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Local governments (which include Udi
local government area) should be treated as a tier of government as accorded to
it by the constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. By this, the State
government should concentrate on issues that concern the joint interest of the
state and allow local governments to function on their won merits and
capabilities. The present practice of joint financial allocation existing at
the state level should be dissolved forth with to allow the local government
areas in the state the opportunity and autonomy to pursue their different local
problems at their own paces. The monthly income/revenue and expenditures
accruing to Udi local government council should be made accessible to the
public. Through this measure, the public would be able to raise alarm whenever
the local council officials go out of prescribed financial regulations. The
people would be able to compare the various administrations to ensure a
people-oriented development. The state/local office (SLGO) in the presidency
should open offices in all the senatorial and local government areas across the
country to monitor the adequacy of delivery of federation monthly statutory
allocations to the entire local government areas in the country. This will help
the local government areas in Nigeria to checkmate the extent and degree of
interception of the monies meant for local government areas by their parent
state governments.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Public awareness other than party
political activities should be instilled on all the communities to participate
in the activities of the Udi local government area, so as to be able to raise
alarm officially whenever and wherever official corruption is discovered. Such
alarm would be channeled through the SLGO in their district to the appropriated
authority for prompt corrective actions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The internal audit department of Udi
local government and the State auditor general of local governments should be
attached to the office of SLGO and recognized as federal monitoring offices in
Udi and other local government areas in Nigeria for adequate monitoring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Finally, selection or election of
leaders or political office holders of Udi local government area should be done
at all time with the consent of the rural and entire people-oriented administration.
This will help to accelerate development and by the inference rural development
in Udi local government area.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> At this juncture, the researcher
believes that if the above suggestions are in place, and in view of the fact
that Udi people have been law-abiding, paying their taxes, rates, levies to Udi
local government area adequately, the rural development question in Udi local
government area would receive a vigorous attention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BIBLIOGRAPHY
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Books<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Adrain, R. Charles (1992) local
polities in international encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 4<sup>th</sup>
ed. New York.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Agagu, A. A. (1997) “Local
Government” in Kolawole, D. (ed) Readings in Political Science, Ibadan, Dekaal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Appadorai, A. (1975) The
Substance of Politics. <st1:city w:st="on">New Delhi</st1:city>, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placename w:st="on">Oxford</st1:placename> <st1:placetype w:st="on">University</st1:placetype></st1:place>
press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lawal, S. (2000) “Local
Government Administration in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place>:
A practical Approach”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">M. U. Akpan Pub Admin in Nig. Ikot Ekpere Longman
Nig. Ltd. 1982<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Odenigwe, G. (1979 encyclopedia
of the Social S) “Mobilizing Citizen for Community Development under the New
System of Local Government “in Administrative and Roland, L. (ed). The Local
Government in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region>:
Problem and Prospect: <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Ibadan</st1:city></st1:place>;
Heinemann Ltd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Okoli, F. C. (2000) Theory and
Practice of Local Government: A Nigeria perspective John Jacob’s classic
publishers Ltd.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ozor, Ebonyi (2004) Third Tier
Government in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region>:
Evaluation, Development and Future <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Ibadan</st1:city></st1:place>:
University Press<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Robson, W. A. in Enclopedia of the Social Sciences,
International Edition, -1978<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">The New <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Columbia</st1:city></st1:place>
Encyclopedia. 4<sup>th</sup> Edition <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JOURNALS/ARTICLES
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Agi S. P. I. (2002) “Local
Government As a Tie of Government: Theoretical Problem” in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Nigeria</st1:country-region></st1:place> Journal of Public
Administration and Local Government Vol. 11. No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Okoli, F. C. (1985) Western
Ideology and Community Development in <st1:place w:st="on">Africa</st1:place>:
A Nigerian case study to Ikenga Journal of African studies vol 7 No 1 and 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">GOVERNMENT
DOCUMENTS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Guidelines for Local Government
Reforms in Nigeria Local Government Yearbook (1976)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.35pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -45.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">The Constitution of the Federal
Republic of Nigeria 1999 Section 7 schedule 4<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">INTERNET
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">^ “Post Offices-with map of LGA”. NIPOST. </span><a href="http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx"><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx</span></a><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">. retrieved on 17 May, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udi"><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">, <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Enugu</st1:place></st1:city>&oldid=511229964”
retrieved 17 May, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.kwenu.com/history/udi/udi"><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">http://www.kwenu.com/history/udi/udi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> moehtm. retrieved on 12 July, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">INTERVIEWS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ochiaka, Simeon Oral Interview about Udi Community
and their deity on December 13, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Ogbuzulu, Christian Oral Interview about Udi Local
Government on December 16, 2011<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">Okafor KNC Self Help and Community development Unpublished
Thesis, 1983 Sociology and Anthropology. UNN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">APPENDIX
II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">PERSONAL
DATA <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:90.95pt;
margin-top:2.75pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251629056' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 120px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251629056;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1032" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">I. Sex Male Female<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1036" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:318.05pt;margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251633152' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 423px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251633152;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1036" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1035"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:222.2pt;
margin-top:1.4pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251632128' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 295px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251632128;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1035" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1034"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:128.75pt;
margin-top:1.1pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251631104' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 171px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251631104;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1034" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">II. Age (a) 20 – 30 (b) 31 – 45 (c) Above -<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1038" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:319.25pt;margin-top:1.2pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251635200' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 425px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251635200;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1038" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1037"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:201.5pt;
margin-top:1.65pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251634176' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 268px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251634176;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1037" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">III. Educational Status (a) FSLC (b) WASC/GCE <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1040" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:297.2pt;margin-top:.75pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251637248' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 395px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251637248;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1040" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1041"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:395.75pt;
margin-top:1.75pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251638272' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 527px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251638272;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1041" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1039"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:167.9pt;
margin-top:2.45pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251636224' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 223px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251636224;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1039" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (C) NCE/HND/Degree (d) Master/PHD (e) Illiterate <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. How do you feel with the performance of Udi Local Government
Area since the new democratic dispensation in 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1042" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:125pt;margin-top:3pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;
z-index:251639296' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 166px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251639296;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1042" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1044"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:414.95pt;
margin-top:2.85pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251641344' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 552px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251641344;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1044" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1043"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:276.95pt;
margin-top:3.45pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251640320' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 368px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251640320;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1043" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Satisfactory (b)
Fairly satisfactory (c) Dis-satisfactory<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1045" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:185.75pt;margin-top:3.65pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251642368' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 247px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251642368;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1045" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Highly Dis-satisfactory <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. What are responsible for your opinion in
question one above <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1047" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:362.05pt;margin-top:2.4pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251644416' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 482px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251644416;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1047" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Availability of social amenities
that creates happiness<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1046"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:326.75pt;
margin-top:2.4pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251643392' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 435px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251643392;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1046" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(b)
Political interference, administrative ineptitude <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1048"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:439.9pt;
margin-top:3.2pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251645440' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 586px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251645440;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1048" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(c)
Political interference lack of financial and administrative autonomy <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. How many times were employment exercises under-taken by Udi Local
Government Area since 1999?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1052" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:316.1pt;margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251649536' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 420px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251649536;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1052" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1051"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:174.2pt;
margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251648512' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 231px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251648512;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1051" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1050"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:89.15pt;
margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251647488' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 118px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251647488;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1050" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Once (b) Twice
(c) More than twice<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1049" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:93.7pt;margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251646464' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 124px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251646464;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1049" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) None<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. What are responsible for the delays or failure to conduct
employment exercise in Udi Local Government Area?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1028" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:89.15pt;margin-top:24.8pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251624960' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 118px; margin-top: 32px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251624960;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1028" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Lack of local autonomy, State
Government embanges, financial problem <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1029" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:305pt;margin-top:2.45pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251625984' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 406px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251625984;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1029" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (b)
Lack of qualified personnel for recruitment
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1030" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:280.25pt;margin-top:.5pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251627008'
filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 373px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251627008;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1030" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(c)
Over-staffing and limited job vacancies <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1031" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:320.45pt;margin-top:1.7pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251628032' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 426px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251628032;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Lack of political will, corruption
and nepotism<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5. To what extent is Udi Local Government Area responsible to
your community’s demand?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1093" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:238.65pt;margin-top:2.55pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251691520' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 317px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251691520;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1093" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1094"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:367.05pt;
margin-top:1.95pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251692544' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 488px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251692544;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1094" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1054"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:121.2pt;
margin-top:4.5pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251651584' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 161px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251651584;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1054" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Effectively (b) Periodically
(c) Nonchalantly <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1053" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:133.65pt;margin-top:1.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251650560' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 177px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251650560;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1053" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Uninterested <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">6. What are responsible for her success or failure in (5 above)?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1055" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:265.05pt;margin-top:2.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251652608' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 352px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251652608;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1055" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Due to credible seasoned
leadership<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1056" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:266.7pt;margin-top:3.6pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251653632' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 355px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251653632;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1056" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (b) Lack
of credible, tested leadership<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1057" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:394.35pt;margin-top:2.5pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251654656' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 525px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251654656;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1057" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (c) Corruption,
political interference from higher authorities<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">7. Are your people being adequately consulted in
choosing/electing the leaders of Udi Local Government Area?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1059" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:118.2pt;margin-top:4.85pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251656704' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 157px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251656704;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1059" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1061"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:326.95pt;
margin-top:3.05pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251658752' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 435px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251658752;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1061" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1060"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:240.9pt;
margin-top:3.95pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251657728' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 320px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251657728;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1060" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Effectively (b) Periodically
(c) Once <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1058" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:106.2pt;margin-top:3.8pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251655680' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 141px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251655680;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1058" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1062"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:239.65pt;
margin-top:2.6pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251659776' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 319px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251659776;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1062" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Scarcely (e) Not aware <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">8. How far has Udi Local Government Area impacted on your
community in terms of provisions of social amenities since 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1066" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:351.6pt;margin-top:3.15pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251663872' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 468px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251663872;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1066" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1065"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:239.85pt;
margin-top:4.2pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251662848' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 319px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251662848;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1065" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1064"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:119.1pt;
margin-top:4.2pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251661824' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 158px; margin-top: 5px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251661824;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1064" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Effectively (b) Periodically
(c) Non at all <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1063" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:134.55pt;margin-top:2.75pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251660800' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 178px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251660800;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1063" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Uninterested <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">9. What are responsible for its failure to provide adequate
social amenities such as electricity, roads, pipe-borne water,
hospitals/maternities and employment to your people?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1069" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:414.45pt;margin-top:26.65pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251666944' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 552px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251666944;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1069" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1070"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:98.1pt;
margin-top:25.75pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251667968' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 130px; margin-top: 33px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251667968;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1070" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Corruption among the leadership,
political interference, lack of autonomy (b)
Lack of political will on the political leadership <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
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id="_x0000_s1068" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:360.95pt;margin-top:2.5pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251665920'
filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 480px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251665920;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1068" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(c)
Lack of political awareness on the part of the people<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
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left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:243.9pt;margin-top:3.5pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251664896' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 324px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251664896;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1067" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) No need for such in rural places <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">10. Of the available social amenities in your community they were
provided by<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1074" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:216.45pt;margin-top:2.5pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251672064' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 288px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251672064;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1074" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Udi Local Government Area<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect
id="_x0000_s1073" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:324.45pt;margin-top:2.4pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251671040'
filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 432px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251671040;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1073" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(b)
Udi Local Government with community efforts <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
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id="_x0000_s1072" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;
margin-left:159.9pt;margin-top:26.8pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251670016'
filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 212px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251670016;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1072" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1071"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:203.55pt;
margin-top:2.6pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251668992' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 270px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251668992;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1071" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">(c)
Enugu State Government (d)
Enugu State Government with Community Assistant <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">11. Have you been paying taxes, rates, dues/levies to your Local
Government (Udi) Area?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1078" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:99.75pt;margin-top:26.15pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251676160' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 132px; margin-top: 34px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251676160;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1078" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1077"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:240.15pt;
margin-top:3.9pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251675136' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 319px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251675136;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1077" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1076"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:113.85pt;
margin-top:3.9pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251674112' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 151px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251674112;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1076" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Regularly (b) Periodically (c)
Financially, Materially and kindly <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1075" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:122.7pt;margin-top:2.6pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251673088' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 20px; left: 0px; margin-left: 163px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251673088;"><img height="20" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1075" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) None at all <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">12. Do you have co-operative societies in your place?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1080" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:156.3pt;margin-top:2.7pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251678208' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 207px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251678208;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1080" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1079"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:80pt;margin-top:2.7pt;
width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251677184' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 106px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251677184;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1079" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Yes (b) No
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">13. Of what assistance has Udi Local Government Area rendered to the
co-operative societies in your community? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1084" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:80pt;margin-top:27.3pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251682304' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 106px; margin-top: 35px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251682304;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1084" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1083"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:229.8pt;
margin-top:2.8pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251681280' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 305px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251681280;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1083" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1082"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:117.15pt;
margin-top:3.7pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251680256' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 155px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251680256;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1082" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Financially (b) Materially
(c) Financially, Materially and Kindly <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1081" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:122.55pt;margin-top:1.55pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251679232' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 162px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251679232;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1081" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) None at all <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">14. How do you sustain your community co-operative societies? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1085" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:334.15pt;margin-top:1pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251683328' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 445px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251683328;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1085" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Through loans from Udi Local
Government Area<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1086" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:338.8pt;margin-top:1.8pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251684352' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 451px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251684352;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1086" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (b) Through loans from
leaders/financial institutions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1087" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:264.7pt;margin-top:2.2pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251685376' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 352px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251685376;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1087" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (c) Through self-help efforts like
thrifts<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1088" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:214.45pt;margin-top:2.1pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251686400' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 285px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251686400;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1088" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (d) Through (b) and (c) above<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">15. What development programme has been effectively executed in your
community by Udi Local Government Area since 1999 to the present?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1089" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:303.35pt;margin-top:2.2pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251687424' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 403px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251687424;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1089" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (a) Political socialization through
party politics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1090" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:305pt;margin-top:2.2pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251688448' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 406px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 28px; z-index: 251688448;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1090" width="28" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (b) Infrastructural provision and
development<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1092" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:421.4pt;margin-top:2pt;width:20.1pt;
height:12.8pt;z-index:251690496' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 561px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251690496;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1092" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:rect id="_x0000_s1091"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:255.95pt;
margin-top:2pt;width:20.1pt;height:12.8pt;z-index:251689472' filled="f"/><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 19px; left: 0px; margin-left: 340px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 29px; z-index: 251689472;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:/Users/user/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.gif" v:shapes="_x0000_s1091" width="29" /></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Tahoma","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> (c) Massive employment/
recruitment (d) None of the above<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-9722725798486655092014-04-04T06:07:00.001-07:002014-04-04T06:07:50.537-07:00The scope and study of Udi local government of Enugu State<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">CHAPTER ONE <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">1.1 <b>BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY</b> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> Man in his environment encounters a
lot of difficulties such as physical and social factors in the environment. His
ultimate goal is to conquer both the physical and social problems of his
environment and to achieve this objective, he utilizes available human and
material resources. In the course of man acquainting himself with his immediate
environment and finding solutions to problems in the environment, physical and
social development take place. </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">Development,
therefore, </span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";">arose from
the need to find solution to problems of human environment.</span><span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> The quest for development made for the
Federal government to create the necessary reforms that enable the government
at the third tier play her complementary role. The Federal government of
Nigeria, through the 1976 Local Government Reforms, explained local government
as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> “Local Government is Government at
local level exercised through representation councils established by law to
exercise specific power within defined areas” (Government print: 1976)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Antique Olive","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Antique Olive";"> </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-31823494974950450452014-04-04T05:56:00.000-07:002014-04-04T05:56:06.634-07:00THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE LIBYAN CRISISCHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background to the Study
Since the end of the cold war, in territories ranging from northern Iraq to East Timor, and from Burma to Syria, a succession of urgent situations involving mass death and suffering of citizens has resulted in external military interventions that were justified on largely humanitarian grounds. There have also been situations in Rwanda and Bosnia, in which there was a strong case for such intervention, but either no action followed or any action taken was too little and too late.
With the spate of violence that has pervaded virtually every part and the manner in which strong states have been able to dominate others, and even militarily over-powering them, and bearing in mind that international law desires and states clearly that sovereign states are to be left to their own devices to manage their own affairs independently, the question of intervention and non-intervention becomes very paramount in the quest for scholars to understand the activities of states. Moreover, when we realize that the sovereignty of states in the international system has been more or less overtaken by global interdependence and the emergence of sophisticated information and technological gadgets, we are bound to wonder why states still answer sovereign and independent entities.
Over the last decade, a lot of worrying things have happened which decided the actions of responsible governments. Especially of note is the issue of intervening in the internal affairs of independent and sovereign states. Some of the recent examples of total indifference to the plight of people that come to mind readily are the Somalia 1991/92 conflict, the 1994 Rwanda genocide, the Bosnia massacre of 1995 and the Kosovo crisis of 1999. The blasé attitude shown by the militarily powerful when these gruesome activities were going on in these four places have provoked a lot of debate on the responsibility of the international community towards the carnages that go on daily in the world generally, and Africa in particular.
It was consequent upon this that the Canadian government in September 2000, with theAnonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-3779537032147098602011-10-13T07:05:00.001-07:002011-10-13T07:05:00.669-07:00THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL RULERS IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENTINTRODUCTION<br />
There has been change in the role of traditional rulers in Nigeria as it applies to community development, since the introduction of local government reforms of 1976 in the said reforms, leadership roles were clearly expressed, which states that it is not the intention of government to destroy the organic unity of the traditional institutions. The traditional emirate and chiefdom will remain, although their functions will be changed to accord with the present day circumstances.<br />
Although the paramount of chiefs was undone by colonial rule, traditional rulers have served as important adjuncts in the administration of post-colonial government in both Nigeria and Africa (William F.S. Miles, 2007).<br />
This in effect streamlined the procedure for the selection, recognition and roles of traditional rulers, therefore, formed the constitutional framework for traditional democracy, by a community selection of an acceptable ruler.<br />
There were the warrant chiefs during the indirect rule system, and the then colonial government recognized local chiefs, who performed as native court judges. The first class chiefs were recognized in the middle belt of Nigeria during the colonial era. All these sets of traditional rulers contributed in no small measure, to the upliftment of community development (ojo, 1976).<br />
The role of traditional rulers has been undergoing change as the democratic dispensation within the country develops. It has therefore become necessary that they redefine their role as heads of their polities within the framework of developmental efforts by the central government and its adjuncts; as well as, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (Wilhelmina. J. Donkoh, 2002: 105-114).<br />
Traditional rulers in Guma remain for a variety of reasons, important to the design and implementation of development projects within his area of jurisdiction. Their core functions include mobilization of their communities for developmental purposes. This includes the provision of infrastructure for enhanced standard of living within the community. Sometimes, traditional rulers initiate development projects and secure the support of both internal and external development agents for the execution of these projects (Wilhelmina. J. Donkoh, 2002:105-114).<br />
Traditional rulers work in conjunction with their subjects and therefore carry the whole community along to accomplish development projects that will be of benefit to the entire community. Thus, this study is aimed at finding out the role of traditional rulers in Guma local government area of Benue State.<br />
<br />
<br />
LITERATURE REVIEW<br />
On this literature review I focuses on discussing the role of traditional rulers in community development. The my research intends to examine views and opinions of people and writers based on the role of traditional rulers in community development which will be used for sociological analysis.<br />
Attention would be focused on the role of traditional institution from the pre-colonial era up to the present democratic political system of government.<br />
i. PRE-COLONIAL TRADITIONAL INSTITUTION<br />
Before the advent of the Europeans, societies in Africa had evolved various system of political administrations based on the peculiarities of these ethnic nationalities. These institutions had full executive, legislative and judicial powers in their different domains and exerted sovereign control over their people.<br />
According to Oloko (1976), the traditional ruler under the Benin kingdom was at the head of a well organized system of government. As the sole authority he was the legislature, executive and the judiciary. Traditional institution during the pre-colonial era was quite clear, since law and order were maintained through a normative system that was part of the general social structure though the system was not sophisticated, the machinery of government was organized enough to manage affairs, resolve tension and administered justice in the society. Also, the institution was controlled by certain unwritten laws which ensure the security of the institution. This implies that, traditional rulers had positive impact on the evolution of political, economic and social institutions in which they had dominant control.<br />
According to Igwe Stephen Ngene Ede-Njoku , the political institutions of the pre-colonial societies included the paramount chiefs, the council of elders, age grade and religious organizations. The Ibos at the pre-colonial period did not have a single political authority; even though they were a contingent. Since the Ibos shunned the idea of having a single leader at that time, they operated a lineage system as a basis for political organization.<br />
This political system was fashioned in such a way that a man could only lead members of his lineage hence, there were many influential and powerful men, their influence was limited to hamlet, clan and village and at most the area in which they lived.<br />
In every village, hamlet or clan, there was always a village head who emerged by virtue of age and who in collaboration of other elders settled disputes in that particular village. If the disputes involved another village the elders, led by the eldest from both village came together and resolved the disputes, especially those bothering on elopement and land, which was common at that time.<br />
ii. THE COLONIAL TRADITIONAL INSTITUTION<br />
In the colonial era, the British system of colonial administration employed the system of indirect rule. Indirect rule was a British system of ruling her colonies with the use of local chiefs or other approved intermediaries and traditional laws and customs with British officials merely supervising the administration. Indirect rule used the existing traditional system of administration and it recognized the status of traditional rulers who served as the priest of indirect rule (Barr. Abdullahi,2007).<br />
The advent of colonial rule ushered in a transformation in the role of traditional rulers. This change was necessitated by the desire to realize the objectives of colonialism, which where to exploit the natural resources of Nigeria to meet the industrial needs of the capitalist metro poles. Traditional rulers were therefore used to serve these objectives.<br />
According to Aidelokhai (2008), traditional rulers before the advent of colonial rule in Nigeria were the political, cultural, economic and social administrators and lords of their various domains. The status of traditional rulers changed with the advent of colonial rule as the colonialist who imposed their power on traditional rulers usurped their sovereign authority. This development was meant to enable the colonialist perfect their exploitation through the use of traditional rulers.<br />
Crowder (1978) asserts that chieftaincy institution were maintained and used by the colonialist for colonial interest. The indirect rule in Northern Nigeria attests to this phenomenon. Arguing further, Crowder believes that whether they had fulfilled the entire traditional pre-requisite for assumption of office, which would have allowed them rule in pre-colonial days, their right to rule depended on the colonial authorities.<br />
Afigbo (1972) asserts that the British instituted Native Courts and installed chiefs by warrant that controlled them. This was because the British believed that African people had to be governed by chiefs, therefore maintaining the organic unity of the Nigerian society. In effect many warrant chiefs solely constituted colonially backed usurpers of power and had little legitimacy beyond the fact of being installed by colonial state. Nevertheless, they had power and used it for their own gain. Their main source of power was the control of Native Courts and labors for example; for colonial road and water way construction (Ofonrgoro, 1982). Enugu warrant chief Onyeama was described as an “African god” by his grandson (Onyeama, 1982). He controlled the flows of labor to the emerging coal mining industry and established himself as a powerful ruler combining wealth, terror and magical power over his people.<br />
In spite of the subordination to the British overloads, it could be argued that, the powers of traditional rulers were not eroded. Rather, the positions of rulers were strengthened. The Emir for example exercised stronger participatory roles in administration. This was because more powers of coercion were accorded to the Native Courts and the British treated Emirs with caution. The rulers also exercised executive powers as sole Native Authorities which determined the pace and direction of local administration subject to British guidance and needs.<br />
The above description of the role of traditional rulers in Nigeria during the colonial period shows that, change occurred and traditional rulers assumed a new status. They were co-opted to perform roles that were completely opposed to the wishes and aspiration of the colonized societies.<br />
iii. THE POST-COLONIAL TRADITIONAL INSTITUTION<br />
The role and status of traditional rulers in post independent Nigeria varied though with different administrations, they could be said to have remained agents for the perpetuation of our neo-colonial status, thereby upsetting the ongoing process of development in the country.<br />
Nwankwo (1992) stated that chiefs are custodians of the land and they held the land in trust for the people. They served as a link between that rural people and the government. They assist the government in political education and socialization of the rural people. They acted as the custodians of the traditional religion, arts and culture of the people. The explained the customs and tried to preserve. it.<br />
In view of the political administration, traditional rulers have been given limited authority to settle minor disputes. In this regard also Axel (1998) asserts that traditional rulers try to make peace within the community and with neighboring communities. To Axel traditional rulers act as instrument of state control at the local level.<br />
Oloko (1976) maintained that the traditional rulers were responsible for nation building task such as the maintenance of the main road linking their areas, the supply of man-power for the kingdom’s army, the up keep of the royal capital and collection of taxes and tributes due at various times. In the socio-cultural aspect he continued that in their role as the patrons of the creative and expressive arts of their people, traditional rulers took active steps to encourage the work of talented African carvers, sculptors, potters and so on.<br />
Nwankwo (1992) identifies some relevant roles played by traditional rulers in Nigeria during pre-colonial, colonial and even modern times. He states that traditional rulers perform amongst others the role of making or contributing to law making and judgment, adjudication in disputes in their communities. They also maintain peace, order and security.<br />
<br />
MODERN DAYS TRADITIONAL RULERS<br />
A quick glance at my dictionary showed that "traditional" meant something done or respected according to custom from generation to generation. While "ruler" meant a person or something with power or influence over others or over certain things. It also meant a person with power to govern or with over other people or things. This definition would cover a very wide spectrum of things and situations but the subject coming at the time of the Constitution making exercise, I guessed it would be prudent to approach it from the political , social, and cultural angle.<br />
My subject focuses on modern time traditional rulers which is now a few years away, beginning a new millennium. I am also required to address myself almost entirely on the Uganda situation. When we talk about the modern time traditional rulers which is not yet with us, and to propound ideas and views on the future performance of existing institutions, we are inevitably compelled to review the performances and relevance, or lack of it, of such institutions in the present century, for, as we have seen, tradition moves from generation to generation. I therefore believe that for the role of traditional rulers in the modern time traditional rulers to be portrayed <br />
In view of the above, the modernization helps the traditional rulers to introduce new ideas for community development such as being democratic in their decision making giving room for the people to participate in the community affairs.<br />
Traditional rulers of modern times perform vital roles in their domain like embarking on awareness campaign or the sensitization of their community populace on HIV/AIDS epidemic, the construction of classroom blocks and providing learning materials in school to help develop education system, provision of medical facilities and the building of the community health centre.<br />
The strength of modernization theory is argued on the basis that, the sociological imagination is more important than controlling the risk found in contemporary societies; and fulfills the potential for improving people lives. Despite its strength the modernization theory has its weakness. It lacks a theory of culture. In reality there are difference in culture between a varieties of groups in modern societies, significantly, it also affect how people experience social life and behavior.<br />
According to Parson (1964) for any social system which the community is part to survive, there are three basic functional pre-requisites: Adaptation, Goal attainment, Integration. These can be seen as problems that communities must solve if they are to survive and progress.<br />
Adaptation: This refers to the relationship between the traditional rulers and their communities. In order to survive, traditional institution must have some degree of control over the community.<br />
Goal Attainment: This refers to the need for all communities to set goals towards which socio-economic activities are directed procedures for establishing goals and deciding on priorities between goals are institutionalized.<br />
Integration: This has to do with primary adjustment of conflict in the community. It is concerned with the co-ordination and mutual adjustment of the community members. Legal norms define and standardize relations between individual and institutions and so reduce the potential for conflict. But when conflict does arise, it is settled by the traditional rulers and does not lead to the disintegration of the community and its development in general.<br />
Using the three functional perspective, traditional rulers are part of the society who have some functions to perform and contribute to the maintenance of the society (i.e their communities) such function include the contribution of their quota in the maintenance of the internal peace and security in their domain which is the only way development can take place in the community. They help in revenue generation and community tax assessment, determination of religious matters and settlement of conflict arising there of; they also contribute in community development efforts of their respective communities like building of health centre, town halls, market shop, post office, electricity, construction of road networks, bridges and culverts e.t.c<br />
The functionalist perspective has to be subjected to considerable criticism. Critics argued that the type of explanation states that the parts of the system exist because of their beneficial consequences for the system as a whole. The main objection to this type of reasoning is that it treats an effect as a cause. Therefore the assertion that traditional rulers embark on development projects in their domain is an attestation of consensus value and institution is a misplace one.<br />
Finally, despite the widespread criticism, it should not be rejected out of hand, the assumption that society should be seen as an integral whole, that its part are interdependent, that social institution exist and the social structure directs human behavior.<br />
However, these approach to community development are considered relevant in evaluating the role of traditional rulers in Guma local government area. In other word, it present traditional rulers as a structure within a given system which has functions to perform in the transformation and development process within local government environment as well as in a large society.<br />
In conclusion, for the purpose of this research work, one has taken side with the functionalist perspective. This is because it throws more light in understanding the function perform by traditional rulers, not only in performing their core functions of maintaining peace and order, settling of land dispute e.t.c but also initiating and executing projects that will develop or transform their communities to be like the develop western societies.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
THE ROLE OF TRADITIONAL RULERS IN COMMUNITY<br />
DEVELOPMENT<br />
<br />
The word “Traditional Ruler” entails the reign of a monarchy or a titled ruler vested with the authority to rule over a people in their affairs of life. Therefore, traditional institutions are headed by traditional rulers and these institutions are very vital in bring development closer to the rural people as well as Guma. This section basically examines the nature of project(s) executed in Guma local government.<br />
Summary<br />
From the study, it is found that traditional rulers have succeeded in boosting community development through the provision of boreholes, rural roads, formation of co-operative societies, setting up of markets, construction of culverts, construction of earth dams, mobilizing people for health programmes and resolving disputes within their domains.<br />
It was discovered that poor road network, illiteracy and financial constraints were obstacles to community development. This scenario presented lack of access to long distance communities with non-passable roads, lack of understanding of projects initiated due to illiteracy as a result of low participation of community members in most projects initiated by traditional rulers.<br />
Conclusion<br />
This study is aimed at finding out the role and prospects of traditional rulers in community development with specific emphasis on my village wish my grand father is the Traditional in Ogbeke Abgani, Nkanu-West Local Government Area in Enugu state. This study revealed precisely that traditional rulers are the major agents in transforming the attitude of the rural people provided they are answerable to a titled ruler vested with the authority of governing the affairs of the people.<br />
Based on the findings, the researcher has come to conclusion that traditional rulers have made a positive impact in community development to a degree.<br />
RECOMMENDATION<br />
The following recommendations are hereby offered for better performance of traditional rulers in community development in future.<br />
a) Traditional rulers have to adopt the spirit of yearly dialogue amongst the subjects. The outcome of the yearly dialogue will create necessary relationship towards community development programmes.<br />
b) Wealthy individuals from in the community can support the traditional institution to enable traditional rulers embark on huge projects.<br />
c) The entire population or community should be sensitized to respond to self-help development projects of the community.<br />
d) The resources realized for community development projects both money and materials should be utilized in such a way that the people will gain from them.<br />
e) The spirit of honesty, transparency and accountability should be the watch word of any traditional ruler. <br />
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REFERENCES<br />
<br />
AFIGBO, A. E (1972) “The Warrant Chiefs: Indirect Rule In Southeastern Nigeria<br />
1191-1979” London, Longman.<br />
<br />
BARR. ABDULLAHI, W.Z (2007) Evolving Of A New Role For Traditional<br />
Institutions In The Nigerian Constitution Centre For Local Government<br />
Development And Research.<br />
<br />
CENSUS (2006) National Population and Census Commission.<br />
<br />
CROWDER, M (1978) The Story Of Nigeria. London, Faber And Faber Publishers.<br />
<br />
NWANKWO, B.C (1992) Authority In Government: Makurdi. Atmond Publishers.<br />
<br />
OFONAGORO,W .I (1982) “An Aspect Of British Colonial Policy In<br />
Southern Nigeria: The Problems Of Forced Labour And Slavery. 1895-1928”. In : Obichere, B.I. (Ed), “Studies In Southern Nigerian History”. London, Frank Cass, 219-243.<br />
<br />
OJO,J.O (1976) The Changing Role Of Traditional Rulers In The Nigerian Political<br />
Set-Up. Ibadan University Press.<br />
<br />
OLOKO, O. (1976) Nigeria 20 Basic Problems Yet Unsolved, Lagos, Apapa Printing<br />
Press.<br />
<br />
WILHELMINA, J. D (2002) Traditional Leadership, Human right and<br />
Development: The Asante Example.<br />
<br />
WILLIAM, F.S. MILES (2007) “Studies in Comparative International Development”. New York: Springer Publishers.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-75734621523125837512011-07-28T01:00:00.003-07:002011-07-28T01:00:43.134-07:00SELF CONCEPTSELF CONCEPT<br />
An important theory relating to self-concept is the self-categorization theory (SCT), which states that the self-concept consists of at least two “levels,” a personal identity and a social identity. In other words, people’s self-evaluations rely on both one’s self-perceptions and how one fits in socially. The self-concept can alternate rapidly between the personal and social identity.<br />
Other psychologists have postulated that men display an independent concept while women display an interdependent self-concept. One study exploring this aimed to discover whether gender stereotypes have an effect on this gender difference in self-construal. Participants read a list of traits and rated to what extent the traits applied to a typical man, a typical woman, and the self. When rating men and women in general, both males and females displayed a stereotype for “relational” women (focused on their relationships with others) and “agentic” men (focused on themselves and their individual accomplishments). Self-ratings also corresponded to these stereotypes.<br />
The Developmental Perspective<br />
According to research, differences in the self-concept between genders begin to develop at an early age as a result of gender-segregation enacted both by adults as well as by children’s own self-directed behaviors. Researchers have found that boys and girls play separately in all cultural settings, regardless of the activity, and it is difficult to alter these preferences. As a result of segregation, boys and girls become involved in different social interactions and relationships. Girls tend to prefer one-on-one dyadic interaction, while boys prefer group activities. Girls tend to share secrets and form tight, intimate bonds with one another. Furthermore, girls are more likely to wait their turn to speak, agree with others, and acknowledge the contributions of others. Boys, on the other hand, build larger group relationships based on shared interests and activities. Boys are more likely to threaten, boast, and call names, suggesting the importance of dominance and hierarchy in groups of male friends. Subsequently, the social characteristics of boys and girls tend to carry over later in life as they become men and women.<br />
KNOWLEDGE OF SELF <br />
Self-knowledge is a term used in psychology to describe the information that an individual draws upon when finding an answer to the question "What am I like?". While seeking to develop the answer to this question, self-knowledge requires ongoing self-awareness and self-consciousness (which is not to be confused with consciousness.) Young infants and even animals will display some of the traits self-awareness and agency/contingency, yet not be classified as also having self-consciousness. At some greater level of cognition, however, a self-conscious component emerges in addition to an increased self-awareness component, and then it becomes possible to ask "What am I like?", and to answer with self-knowledge. Self-knowledge is a component of the self, or more accurately, the self-concept. It is the knowledge of one's self and one's properties and the desire to seek such knowledge that guide the development of the self concept. Self-knowledge informs us of our mental representations of ourselves, which contain attributes that we uniquely pair with ourselves, and theories on whether these attributes are stable, or dynamic.<br />
The self-concept is thought to have three primary aspects:<br />
• The Cognitive Self <br />
• The Affective Self <br />
• The Executive Self <br />
The affective and executive selves are also known as the felt and active selves respectively, as they refer to the emotional and behavioral components of the self-concept. Self-knowledge is linked to the cognitive self in that its motives guide our search to gain greater clarity and assurance that our own self-concept is an accurate representation of our true self; for this reason the cognitive self is also referred to as the known self. The cognitive self is made up of everything we know (or think we know about ourselves). This implies physiological properties such as hair color, race, and height etc.; and psychological properties like beliefs, values, and dislikes to name but a few.<br />
SELF AWARENESS<br />
Self-Awareness Theory states that when we focus our attention on ourselves, we evaluate and compare our current behavior to our internal standards and values. We become self-conscious as objective evaluators of ourselves. However self-awareness is not to be confused with self-consciousness.[9] Various emotional states are intensified by self-awareness, and people sometimes try to reduce or escape it through things like television, video games, drugs, etc. However, some people may seek to increase their self-awareness through these outlets. People are more likely to align their behavior with their standards when made self-aware. People will be negatively affected if they don't live up to their personal standards. Various environmental cues and situations induce awareness of the self, such as mirrors, an audience, or being videotaped or recorded. These cues also increase accuracy of personal memory. In Demetriou's theory, one of the neo-Piagetian theories of cognitive development, self-awareness develops systematically from birth through the life span and it is a major factor for the development of general inferential processes.[11] Moreover, a series of recent studies showed that self-awareness about cognitive processes participates in general intelligence on a par with processing efficiency functions, such as working memory, processing speed, and reasoning. <br />
How Self-Awareness Makes You More Effective <br />
Self-awareness helps managers identify gaps in their management skills, which promotes skill development. But self-awareness also helps managers find situations in which they will be most effective, assists with intuitive decision making, and aids stress management and motivation of oneself and others. Skill development. Improvement projects should normally begin with an assessment of the gap between the current situation and the desired future situation. Having an accurate sense of who you are helps you decide what you should do to improve. Often, self-awareness will reveal a skills gap that you want to work on. <br />
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PROFESSIONAL SELF-CARE<br />
<br />
Professional self-care is an essential underpinning to best practice in the profession of social work. The need for professional self-care has relevance to all social workers in the setting within which they practice. The practice of selfcare is critical to the survival and growth of the profession. Yet professional self-care has not been fully examined or addressed within the profession. <br />
TALK RATIONALLY TO YOURSELF. Ask yourself what real impact the stressful situation will have on you in a day or in a week, and see if you can let the negative thoughts go. Think through whether the situation is your problem or the other person’s. If it is yours, approach it calmly and firmly. If it is the other person’s, there is not much you can do about it. Rather than condemning yourself with hindsight thinking like, “I should have…,” think about what you can learn from the error and plan for the future. Watch out for perfectionism — set realistic and attainable goals. Remember: everyone makes errors. Be careful of procrastination — practice breaking tasks into smaller units to make it manageable, and practice prioritizing to get things<br />
PRACTICE ACCEPTANCE. Many people get distressed over things they won’t let themselves accept. Often, these are things that can’t be changed, for example someone else’s feelings or beliefs.<br />
KEEP IN TOUCH WITH FRIENDS. Friends can be good medicine. Daily doses of conversation, regular social engagements, and occasional sharing of deep feelings and thoughts can reduce stress.<br />
The first step in improving self-care is to look at how you handle stress—both positively and negatively. Ask yourself the following questions:<br />
Do you work a reasonable number of hours?<br />
What do you do during the day to take a break and remove yourself from the environment so you can come back with a fresh perspective?<br />
Do you take time off? What about a vacation? How often are you sick and if it is frequently, what is your immune system trying to tell you? Etc.<br />
SELF DETERMINATION<br />
Self-determination theory ("SDT") is a macro theory of human motivation and personality, concerning people's inherent growth tendencies and their innate psychological needs. It is concerned with the motivation behind the choices that people make without any external influence and interference. SDT focuses on the degree to which an individual’s behavior is self-motivated and self-determined <br />
In the 1970s, research on SDT evolved from studies comparing the intrinsic and extrinsic motives, and the dominant role extrinsic motivation played in an individual’s behavior but it was not until mid-1980s that SDT was formally introduced and accepted as a sound empirical theory. Research applying SDT to different areas in social psychology has increased considerably since the 2000s.<br />
PRINCIPLES OF SELF-DETERMINATION<br />
Freedom:<br />
The exercise of the same rights as all citizens. People with disabilities, with assistance when necessary, will establish where they want to live, with whom they want to live and how their time will be occupied. They do not have to trade their inalienable rights guaranteed under the Constitution for supports or services.<br />
Authority:<br />
The control of whatever sums of money are needed for one's own support, including the re-prioritizing of these dollars when necessary. This is accomplished through the development of an individual budget that "moves" with the person.<br />
Support:<br />
The organization of these resources as determined by the person with a disability. This means that individuals do not receive "supervision" and "staffing". Rather, folks with disabilities may seek companionship for support and contract for any number of discrete tasks for which they need assistance.<br />
SELF-DISCLOSURE<br />
Self-disclosure is defined as a psychological term as sharing with someone information which helps them understand you. A particular point is that the self-disclosure is most revealing when the sharing is in the present and least revealing when the sharing is about the past. <br />
Self-disclosure is defined as sharing how you are reacting to a particular situation, or person in the present moment of time. The degree of self-disclosure is illustrated in two dimensions:<br />
1) information that is difficult or easy to share, and<br />
2) sharing information that is more or less revealing of yourself..<br />
Self-disclosure is both the conscious and unconscious act of revealing more about oneself to others. This may include, but is not limited to, thoughts, feelings, aspirations, goals, failures, successes, fears, dreams as well as one's likes, dislikes, and favorites. Typically, a self-disclosure happens when we initially meet someone and continues as we build and develop our relationships with people. As we get to know each other, we disclose information about ourselves. If one person is not willing to "self-disclose" then the other person may stop disclosing information about themselves as well.<br />
In a counseling session, the patient or client does the "self-disclosing" while the counselor, or therapist listens. The goal is to help the client see things from different perspectives. This allows the client to see and evaluate options he or she may not have thought about, which may give the client more power when making important life decisions. There are several relationship perspectives in self-disclosing information in a counseling session. That of patient to therapist, therapist to patient, supervisor to supervisee, and supervisee to supervisor. Each of these relationships affects the tendency to disclose personal information. The clinical space available for patients to disclose should be far broader than that of the therapist.<br />
SELF-ESTEEM<br />
The original normal definition presents self-esteem as a ratio found by dividing one’s successes in areas of life of importance to a given individual by the failures in them or one’s “success / pretensions” Problems with this approach come from making self-esteem contingent upon success: this implies inherent instability because failure can occur at any moment. In the mid 1960s, Morris Rosenberg and social-learning theorists defined self-esteem in terms of a stable sense of personal worth or worthiness. Nathaniel Branden in 1969 defined self-esteem as "...the experience of being competent to cope with the basic challenges of life and being worthy of happiness". According to Branden, self-esteem is the sum of self-confidence (a feeling of personal capacity) and self-respect (a feeling of personal worth). It exists as a consequence of the implicit judgment that every person does about, on one side, his/her ability to face life's challenges, that is, to understand and solve problems, and, on the other side, his right to achieve happiness, or, in other words, to respect and defend his own interests and needs. This two-factor approach, as some have also called it, provides a balanced definition that seems to be capable of dealing with limits of defining self-esteem primarily in terms of competence or worth alone. <br />
Self-esteem is a graduated concept. Taking this into consideration, people may essentially have three main degrees of self-esteem:<br />
• To have a high self-esteem is to feel confidently capable for life, or, in Branden's words, to feel able and worth, or to feel right as a person. <br />
• To have a low self-esteem corresponds to not feeling ready for life, or to feeling wrong as a person. <br />
• To have a middle ground self-esteem is to waver between the two states above, that is, to feel able and useless, right and wrong as a person, and to show these incongruities in behavior, acting, at times, wisely, and rashly at others, thus reinforcing insecurity. <br />
SELF MONITORING<br />
Self-monitoring involves having a students, non-students or any person keep track of his or her behavior. During research involving students monitoring their own behavior, it has been observed that subjects alter their behavior simply after consciously keeping track of it. One reason for such change is that self-monitoring helps decrease impulsivity by training the student to be aware of his or her behavior.<br />
<br />
WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS OF SELF-MONITORING?<br />
• This intervention is useful in helps people become aware of his or her behavior.<br />
• Self-monitoring is a valuable tool in achieving generalization of appropriate behavior to<br />
other contexts, like the classroom, work place, at home etc.<br />
• Self-monitoring has the benefit of actively involves people students and non-students in the process of behavior modification.<br />
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HOW CAN SELF-MONITORING BE USED IN THE CLASSROOM?<br />
• Self-monitoring can be used to increase or decrease behavior, to teach new skills, and to<br />
help a student maintain appropriate behavior in a different environment. Studies have been<br />
conducted showing<br />
• Self-monitoring to be effective in the following specific areas:<br />
teaching neat-paper skills<br />
assignment completion<br />
reducing calling-out behavior<br />
increasing positive statements decreasing negative statements<br />
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REFERENCES <br />
Aydede, M., 2003, ‘Is Introspection Inferential?’, in Privileged Access: Philosophical Accounts of Self-Knowledge, B. Gertler (ed.), Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing. <br />
Bach, K., 1997, ‘Thinking and Believing in Self-Deception’, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 20: 105. <br />
Bong, M., & Clark, R. E. (1999). Comparison between self-concept and self-efficacy in academic motivation research. Educational Psychologist, 34(3), 139-153.<br />
Byrne, B. M. (1984). The general/academic self-concept nomological network: A review of construct validation research. Review of Educational Research, 54, 427-456.<br />
Gentry, J. E., Baranowsky, A. B., & Dunning, K. (2002). ARP: The Accelerated Recovery Program: ARP for compassion fatigue. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Treating compassion fatigue (pp. 123-137). New York: Routledge.<br />
<br />
Gamble, S. J. (2002). Self-care for bereavement counselors. In N.B. Webb (Ed.), Helping bereaved children: A handbook for practitioners. New York: Guilford Press.<br />
Hoffman, Rose Marie, John A. Hattie, and L. DiAnne Borders. "Personal definitions of masculinity and femininity as an aspect of gender self-concept." Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development 44.1 (2005): 66+.<br />
Shavelson, R. J., & Bolus, R. (1982). Self-concept: The interplay of theory and methods. Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 3-17.<br />
www.selfdetermination.com<br />
www.isu.edu/~bhstamm/tests.htm<br />
Webber, J., Seheuermann, B., McCall, C., & Coleman, M. (1993). Research on self-monitoring as a behavior management technique in special education classrooms: A descriptive review. Remedial and Special Education. 14, 38-56Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-36770679118038341672010-12-14T06:13:00.001-08:002010-12-14T06:13:57.786-08:00Corruption and Social Change in Nigerian Public Service and the Agency-Structure DebateCorruption and Social Change in Nigerian Public Service and the Agency-Structure Debate<br />
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One name that has become topical in current Nigerian mass media and public discourse is Nuhu Ribadu. He is the chairman of the Nigerian Federal government’s anti-corruption outfit – Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). He has made series of headline news through his ventures and utterances, which claim to rid Nigerian public service of corruption. Mr. Ribadu and the activities of the EFCC represent one approach to the issues of socio-political corruption and its aligned problems. This approach considers corruption and socio-political problems as consequences of moral depravity of individual persons and groups. In this case, addressing the problems of corruption consists in launching ‘wars against corruption’, which target individuals or groups of people. Social philosophy and ethics refer to this as the agency question. <br />
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Government rhetoric in Nigeria appear to more generally concentrate visions of social change and wellbeing on the agency question – the view that the polity is bad because of the actions of particular ‘bad’ individual persons. The hope is that the society will become better if the ‘bad’ persons are removed and replaced with ‘good’ persons (people of God or people with the fear of God).<br />
This view of social change was already visible in Nigeria before the dawn of political independence and thereafter. “In June 1950, a few students of the King’s College, Lagos, a high school, formed a club known as the league of Bribe Scorners, with the objective never to give or receive bribes for the rest of their lives.”[1] This effort (plausible as it may be) would be an interesting topic for real reflection, when one considers that a good number of the students of the King’s College, Lagos in the 1950s later became politicians in 1966 and were in control of public service when Major Nzeogwu staged his coup on the ground that public service was swimming in corruption and that politicians/public servants were receiving 10% kick-backs for all awarded contracts.<br />
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The foregoing raises such questions as: to what extent can individual commitments be translated into a good social order? Do structures of society enhance or diminish these commitments? Do these structures have independent existence or are they a sum total of individual actions and omissions? <br />
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Agency Question<br />
The German philosopher Max Scheler is one representative of the agency tradition in philosophical studies. His idea of Gemeinschuld<br />
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(common guilt) encapsulates his vision of society as a sum total of individual actions and inactions. His basic thesis is that the First World War was the product of individual actions and omissions of each European person.[2] Hence he argues for conversion of each individual person and moral solidarity with others as the path to a better society. <br />
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The advantage of this tradition is that it establishes a community on concrete persons rather than on abstract principles. However its falls into the danger of drawing a straight and simplistic line between individual acts and social realities, overlooking the historical processes, which have created some social problems, and mixing the private realm with the public sphere controlled by powerful institutions. It does not sufficiently confront how individual persons themselves are trapped within social structures. It further falls into the problem of reducing social goodness and evil to entirely personal issues independent of social systems, which shape our actions and imaginations.<br />
Major Chukwuma Nzeogwu’s coup in 1966 announced that his intention and those of his colleagues “was to rid the country of irresponsible politicians, incompetent and corrupt bureaucrats, restore respectability and accountability to the Nigerian public service.”[3] After about eight years stay in power as military head of state in Nigeria, General Gowon said that his continuing hold to power was to eradicate corruption in the country. Brigadier Sani Abacha (who announced the military take over on 31st December 1983) claimed that the military “was compelled to seize power from the Shagari government to save Nigeria from rampant corruption, ineptitude and profligacy that had characterised both the federal and state governments of the country.<br />
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By:<br />
Chijioke. Njoku,Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-73258106361459761892010-11-19T06:28:00.000-08:002010-11-19T06:28:34.245-08:00ADMINISTRATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ADULT EDUCATION IN NIGERIACHAPTER ONE<br />
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I. INTRODUCTION<br />
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In this study, we will exray the administration and management of Adult Education in Nigeria from 1974 when the government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria became involved in the program. We will study the history of Adult Education in the country. We will also try to find out the extent to which the Federal, State and Local Governments are concerned and the strategies they apply in the administration and management of adult education program in the country. It will however, be necessary that we conceptualized some operational terms in the study which include adult education, administration, management and strategy.<br />
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ii. Concept of Adult:<br />
Nzeneri in his handbook on adult education principles and practices described adult as a person who is physically and psychologically mature and who is socially, economically and politically responsible. In his words, physical maturity implies that the adult is cable of being a parent, picking a life partner, raising a family and managing a home. In some communities an adult is known by his years of age. Some say that adulthood starts at 14 years of age. To some others one is an adult when he is up to 18 years old.<br />
To Professor T. U. Ume, an adult is not known by his age or physical and psychological maturity but by the circumstances in which h he or she finds herself. In this case boy of 14 years may be a more adult than another of 20 years.<br />
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iii. Education:<br />
To some scholars the term education means simply approves of learning which start from the cradle to the grave. Okafor, F. C. (1987) defined education to embrace all experiences through which an individual acquires knowledge or ideas, develops his intellect and strengthens his will.<br />
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iv. Adult Education<br />
We can see the relevance of experience in Ume’s definition and that of Okafor. Using the definition of adult by Ume and education by Okafor, we can say that adult education is just a process by which a mature person acquires knowledge, ideas, etc. Some other scholars saw adult education as comprehensive term describing not merely literacy education but non-formal, out-of school education and training.<br />
At this point we will need to see adult education from the perspective of UNESCO’s position as written by Nzeneri. According to him, United Nations Economic Social and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) explained adult education to mean: The entire body of organized educational process, whether the content, level and methods, whether formal or otherwise, whether they prolong or replace initial education in the schools, colleges, or universities as well as in adult by the society whereby persons regarded as adult by the society to which they belong develop their abilities, enrich their knowledge, improve their technical or professional qualifications and bring about changes in their attitude or behaviour in the two fold perspective of full personal de development and participation in balanced and independent social, economic and cultural development.<br />
Based on the above presentations, we now posit adult education to mean a process by which a matured member of a society acquires knowledge and skills to make himself relevant in his community.<br />
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v. Administration<br />
Okoli and Onah defined administration as the activities of groups cooperating to accomplish common goals. Continuing, asserted that administration is a proves common to all group effort, public or private, civil or military, large-scale or small scale. Since administration is conceived within patterns of cooperative behaviour, any person engaged in an activity in cooperation with other persons is engaged in administration.<br />
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vi. Management:<br />
Many scholars use the terms management and administration interchangeably. Nwachukwu in his management theory and practice posited management as getting things done through others. Scientifically, he went further to describe management as the co-ordination of all the resources of an organization through the process of planning, organizing, directing and controlling in other to attain organizational objectives.<br />
We can therefore define management as the process of planning, organizing, leading and controlling the efforts of organizational member and using all other organizational resources to achieve some set goals.<br />
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vii. Purpose of Adult Education:<br />
According to Nzeneri, the purpose of adult and non-formal education of the Nigerian National Policy on Education include:<br />
1. To produce functional literacy education for adults who have never have the advantage of any formal education. <br />
2. To provide functional and remedial education for those young people who prematurely developed out of the formal school system.<br />
3. To provide further education for different categories of completers of the formal education system in order to improve their basic knowledge and skills.<br />
4. To provide in-service on-the-job vocational and professional training for different categories of workers and professionals in order to improve their skill.<br />
5. To give the adult citizens of the country necessary aesthetic, cultural and civic education for public enlightment.<br />
The above purposes of adult education reveal general and broad educational goals for the nation as they reflect or relates to the needs, interests and aspirations of the nation. <br />
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CHAPTER TWO<br />
ADULT EDUC ATION IN NIGERIA<br />
(i) History of Adult Education in Nigeria<br />
The history of adult education in Nigeria dates back to the 40’s. In his book titled Literacy Education in Nigeria, Aderinoye wrote on page 7 that Holy Trinity Anglican School started evening classes in Kano in 1940. Continuing, he informed us that experiments in community development and literacy began in Udi in 1942 with Chadwick, E. R. as the organizer. He also wrote that as far b ack as 1958 before our independence in 1960, an association known as Adult Education Students Association had been formed. The association constituted what was called an interim Committee in their conference at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The Committee was charged with the preparation for launching of a national body and a constitution to be examined in a conference proposed to hold at University of Ibadan in December 1967. Unfortunately, the civil crisis in the country made the realization of their dream impossible until 1971 when the Association was transferred into a National body called Nigerian National Council for Adult Education (NNCAE). The aim of the council was to achieve 100% literacy rate in Nigeria.<br />
In the same 1971, Chief A. Y. Eke as the Minister for Education called for a ten year 1974 – 1984 mass literacy campaign and served as the founding chairman of the National Mass Education Commission. Following the pressure as the federal government for recognition of the discipline of Adult Education, a unit called Adult Education was created at the Federal Ministry of Education in 1974. This is why many scholars in Adult Education class that the history of the field in Nigeria should be dated 1974. <br />
The administration of Alhaji Shehu Shagari i9n 1982 following call by the United Nations Economic Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for total eradication ofilliteracy from the world declared 1982 – 1992 as a ten year mass literacy campai8gn period. In 1987, the Federal Government directed all State Governments in the Federation to establish adult and non-formal education agencies to execute literacy education. In 1990 a decree was promulgated establishing a National Mass Literacy Commission.<br />
To buttress the unseasoned effort of our government to respond to the global merely towards Education For All (EFA) in line with the United Nations declaration, the Universal Basic Education was launched on September 20, 1999<br />
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(ii) Strategies Applied to Promote Adult Education, Literacy and<br />
Non-Formal Education in Nigeria: <br />
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Since the birth of adult and non-formal education in the country, a good number of strategies have been put in force to enable the country to reduce the shameful level of illiteracy in her geometrically growing population. Such strategies include conferences, workshops, use of facilitators in adult education centers, Non-Governmental Agencies (NGOS), Mass Media, etc.<br />
(a) Conferences/Workshops:<br />
The use of conferences as strategies in the administration of adult and non-formal education in Nigeria dates back to a period before the Nigerian civil war, and to be precise in April 1966 in University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Most of the non formal adult education activities in the country have been by organization of conferences and workshops. Unfortunately, the workshops are usually for the organizers, committee members, board; members and all of them one highly literate. The target group will have no idea of such conferences because they are really slated to hold in cities and Universities outside the interior areas where the majority of the illiterate, jobless, despondent adults reside<br />
(b) Adult Education Centers.<br />
Most Adult Education Centers in the country are set up in Universities and cities and they are the places where the conferences are usually held. The illiterate populations do not have the opportunities to be near these institutions. They cannot find it even if they are aware of such programmes.<br />
(c) Non-Governmental Agencies:<br />
The efforts of the government in the promotion of Adult Education in Nigeria have been complemented by Non-Governmental Organization (NGOS). However, we all know that we hardly invest where we will not maximize profit. This is why the action of the n0on-governmental agencies has not made outstanding impact on adult education development in Nigeria.<br />
(d) Universal Basic Education (UBE):<br />
This is a big weapon in the hands of the federal government to drastically reduce the level of illiterate adults in the population. It is primarily for school age citizens but if the youth will not be allowed to grow into adult as illiterates then ;the population of illiterate adults will go down to below 20% in no long time.<br />
(e) The Mass Media:<br />
The role of the press in the dissemination of information in general and in the administration of adult education cannot be overemphasized. That was why Jones Babatunde wrote in 1975 saying that the press has the high ability to be used to keep people informed adequately of the world in which they live and can therefore be used as a direct instrument of education. The mass media can stimulate a nations capacity to create future wealth enlighting the “human” factor, such as improved skill and better education<br />
Take the Daily Times Group of Companies for instance, they print and publish several newspapers and magazines. The company continues to explore the Nigeria’s. newspapers market not merely because of its desire as a mass communication medium to inform, entertain and enlighten the public.<br />
The t4elevision serves as a wonderful strategy in adult education programme in Nigeria. They are used to feature programmes aimed at educating men, women, youth and children in domestic services. Agtric extention workers use it to educate millions of people on agricultural production. On health, it is used to educate the public on the implications of refuse dump near residential homes, etc.<br />
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CHAPTER THREE<br />
PROBLEMS OF ADULT EDUCATION IN NIGERIA<br />
The factors which militate against the successful administration in Nigeria are uncountable. We will examine only a few of such problems. In a meeting of the stake holders on effective implementation of non-formal education programmes in Nigeria held at Sharon Ultimate Hotel, Abuja on March 11, 2010 the following observations were made:<br />
i) Inadequate Funding:<br />
That inadequate funding is a great impediment to the implantation of adult and non-formal education programmes in states.<br />
ii) No Proper Attention:<br />
Most state governments are not given adequate attention to the programme.<br />
iii) Poor Professional Development:<br />
Poor professional development resulting to pr4edominantly unskilled manpower in adult and non-formal education sector is a big problem<br />
iv) Lack of Accurate Date:<br />
Lack of accurate and accurate data on adult and non-formal education leads to poor planning and implementation in the sub-sector<br />
v) In Active Involvement:<br />
National Mass Education Commission (NMES) Zonal Offices are not actively involved in dissemination of information and coordination of all activities of the member states.<br />
vi) States are Weak:<br />
The State Agencies Boards are all weak or are non-existence, thereby denying Agencies of the political will they would otherwise have been enjoying.<br />
vii) We cannot conclude on the problems of adult and non-formal education in Nigeria without mentioning the problem of general poverty. This makes it difficult for most illiterate adults who need functional education to own television sets and even radio sets.<br />
viii) The conferences, seminars and workshops for the adult and non-formal education are organized in the cities and Universities where the client adults do not have the opportunity to attend. Worse still these conferences are organized for the association members, the members of the educational boards and all of them are reasonably literate.<br />
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CHAPTER FOUR<br />
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS<br />
i) Conclusion: <br />
A look at the processes of administration of adult and non-formal education in Nigeria will reveal to us that the programme has not made reasonable contribution towards eradication of illiteracy in he country. <br />
The recent disclosure by the National Commission for Mass Literacy, Adult and Non-Formal Education (NMEC) that 46,340,000 Nigerians are illiterate is highly disturbing considering the funds and efforts that the country devoted to various mass literacy programme including the Universal Primary Education (UPE) Scheme which was launched in 1976 and Universal Basic Education (UBE) launched in 1999. It is embracing too to believe that 33.12 of the140 million population of Nigeria still wallow in illiteracy keeping Nigeria’s literacy level at 66.96 while Solvania literacy population is put at 99.7% and Cuba, Poland Estonici’s. Literacy rate are put at 99.8% of their entire population. One will agree with us that the programme fails in Nigeria because it is not geared towards the needs of the people concerned (the illiterates). Unlike LIFE, a UNESCO’S initiative which seeks to find out what the educational needs of the illiterates are in their local communities in our own programmes, we do not even care to find out what the developmental needs of our clients are.<br />
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ii) Recommendations<br />
Following the presentations above, we will make the following recommendations which can help to improve the administration of adult and non-formal education in Nigeria.<br />
1. The Federal and State Governments should ensure the proper service ;of their radio stations. They should also budget for and install effective e and durable gardgets in these stations<br />
2. These governments should also ensure that their television stations are lively.<br />
3. Functional literacy program should be built in to the radio and television programs preferably from 7 p.m when people should be at home to listen to the program<br />
4. Nigeria should cling to the UNESCOS Literacy Initiative for Empowerment (LIFE). This will save us from the embarrassment of trying to train people on what they do not cherish.<br />
In one NMEC’s quarterly newsletter of May 2010 , page 16, LIFE was described as a program that can help us. The programme first of all will ascertain from the people what their developmental needs are. By that you will see the anxious to list what their developmental needs are. In Kano State for instance and specifically Dawakin Kudu, girls demanded ground oil extracting machine while men clarmoved for farming inputs. <br />
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5 The federal government according to the newsletter made a budget of N96 million naira for adult and non-formal education in the country and that the many has been released. Announcing the4release of N2.6 million naira each to the States and the Federal Capital Territory FCT the then Minister of State for Education, Hajia Aishatu Duku stated that the greatest challenge any nation can face is having a large number of illiterates in their midst as it touches health, poverty level, child mortality, etc<br />
6 The release of N2.6 million naira to States is commendable but what is N2.6 million naira for even the list state. The government should make a reasonable policy backed with fund with the hope of reducing the shameful level of illiteracy rate in the country.<br />
7 The UPE, UBE, and whatever we may like to call them are commendable programes. But they are not very favourable for functional literacy. If the curriculum for our primary, secondary and tertiary institutions should provide for enterpreneurship as compulsory from primary to university level, it will produce a wonderful result.<br />
8 Our Technical Schools should be graded like Special Science Schools. In this case especially technically gifted children should be encouraged properly. The government of states in charge of these technical colleges should try to see that children sent to these colleges are not only the dropouts from secondary schools.<br />
9 Guidance Councellors should be employed enough in scolls to cncel the children and direct them towards developing their hidden talents.<br />
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With the above suggestions, it is hoped that the graph of illiteracy rate in Nigeria will drop sharply in no long time.<br />
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BIBLIOGRAPHY<br />
Ezeneri, I. S. (2008). Handbook on Adult Education Principles and Practices, New <br />
Edition, Abigab Associates Ltd. Uyo (1 – 6).<br />
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Okafor, F. C. (1987). Philosophical base of Adult Education.<br />
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Okafor, F. C. and Onah, Fab. O. (2002). Public Administration in Nigeria; Joh Jacobs<br />
Classic Publishers Ltd. Enugu (1 – 3).<br />
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Nwachukwu, C. C. (1988). Management Theory and Practice. African-FEP Publishers <br />
Limited Awka, ( 1 – 5).<br />
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Nwobi, Uju (2008). Administration of Non-Formal Education Programmes in Nigeria;<br />
Great AP Express Publishers Limited, Nsukka, Nigeria, page 29.<br />
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Okedara, J. T. and Standard Ronald (1976): The Role of Adult Education in <br />
Community Development; Copyright NNCAE, Pages 5 – 7.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-23298121082054683252010-10-25T07:04:00.003-07:002010-10-25T07:04:53.498-07:00Nigeria’s Epidemic: TribalismNigeria’s Epidemic: Tribalism <br />
Tribalism serves as the sole explanation why human species still exist, and from time immemorial, humans have lived in tribes. In the 1600s, in most countries of Europe people spent time killing each other, there was absolute no love, they were never a happy family. For example, in Scotland, highlanders were fighting lowlanders, so, there was no white race or the other. However, the management of this tribal trait have today given birth to permanent patriotism in Europe. However, in most African countries, the only proviso is that attitude to tribalism seems to be in a category of its own. In the twenty first century, tribal cleansing is a norm. For example, the Rwandese genocide of 1994 where over a million Tutsi’s were killed, or the Omar Al Bashir alleged conceived plan to destroy three tribal groups in Darfur. What on earth, in this civilisation can justify killing people based on their tribal origin? In Nigeria, this may have something to do with guilt felt by the early politicians, especially the tribal motivated coups and counter-coups of the early 1960, over allegation that one tribe or the other wants to “steal” the Nigeria. The present leaders, on the other hand, especially in this coup-less dispensation, use tribalism for selfish reason and have a diluted understanding of patriotism. Unfortunately, majority of them understands it as looting the national treasury, and turning around to paint Nigeria with tribalism and religious fanaticism.<br />
Tribal appellations will only cause tribal idiosyncrasies and eventually cause superciliousness and disharmony in a country. For example, does the PDP’s gentleman’s agreement represent true patriotism or tribalism? Why must a Northern complete Yaradua’s tenure? How representative is these decisions the aspiration and collective decisions of Nigerians? Buhari, Atiku and Bafarawa recently state that “Nigeria is set to disintegration in 2011 if there is an imposition of candidate on Nigerians”. This simply reflects how our leaders are very tribalistic. The term, disintegration, is an expression of tribalism. This is an example of how our leaders try to place one tribe over the good cause of Nigeria. An enthusiastic follow-up of Nigeria dailies will reveal other various unpatriotic comments that are capable of tearing Nigeria apart from some so call Nigerian leaders, for example: “Nigeria is a sheer geographical expression.” Nigeria is a mistake marriage of nations by the British.” “Nigeria is steadily becoming a failed state.” “The North must produce the next president in 2011”. “It is the turn of the Igbos to rule Nigeria”. “No Nigeria without a Niger Delta in Aso Rock comes 2010” etc. Do these comments reflect the tone of Patriotism or tribal chauvinism? This is how Nigeria has and is being governed by leaders who want their followers to be patriotic when majority of them lacked the spirit of patriotism. The above sample statements only show how tribalism is alive and deeply rooted in the Nigeria’s culture. It is the most powerful force in the world today, if used wisely, but Nigeria politicians take full advantage of this fact, and have also used it wisely to gradually destroy Nigeria. For example, they simply list and attack targeted ethnic groups, devise action based on investigation of what a particular tribe dislike. They then strategise/liaise with a fellow evil-minded tribalistic politician with great command and influence on tens of thousands followers. The typical scenarios are very common with the some so call clowns, parading themselves as “nationalists”, sometimes take the most pleasure plundering the nation into darkness by their evil conspicuous ambitions.<br />
True patriotism requires the country to give you all the rights and privileges accorded to you by the constitution. This definition seems to be called into question by the realities of the present situations in the country. For example, political zoning, tribal representation and selection of public offices, all constitute a simple demonstration that tribalism is deeply rooted in the Nigeria’s culture. Tribalism begat fake alliances and national loyalties run very shallow; in addition, it is a force that is more powerful than nuclear bombs. Tribalism feeds terrorism, what is happening in Niger Delta or happened with OPC or Bakassi is unfortunately an expression of a wider and deeper tribalism. The selection of public holders that have plunged the country into darkness is a twin brother of tribalism, and which have destroyed the lives of millions of people. It was tribalism that indirectly engendered the Nigerian Civil War, and indirectly gives birth to the present evil called “Quota system” and step brother call “state of origin”. These are direct product, and consciously designed, out of mediocrity to model the destruction of Nigeria. This fuelled the growth of national inequality and anger at perceived injustice. One of the unfortunate characteristics of tribalism is this unnecessary competition with other tribes. The Yoruba becomes “us” and the Igbos and Hausa becomes “them”. This, in truth is what led to most of our problem, in turn leads to the most evil of Nigeria traits – religion clashes. The belief in the superiority of one tribe and the weakness of the other have lead to various untold number of wars in Nigeria, to prove superiority and to extinguish other tribes considered inferior.<br />
The opposite of tribalism is patriotism, a continuous expression, by emotion and act of total loyalty, commitment, and impartial love to one’s country. Inappropriately utilized, tribalism will continue, and might win, unless individual’s mentality change and we begin to respond by sacrificing personal liberties and drive for development. First, any leaders caught in the web of defamatory comments against Nigeria should be barred from competing or holding any public office.<br />
Islam teaches that all human beings are equal in the eyes of the Creator despite tribal differences: “O Mankind, We created you from a single (pair) of a male and a female and made you into nations and tribes, that you may know each other (not that you may despise each other). Verily the most honored of you in the sight of God is he who is the most righteous of you” (Quran 49:13). Also, there is no doubt that the Bible also references tribalism, when Apostle Paul wrote to the people of Corinth, warning them, “If there is jealousy or rivalry or schism among you, are you not fleshly and behaving according to the way of the flesh? Because when someone says, ‘I am of Paul’ and another ‘I am of Apollos,’ are you not fleshly? Who is Paul and who is Apollos? They are servants through whom you believed… Let no one take pride in people, for everything is yours’, Paul, Appolos, or Cephas… but as for you, you are of Christ and Christ is of God” (1 Corinthians 3:3-5, 21-22, 23). Even Einstein saw this truth over 50 years ago when he said: “A human being is part of the whole called by us universe, a part limited in time and space. We experience ourselves, our thoughts and feelings as something separate from the rest. A kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and to affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from the prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty. The true value of a human being is determined by the measure and the sense in which they have obtained liberation from the self. We shall require a substantially new manner of thinking if humanity is to survive.” (Albert Einstein, 1954).<br />
Patriotism, national consciousness and national unity come alight only when the Super Eagles of Nigeria is playing another country, tribal and religious differences. Is football what patriotism is all about? Therefore, it is time for us to accept that responsibility to other tribes. This is because we all have one common destiny, whether they are from the North, the South, the East, or the West. The realisation of the fact that we are all victims of economic imperialism and foreign vested interest should prompt and persuade us to educate ourselves by all means of the need for oneness of Nigeria, and realise that geographical position is no barrier to national co-operation and mutual understanding.<br />
We are all Nigerians!Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-74878561830463664032010-08-13T08:26:00.001-07:002010-08-13T08:26:19.339-07:00High Blood PressureHIGH BLOOD PRESSURE<br />
WHAT THE PUBLIC NEEDS TO KNOW<br />
<br />
Are you one of the very many adult Nigerians who have high blood pressure? How do you know if you have high blood pressure?<br />
High blood pressure, known medically by the health profession as hypertension, is also called the “silent killer” because it usually has little or no symptoms in some individuals, strikes people dead without warning. You may not tell if you have high blood pressure because you do not feel sick. One out of every four adults has hypertension but half of them do not even know this.<br />
Only by having your blood pressure taken by a qualified professional and treated by a medical doctor would you stop high blood pressure before it stops you.<br />
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PREFACE<br />
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW<br />
There is no doubt that many people have heard or have been told that they are suffering from high blood pressure. The incidence of high blood pressure in our society is so high that it has become the most common disease that people discuss, are afraid of, and when they are told they have it, are anxious to get rid of it. What people discuss shows that they do not understand what high blood pressure is all about. Instead, they have numerous wrong ideas and impressions. However, the circumstances and manner in which people are told about high blood pressure may confuse and frighten a lot of people. In many situations, when the diagnosis of hypertension is made, the medical doctor simply prescribes drugs and tells the patient to take life easy. There is no real explanation of the implications of uncontrolled high blood pressure, hence the need for strict and continued adherence to taking the prescribed drugs. Sometimes when it is called hypertension, some people think they are suffering from two diseases, not knowing that hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure.<br />
Several books have been written on high blood pressure, but, alas they are written in the medical jargon that is not for all to consume. As a result, many people are anxious to know what high blood pressure (hypertension) is, what causes it, how it affects their life and what drugs to take to reduce their blood pressure to normal.<br />
The author has been involved elsewhere in the mass education and treatment programs developed for persons who are suffering from high blood pressure. The obligation to render this social and public service by writing this book emanated from his years of experience as to what people think high blood pressure is or is not. Therefore, to allay fears reduce confusion as to what to do when one feels that one has high blood pressure (hypertension) and how to take the drugs, it became necessary to reduce the medical literature to a readable form for public consumption. This public awareness effort is based on the fact that the more informed people are about their disease and drugs, the more they will comply with treatment. This book, therefore, will help people understand what the doctors say in the clinics an/d make people appreciated the need for the drugs given for the disease as well as help them adopt habits and lifestyles that would go a long way towards promoting longer and more useful lives.<br />
When people understand the disease better and take their drugs as the doctor or pharmacist tells them, we hope that this will reduce the incidence of stroke, heart and kidney failure as well as sudden death that is very common in the society today.<br />
The omission of the drugs that are used in the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension) was done on purpose. We find it much proper to give the general information on what people should know about their drugs instead of discussing the individual or groups of drugs that are normally used. The latter may encourage poor and dangerous self-medication. The medical doctor is most qualified to decide on which drug each person gets for his disease.<br />
Finally, a request to the reader of this book: our aim is to improve peoples’ understanding of the disease and the need for continued drug-intake in the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension). In this manner, it has been clearly shown that the complications of the disease are greatly reduced. In this regard the authors would appreciate any constructive criticism and relevant information that would be included eventually in a revised edition.<br />
<br />
Cletus Nze Aguma<br />
<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
As a developing nation, the information explosion is reaching many corners of this country. People are becoming more aware of economic, political and social innovations. At the same time, many more people are becoming aware of their health. After malaria, one of the most serious health problems that many people seem to know something about is high blood pressure. Several years ago, high blood pressure and diabetes (high level of sugar in the blood and urine) were referred to as “big men’s disease”. But today it is becoming obvious to /many people that may one may fall a victim of high blood pressure. People have different understanding of what high blood pressure is and what is not. In writing this book, the intention of the author is to bring into sharp focus to the layman, what high blood pressure is, in order to allay fears and correct wrong beliefs so that people will seek medical care before it is too late. I have attempted to bring the information in as simple a presentation as possible to the public. With better understanding of what high blood pressure is, people should not be afraid of it anymore. They should go to hospitals and see doctors for treatment. Treatment will prolong life, create a healthier nation and provide better quality of life.<br />
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High Blood Pressure (HBP) – What is is<br />
Everybody has blood pressure. Blood pressure is a measure of the force in the wall of the blood vessel to which the heart pumps blood against. Some degree of blood pressure is absolutely necessary in order to get/ blood and its nutrient elements to all parts of the body. When we us the words – high blood pressure (HBP) it means that the blood pressure in the arterial wall has increased above that which is usually normal for that particular person. When it becomes too high it becomes risky for the person who has it. Therefore HBP does not mean “too much tension” or “too much blood” in the body. HB as a disease comes on very gradually. It is painless but very destructive. The day your doctor tells you that your BP is high is not the day it started. It has taken some months or several years before it finally showed up. The only thing good about HBP is that it is one of the easiest of all diseases to detect in an individual who is suffering from it. In terms of treatment, it is one of the most rewarding in the sense that effective treatment could forestall long-term complications thus extending the patient’s life-span. Many people do not know that they have high blood pressure. Only a very small percentage of those who know, are receiving adequate treatment. Some people are so afraid that they do not want to be told that they have it. High blood pressure is your enemy. Being afraid of it without fighting against it, will not save you from the destructions HBP does to the body.<br />
Facts and Fallacies About High Blood Pressure<br />
Fallacy: Hypertension is nervous tension<br />
Fact: Feeling tension is not a symptom. People who are calm can have HBP as well as those who are tense.<br />
Fallacy: Hypertension (HBP) means “high blood”<br />
Fact: It has no relation to how much blood is in your body.<br />
Fallacy: Too much fried food, onions, pepper and other foods cause HBP<br />
Fact: Too much salt in the food causes increase in blood pressure.<br />
Fallacy: Those who have high blood pressure should not drink any type of alcohol.<br />
Fact: Social drinking does not worsen high blood pressure but cigarette smoking must be avoided.<br />
Fallacy: Only adults can have high blood pressure<br />
Fact: Children as well as adults may suffer from high blood pressure<br />
Fallacy: High blood pressure is hereditary<br />
Fact: High blood pressure is not proved to be hereditary but one’s chances of getting HBP is high if both parents have died of stroke or suffered HBP.<br />
Fallacy: Those who have HBP should always remain calm and not work hard.<br />
Fact: Exercise is as important as drug in the lowering of one’s BP (Blood Pressure)<br />
Fallacy: If one’s blood pressure gets back to normal after taking some drugs, one is cured and can stop taking the drugs.<br />
Fact: Control or lowering the HBP does not mean cure. Keeping HBP under control requires daily treatment.<br />
Fallacy: It is better that one does not measure the blood pressure for fear of discovering HBP.<br />
Fact: High blood pressure is number one cause of stroke, sudden death and other heart diseases, being afraid will not prevent one from getting the stroke etc.<br />
Fallacy: If my blood pressure is high, all I have to do is take drugs to bring it down.<br />
Fact: Effective treatment requires a complete regimen of drugs, diet, rest and exercise. Taking medication at prescribed intervals, however, is the primary basis for keeping HBP under control. One may take drugs, loose weight, reduce salt intake and stop smoking – all these may help solve ones HBP problems.<br />
We have just said that blood pressure is the amount of force needed to circulate the blood throughout the body.<br />
What then is normal blood pressure?<br />
Blood pressure is measured at two levels, when the heart is contracting (systolic) and when it is relaxing between contractions (diastolic). Average systolic blood pressure is about 120 milimetres or mercury, whereas average normal diastolic pressure is 80 milimetres of mercury. This is reported as 120/80 or 120 “over” 80.<br />
When is blood pressure considered to be high?<br />
When the diastolic pressure 90 or higher it is said to be elevated or “high”.<br />
What causes high blood pressure?<br />
We do not know for sure. However, it is thought to be due to narrowing of certain blood vessels (vasoconstriction) and may be related to kidney function. In a small percentage of patients it may be due to a specific cause such as a tumour (pheochromocytoma). For the most part though, the cause of high blood pressure is a complete mystery.<br />
How common is high blood pressure?<br />
It is estimated that between 10 – 15 percent of the adult population of this country have high blood pressure. In terms of numbers, this is about 6 million people. This disease affects both the black and white races. It affects people from all parts of the world. In the United States of America for example, it is estimated that about 10 percent of the adult population or about 20 million people have high blood pressure. Unfortunately, many people who have high blood pressure are not aware of their problems.<br />
At what age does high blood pressure begin?<br />
The average age range for the beginning of high blood pressure is the 30s, however, it can occur at almost any age. Whereas children and people of teenage age can have high blood pressure, the disease becomes more common as we get older.<br />
Is high blood pressure inherited?<br />
The risk of developing hypertension is related to family history. Most studies have indicated that high blood pressure often runs in families. Those who have a family history of this disease are more likely to be hypertensive than those who do not. High blood pressure is more likely to develop in individuals whose parents had the disease than in those whose parents did not have or do not have the disorder. This is simply by chance and it does not have to occur. The importance of family history is that if any people in one’s family have HBP one has to start early to go for yearly medical checkups. If detected early, treatment would stop further damage in the heart and other parts of the body.<br />
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With regard to hypertension, what does the expression “spiking in youth” mean?<br />
In addition to the importance of family history in determining the risk of developing hypertension, there is also evidence that “spiking” of blood pressure early in life are significant. In other words, when a Youngman has his first blood pressure measurement, it is possible to predict, based on this reading, the risk of developing hypertension in later life. For example, if a Youngman who has a physical examination at age 19, shows a diastolic blood pressure of 90mmHg the chances of becoming hypertensive in later life is high than that of a counterpart of the same age whose initial diastolic blood pressure was less than 80mmHg.<br />
Some other reasons why the blood pressure may be high blood pressure<br />
In a majority of people no one knows yet for sure the cause of high blood pressure. However, it is thought to the due to narrowing of certain blood vessels (vasoconstriction) and may be related to kidney function. About 90 – 95 percent of all people suffering from HBP fall into a class we describe as “essential hypertension”. The term “essential” means I do not know. At the moment no one is sure of the cause of high blood pressure in this group of people. Since the cause of high blood pressure is not known, it cannot be prevented or removed. That is why we say that HBP can be controlled but not cured in the great majority of sufferers.<br />
In a small percentage of patients, 10 – 15 percent, HBP is due to something specific such as a tumour (pheochromocytoma) or some disease or damage to the kidneys. In these types of hypertension, when the tumour is removed by surgery or the damaged kidney walls are repaired, the blood pressure comes back to normal. In this small group, one can say that the high blood pressure is cured because the cause has been removed.<br />
However, in the majority of people whose HBP is not curable i.e. the cause is not known, many factors have been shown to contribute to the development of the disease. In some people, there may be a temporary rise in blood pressure. This is why a single blood pressure measurement may not always indicate whether someone has HBP or not. A discussion of these other factors which have been shown to contribute to HBP now follows. Please note that these factors should be translated as causes of HBP per se, only factors that contributes to the development of the disease.<br />
Salt Intake<br />
Whereas obesity and hypertension are interrelated, obesity is neither a necessary nor a sufficient cause of HBP. This is true because many fat (obese) people do not have HBP, infact the mechanism whereby these 2 factors are interrelated is not yet clearly understood. Nonetheless, I have data that show that among groups of individuals, when body weights at young adulthood are compared, people who tend to have relatively greater body weights than their mates of the same age group, tend to have a greater tendency towards developing HBP at middle age. Another important aspect of this problem is that overweighing people, who are hypertensive, often enjoy a decrease in their blood pressures when they loose weight.<br />
Cigarette Smoking<br />
Another hygienic measure that helps in attaining normal blood pressure in someone who has hypertension is stopping cigarette smoking. Simply speaking, the hypertensive patient who smokes is at much greater risk than one who does not. Therefore people with a positive family history for hypertension and/or “spiking” in youth as well as those with established hypertension would be better off not smoking cigarettes.<br />
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High blood levels of cholesterol and glucose<br />
As with the situation in cigarette smoking, people who have been found, upon medical examination by a qualified doctor, to have high levels of sugar and fats in their blood stream, should cut down on their intake of high calorie sugar-containing foods, saturated fats and cholesterol. Most of our usual African diets do not contain high levels of dietary fat. However in some regions of the continent where dairy and poultry farming yield products with high fat contents, high levels of cholesterol may be obtained in their meals.<br />
It is very likely, though not yet conclusively proven, that the constant presence of high levels of sugar in the blood also adds to the risk of developing high blood pressure. This provides yet another reason for stressing the need to prevent and correct obesity, since the bodies of fat people tend to tolerate sugar (carbohydrate) less well.<br />
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Personality Traits<br />
People have often asked if there is a typical high blood pressure “type” of individual. Generally speaking, the answer is no. personality characteristics have not been proven to cause high blood pressure, even though it is a popular misconception that a hypertensive patient is a nervous, compulsive, never-resting perfectionist who cannot sit still. This is not necessarily the case. Some people with high blood pressure maybe of this type, whereas other is the relaxed, well-adjusted, quiet, calm type.<br />
One single, stressful, never-wrecking experience appears most unlikely to cause a sustained high blood pressure. At the point of immediate aggravation, the blood pressure may have risen, but the rise is only transient in a normal healthy person and very soon returns back to normal. However there is a sufficient evidence to show that prolonged and sustained aggravation, frustration, stress and strain at work for several years may cause high blood pressure. Constant stress and strain will not only help to quicken the development of high blood pressure/in a person prone to getting it, but it will also worsen high blood pressure that is already present. This is why one of the general advices often given to people with high blood pressure is for them to relax more and not worry too much about things.<br />
Psychological Factors<br />
There is no significant difference in the blood pressure of those who live in big towns and those who live in small urban and rural areas. Considering variables like education, occupation, income, place of residence etc, these factors do not seem to affect blood pressures. Circumstances in ones life that cause acute mental stress can initiate sudden though temporary increases in the blood pressure of some people. This does not mean that they now have high blood pressure. If there is a death in a family or loss of a loved one (or property for that matter), the blood pressure of the bereaved individual may suddenly shoot up. However, it should come down to normal after some weeks or months.<br />
If it does not decrease but stays high over a reasonable period of time after the causative incident, the individual may then need to be treated with a drug. In a situation like this, it is still difficult to prove that the death in the family or loss of property as the case may be, caused the high blood pressure. When we realize that many of us who have high blood pressure do not even know it, it should be realized that the person in question could have had the high blood pressure before the death in the family or the loss of a loved one or personal property.<br />
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Blood Pressure: When should it be labeled high?<br />
Is it true, for instance, that normal blood pressure should be 110/80 plus a patient’s age?<br />
Before we begin to screen any population or group of people for hypertension, several other related questions must be answered.<br />
These are:<br />
1) What should be the dividing line that shows when blood pressure is “high”?<br />
2) Is it the blood pressure at the point when the heart is contracting (systolic) or the pressure when the heart is relaxing (diastolic)?<br />
3) Should the blood pressure be considered in the light of the person’s sex and age?<br />
4) Should we use different standards for people of different races, the blacks and whites for example?<br />
5) Is a single blood pressure measurement enough or do we have to repeat several times?<br />
These are all thorny problems for which unfortunately there are no short, clear-cut, answers. These types of questions should not bother you as the patient, let the doctors and other experts in the health care field worry about them. If there is any doubt in your doctor’s mind as to whether your blood pressure is high enough to merit treatment, he will suggest that you return at some other time in the future to see him again for a check-up.<br />
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Degree of severity of high blood pressure<br />
Because we do not often know the cause of high blood pressure and people often have it without being aware of this, this silent killer may be doing damages to some organs of the body, undetected. To make things easier for people who have to treat hypertension/, we classify high blood pressure, depending on certain measurements and observations, into mild, moderate and severe high blood pressure. This classification is based on not just how high the blood pressure reading is, but also on such things as the effects of this raised blood pressure, if any, on such parts of the body as the heart, kidneys, eyes and the brain. This classification is also important in determining the nature of the drug treatment, general management and ultimate follow-up of the patient.<br />
People with the same illness, high blood pressure, who come to a hospital, are often given different drugs. This has something to do with this classification I mentioned a little while ago. Some patients maybe placed on a single drug, others two or three or even more drugs. The doctor may decide, for example to hospitalize some people for some days to lower their blood pressure being more rapidly or in a more controlled atmosphere. When you begin to bee constantly aware of your blood pressure being high, for instance, frequent headaches, blurred vision, nose bleeds etc., it is likely that the high blood pressure has begun to damage certain body organs. Based on some of these symptoms, the doctor decides to put the particular patient on the drugs he prescribes for the patient. This means that the patient should pay close attention to the directions given by the doctor. We have heard people say that they feel they have high blood pressure and would therefore like to take some of the Brinerdin given to their relatives who have the same problem. This practice is dangerous. No matter how mild or moderate the blood pressure is, the only rightful thing to do is to take the drugs as directed only by the doctor to control blood pressure.<br />
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Who suffers from high blood pressure?<br />
HBP is not a disease of any particular race, class or people. It affects both blacks and whites, peoples from all over the world. It has no discrimination for age but it is generally thought to be more common among the older than the younger age groups. On the average, most cases of high blood pressure begin about the age of 30 or within the third decade of life. Many of these cases unfortunately go undetected until the patient reaches the ages of 50 or 60, hence the general false belief that it is normal for a person/ to have high blood pressure as he becomes older. This long time between the onset of the disease and the time it is actually detected, also often means that by the time it is confirmed, the raised blood pressure has caused damage to important body organs like the heart and kidneys or brain (stroke) or led to considerable loss of vision.<br />
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More facts on the incidence of high blood pressure<br />
A survey carried out among the adult population of the United States of America aged 18 – 79 years, between the years 1960 – 1962, showed that about 15% of the whites and 27% of the blacks have high blood pressure. A similar survey in 1974 showed that 24 million Americans, both blacks and whites have high blood pressure. Of these peoples, only about half of this number knows that they have the disease. Of the number who knows that they have the disease, only 50% are receiving drug treatment, and of this last number, again only about 50% are effectively controlled. As a result of these findings, the US government declared hypertension, a national health problem and correspondingly took steps to create a stronger public awareness of this problem. As a result of this effect, today, many more hypertensive Americans are receiving treatment.<br />
In Nigeria, we are not aware of any national programme against high blood pressure. There are a few reports here and there on the prevalence of the disease. Based on our experience for the past 2 years here, we are close to estimating that perhaps one out of every 4 Nigerians has some of raised blood pressure that deserves treatment. We should all be concerned about this. What we need at this point is a nationwide survey, involving every nook and corner of this nation in order to obtain proper incidence figures for this country. As you read this book, pause for a minute and think of how many people in your village have died suddenly of unknown causes or suffered strokes within the past year.<br />
Many of these people were usually thought to have been well until they died in their sleep or soon after a heavy meal. Some of these deaths may have been due to high blood pressure, a disease that often strikes without any previous notice.<br />
As a general rule, high blood pressure is more common in women than in men. However, women can tolerate it better than men. Studies using the racially-mixed population of the United States have shown that it is more common and dos more damage in young black males when compared to their white counterparts. It has also been shown that people who have the disease called diabetes have a greater chance of having high blood pressure. A child from a family where both parents have high blood pressure has a higher chance of having the disease when he grows up than his age counterparts. Nonetheless, it must be emphasized that anyone from any race or any part of this world can suffer from high blood pressure.<br />
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Why is it important to know if I have high blood pressure?<br />
Earlier in this book, I said that everybody has blood pressure. This pressure is needed to transport blood and nutrient elements to all parts of the body.<br />
When blood pressure becomes abnormally high, it imposes an extra burden on your heart and blood vessels. Pumping against an abnormally high blood pressure causes your heart to over-work. An abnormal strain on your heart can case the walls of your heart to thicken and the heart itself to become enlarged. It is important to treat high blood pressure before the heart is damaged.<br />
Apart from damaging the heart directly, high blood pressure can damage other important pats of the body. Normal blood pressure is needed to transport blood and nourishment to all parts of the body. This blood is carried through large blood vessels called arteries. When blood pressure is high, the pressure in the walls of these arteries also increases. As we naturally get older, the walls of these arteries tend to become less elastic, much thicker, harder and narrower and so less able to tolerate increase in pressure. This hardening of the arteries may progress to the point where no more passage of blood is possible at that point. This may cause death or considerable damage of that artery such that blood supply to tat part of the body is cut off completely or is drastically reduced. Blood vessels in the brain may burst when their walls are sufficiently weakened and the pressure in them is yet so high. This is the type of situation I describe as stroke or cerebrovascular accident. A stroke can cause various degrees of paralysis or even instant death.<br />
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What are the typical symptoms of high blood pressure?<br />
As has been mentioned in previous chapters, one of the big problems of high blood pressure is its lack of symptoms. Typically, a person in the initial stages of the disease feels good. Although headache, easy fatigue, shortness of breath and dizziness can occur with high blood pressure, there are many other disorders in which similar symptoms are present. Some people may experience nose bleeds, blood in the urine, poor vision, and increase in heart beat or even chest pain. Since you can have some of these symptoms with or without having high blood pressure, it is wise therefore to have a doctor or another health professional examine you and determine whether your blood pressure requires treatment. Avoid self-treatment, always.<br />
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<br />
What effect does high blood pressure have on the kidneys?<br />
The kidneys begin to suffer as the tiny arteries in these organs are damaged by the pressure. Eventually the kidneys fail to filter out the waste products of the body. This, of course, leads to sickness and most often, death can follow especially where this situation is allowed to exist unchecked for a long time.<br />
<br />
Measurement of blood pressure<br />
The measurement of blood pressure requires a sphygmomanometer, a stethoscope and a trained health professional – medical doctor, nurse and pharmacist. The measurement is simple and fast. In developed countries of the world like the United States of America, patients suffering form high blood pressure may be taught to measure their blood pressure by themselves. The doctors taking care of them usually see them for several months to reduce and stabilize their blood pressure, then send them home with instructions on when to come back based on the blood pressure readings they record. Whenever they notice nay changes in their normal range of blood pressure, they come back to the doctor in order that their drugs will be re-evaluated and adjusted if necessary.<br />
Here in our country, blood pressures only get measure when one goes to see his doctor, while you are a patient in a hospital or if you request a nurse to do so. Some pharmacists who have learnt to take blood pressures can also do so. Most people with an average intelligence can be taught within a short period of time to take blood pressures. The problem is not who can take blood pressures: the crucial matter is who is in a position to determine what is normal and what is not and above all, what should be done next, if, infact the blood pressure reading is high. The key point that is being made is that once you suspect, either through measurement, or in some other way, that your blood pressure is high, see a qualified medical doctor.<br />
Recording of blood pressures, unfortunately, is not a routine aspect of patient examination in most of our hospital clinics or primary health care delivery areas in Nigeria. This is one area among several others, of our health service, that needs improvement. In some hospitals, blood pressures many not only be unmeasured, but sometimes,. May not even be recognized as abnormal by someone paramedical personnel. Patients may not be alerted that their pressures are high. Sometimes when they are told, it may be said in such a casual manner that the patient may not appreciate the usefulness or seriousness of the information. Stating that the recording of blood pressures should perhaps be routine for any adult that visits a doctor’s clinic or hospital clinic may sound as though I, the author is trying to say how doctors should practice in Nigeria. No, I have no such intention. However, since it can be reasonably said that perhaps, high blood pressure as a component in many disease, is probably second to motor car accidents as the number one cause of all Nigerian adult deaths, concerned medical professionals in our country should take another good, strong look on how to fight this great national enemy.<br />
For non-medical personnel who indulge in recording people’s blood pressures, please note that the readings you get may not always be correct. Above all, even when you do get the correct readings, you may not always be in a position to advise the patients properly. Inaccuracy in your readings or judgment may be due to faulty technique, failure to consider the patient in total perspective or faulty apparatus. Some people’s blood pressure may rise, for example, as soon as they see that recording apparatus. The problem may arise from the recorder itself. The inflating system, the cuff or the pressure registering system, all have to be air tight.<br />
In summary, there are many antihypertensive drugs with varying degrees of potency that are effective in controlling blood pressure in the vast majority of people with high blood pressure. Your doctor will attempt to identify the exact drug or combination of drugs that are needed to control your high blood pressure. These medications may produce side effects which are usually mild and easily treated but which should be reported to your doctor and pharmacist should they occur. Have your physician and pharmacist tell you which medications you are taking and feel free to discuss any questions or problems you have that may be related to your medications. Remember, good blood pressure control depends on you and will provide you with fewer high blood pressure complications if you take your medicines regularly. There should be no leaks at the exhaust valves and rubber connections. The cuff must be intact without torn seams or holes, thus making it possible for the pressure to be evenly distributed; the cuff should neither be too tight nor too loose. The mercury manometer that records the pressure should be checked so as to be sure that it is at zero before the cuff is inflated; if not, inaccurate readings are obtained.<br />
Like most equipments, there are different kinds and designs of blood pressure recording instruments made by a large number of different companies. All these work on the same basic principles and are strictly, not that different from one another. The important thing is for the person using them to have been trained on how to use the instrument and also to make sure that the equipment in use is sound.<br />
In addition to faulty apparatus, poor technique may be responsible for more errors. For example, the posture of the patient with respect to his arm level to the heart is important. It should be neither too high nor too low. The patient should sit with arm stretched out and relaxed, resting on a flat surface. The observer should also take a comfortable position. The environment should be noiseless so that it will be possible to hear the first laudable sound, the reading at which point is recorded as the systolic blood pressure, and the last laudable sound or the diastolic blood pressure. These two readings will then determine whether the pressure is high or low.<br />
It is important to realize that, generally, people who come to see a doctor in his clinic or patients newly admitted into hospitals are anxious and apprehensive. Some people are afraid to find out what their blood pressure readings are like. They do not want to be told that their blood pressure is high. To them it is a sign of doom! As a result of these feelings, they get overtly anxious when they see that instrument. For these kinds of people, words of encouragement in appreciation of their natural anxiety and humorous statements or remarks may be all that is necessary to get them to relax and loosen up. This will make it possible for their true blood pressure reading to be determined. It is important to realize that cigarette smoking, exercise, cold air, cold water, warm baths, a full bladder and heart disease, among other things, may affect the blood pressure readings. This is why it usually takes several years experience for so0meone to measure blood pressures, properly and accurately, in a consistent manner, for a different variety of people, under a wide variety of situations. In conclusion then, you can see that taking blood pressures is not that simple after all.<br />
<br />
Who can measure blood pressure?<br />
Anyone can take blood pressure. Anyone here, means anyone who has been properly trained to measure blood pressure. In some countries like the United States of America, some patients are trained and educated to take their own blood pressure at home. This, not only acts as a tool to modify their drug-taking behaviour but it also helps them to keep an alert eye on this aspect of their health. The primary objective in advising patients to take their own blood pressure at home is to help remind them to take their prescribed drugs regularly. There has been research supporting this fact that people tend to be more compliant with their doctors’ instruction when they have to take their blood pressure. Since high blood pressure is a life-long problem, it has also been felt that perhaps teaching the patient to watch his own blood pressure makes it easier for both the doctor and patient to know when a change in medications or schedules becomes necessary. Essentially, the medical doctor, the nurse, clinical pharmacist or any other trained medical professional still holds the major responsibility for making the initial diagnosis of hypertension or determining when a patient needs to see a doctor in order to have his drugs changed or adjusted.<br />
Some studies have shown that the community pharmacist in co-operation with the physician is the ideal individual to detect hypertension, motivate the patient to seek medical care, and maintain that patient successfully on a prescribed regimen. One important fact is that the patient must become conditioned to long-term therapy. Many physicians are too busy to spend time to explain the nature of the disease, its long-term effects on the body and the other essential things the patient has to know. The pharmacist is the ideal professional to supplement the physician in patient education for any obvious reasons. He is a health professional who is very knowledgeable about drugs and diseases. He is very easily accessible, usually without appointment. If he is there and not busy with any other patient, you can simply walk in and see him. There is a minimum of anxiety on the part of the patient in relating to the pharmacist. People are more inclined to speak to the pharmacist regarding side or adverse effects that they may be experiencing with drugs they are taking, to discuss the cost of drugs and any other reasons that they may have for not taking their drugs as prescribed by the medical doctor.<br />
<br />
Management of HBP<br />
The primary aims or goals in the management of HBP are to prevent sudden death and other damages that are done to body organs. Some experiments have shown that having BP down to normal levels all the time is the only successful way of achieving the above objectives.<br />
<br />
Complications if not treated<br />
A study in the United States of America shows that of a group of people whose blood pressures were not treated – 10 percent suffered stroke. 10 percent suffered severe chest pain. 30 percent suffered renal (kidney) damage. Others suffered seri0ous and fatal complications. Treatment does not mean only drugs. Let us consider some other factors before discussing the drug treatment.<br />
<br />
Diet and weight control<br />
People who are too fat and have HBP should seek help to have their weight reduced to normal. They may need to modify their diet especially with respect to the amount of carbohydrate they eat daily. Weight reduction has been associated with decrease in blood pressure. However a true consideration of ideal weight, usually also takes into account, age, height and bone size.<br />
Salt intake<br />
Before the discovery of some drugs called diuretics, people were advised not to cook with salt. This restriction has been lessened as these drugs would remove any excess salt in the body. Yet it is advisable that food should not be heavily salted for hypertensive patients or in those who have the chance of developing HBP.<br />
Exercise<br />
This plays an important part in the treatment of high blood pressure. Walking is safe. An evening walk of 30 minutes should be carried out if one cannot do swimming, tennis, running and handball. If one intends to start any rigorous type of exercise it is advisable to seek the advice of the medical doctor. There are some patients who heart conditions should preclude them from rigorous activities, consult your doctor before rigorous exercising.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Social Habits<br />
Social drinking will not worsen the blood pressure but too much daily drinking may be dangerous. Cigarette smoking must be avoided in any patient with HBP. There is a high incidence of heart attacks in HBP patients who smoke.<br />
Psychotherapy<br />
Some hypertensives are anxious, tense and restless. If your BP is high, you have to learn to relax. The only way to relax is not just to ask the doctor for sleeping pills like valium. People can learn to relax by doing certain hobbies. People should develop the lifestyle in which they “enjoy” whatever they do, including their work. It is not advisable to become dependent on “sleeping pills” for sleeping or relaxation.<br />
Rest<br />
Unless the hypertensive patient also has severe cardiac or renal disease, extra daily rest, more than that dictated by common sense, is not necessary in this era of effective antihypertensive therapy. It serves no useful purpose, and is objectionable to some patients for whom the daily rest period and the early-to-bed instructions are constant reminders that they are ill, and often produces more mental turmoil, not less. Once you get an adequate night sleep, daily rest periods or naps are not necessary. Instead of daily rest period, regular vacations or holidays, and fostering of hobbies and recreational activities are especially recommended for the patient with high blood pressure.<br />
<br />
Education<br />
It is better that one knows that he/she is suffering from HBP by finding out from the medical doctor than relaying on hearsay, rumours and guess work. Some people may argue with us that doctors do not tell them what they are suffering from, that they keep away from the patients their blood pressure readings and the names of the drugs they are taking. This is true in some cases especially with the elderly and more conservative doctors. Others argue that our society has not advanced to that of the U.S.A hence certain information may be dangerous to the public. They may have reasons to believe so. But the authors believe that it is time we taught our people about hypertension. High blood pressure requires continuous observation and management. In this day and age, patients should be told what their BP is like. Now that effective drugs are available, secrecy can no longer be justified on the grounds of not alarming a patient about a condition for which nothing can be done. Proper and full disclosure of BP readings and the implications involved and a discussion of the benefits of therapy would be one sure way that many of our patients will believe their doctors and take the drugs as directed. Some patients may take their drugs for few weeks and when next their blood pressure is measured and it is normal, they discontinue all treatment. We must educate our patients that since we cannot cure HBP, to control it, means being on the drug without stopping.<br />
<br />
Drug Therapy<br />
It is neither the intention of the authors nor within the scope of this book to discuss the individual drugs that are used in the treatment of hypertension. Information on specific drugs are meant for the medical doctors who select drugs for individual patient based on individual needs. Instead we would like to present general information which all hypertensive patients have or know, regardless of the particular drugs they are taking and no matter which doctor prescribes these.<br />
Let us make one last attempt to emphasize an important point. Drug treatment for hypertension is something that continues for as long as the hypertensive patient lives. We realize that is difficult for patients who do not have any symptoms of any disease to spend money to buy drugs, take them daily and suffer some side effects. This is the main reason many HBP patients stop their treatment, but later pay heavily for it. Drugs may make you get worse at the beginning but better later. If you see a patient with stroke, who cannot move about, has to be washed and fed and taken to the toilet, you will not fail to hit yourself on the head for failing to take your drugs any day. The situation is even worse where there are no immediate family members to take are of the bed-ridden patient. Would you like to like them? <br />
<br />
High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy<br />
Any kind of hypertension (HBP) may have been present before or may be first noticed during pregnancy. Blood pressures in pregnant women are usually at their lowest about the third month. When hypertension occurs during a pregnancy, it is most likely to be noticed during the last three months. Usually, the rise in blood pressure is found when a routine visit shows hypertension, passage of a substance called protein in the patient’s urine or a sudden upshot of blood pressure which on previous visits was not there. Some times the patient would retain a lot of fluids and show a good degree of swelling around the ankles. If this situation is not checked, the patient may develop what is medically referred to as eclampsia and may even have convulsions or fits that resemble those of a patient with epilepsy. Naturally, when this situation arises, the life of the unborn child is endangered. With prompt and proper medical attention, the situation can usually be brought under control and the life of both the mother and child saved.<br />
The measurement of each patient’s blood pressure should be an important part of the routine general care that the pregnant woman receives at antenatal visits whether this is being obtained in a doctor’s clinic, hospital clinic or from private maternity clinics.<br />
When a pregnant mother has had episodes of rises in blood pressure during a pregnancy, she should make it a point of duty to report this fact to the medical personnel who takes care of her during routine antenatal visits for subsequent pregnancies. It is also advisable that she be followed after the pregnancy to be sure that the BP does not continue to remain high.<br />
<br />
High Blood Pressure in Children<br />
Whereas the true incidence of essential hypertension among children is not clearly known, one thing is certain: it rarely occurs in children.<br />
Most cases of high blood pressure in children are fortunately, due to causes that can be corrected, medically; often times by an operation. In many of these cases, some kind of renal disease is usually present and can be found when the necessary medical and laboratory tests are done to investigate the cause of the illness.<br />
Inspite of this rarity expressed above with regard to the type of hypertension described as essential, blood pressure determination should still be part of the routine physical examination done in children. To make it easier for the medical personnel checking the blood pressures to confirm or rule out the abnormal rise in blood pressure, a chart of normal blood pressures for children of various ages should be consulted whenever a diastolic blood pressure of 70mmHg or more is found in a child. The blood pressure cuff used in children should be at least 20% wider than the diameter of the child’s arm because too narrow a cuff will cause falsely-high readings.<br />
In summary then, here are some general rules to follow in order to help you enjoy a normal effective life.<br />
Although there are many medicines to help you, you still have to do your part. Your doctor has given you specific medicines to take, but he may also want you to:<br />
1) Get plenty of relaxation if you feel like your body needs it. Do not wait until you are exhausted to start to rest.<br />
2) Loose weight (especially if your doctor believes you should), then maintain it at the level he suggests.<br />
3) Avoid alcohol and tobacco. Follow your doctor’s advice on how to stop and how to continue to desist.<br />
4) Settle your problems so that they do not worry you and interfere with your rest and peace of mind.<br />
5) Try and have adequate sleep as a rule.<br />
<br />
General Information on Drug Treatment for High Blood Pressure<br />
1. High blood pressure may produce serious life-threatening complications including heart failure, heart attacks, strokes and kidney damage. These problems can be prevented with good blood pressure control. Since high blood pressures are controlled in most patients with medications, it is very important that you take the medications exactly as prescribed. Good blood pressure control depends not only on your physician and pharmacist, but most importantly on you.<br />
2. The medications used in the treatment of high blood pressure are called antihypertensive drugs. Antihypertensive means “against high blood pressure”. Each of these medications has different actions and potencies but all reduce blood pressure. All of these medications are available from your pharmacist, ideally, only with a prescription from your physician. In developed countries usually, there are no drugs available for high blood pressure treatment without this prescription. Therefore, if someone tries to sell you a “wonder” drug which is claimed to provide great benefits for your high blood pressure, do not be fooled. You will only be wasting your money and even more important, endangering your life by not receiving proper care.<br />
3. It should be emphasized again that the drugs presently available only control blood pressure and do not provide a cure for the disease. As long as the medications are taken, high blood pressures are lowered. When these medications are not taken on schedule and doses are missed, blood pressure will not be well controlled and the full benefit of treatment may not be achieved.<br />
4. While it is very important to follow (very closely) the dosage schedule of the medication prescribed for you, taking more doses than prescribed may be as dangerous as taking lesser doses than prescribed. The more doses of antihypertensive drugs you take, the lower your blood pressure. If blood pressure is lowered too much, dangerous complications can occur. Never experiment with your medications. The risks are too great.<br />
5. Some medications may interfere with the action of the antihypertensive drugs you are receiving. These drugs may make the achievement and maintenance of normal blood pressure more difficult. To avoid these problems, do not take any non-prescription medications that are not recommended for patients with high blood pressure without the advice of your medical doctor or pharmacist. Warnings on the side of the packages of these medications indicate which drugs you should not take. These warnings, for example, are found on most cough and cold preparations. If ever you have need for non-prescription medications, be sure to contact your pharmacist for advice.<br />
6. The second thing you should do to avoid receiving drugs which interfere with your antihypertensive drugs is to inform each doctor you see that you have high blood pressure and also tell him what medications you are receiving for it. Once knows this, he will avoid prescribing drugs which may affect your blood pressure control.<br />
7. The number of medications that you receive for your high blood pressure depends in part on the height of your blood pressure initially and your response to medications. There is no one medication that can be given in exactly the same dose to every patient. Therefore it is our practice to give you one or two medications at a low dose and, after waiting for a period of time, rechecking your blood pressure to determine your response. If at that time your blood pressure is well controlled no more medications are added. If your blood pressure is still out of control, additional medication or different medications are added to your drug regimen. This process of slowly adding drugs or increasing doses of individual drugs is called titration. It is a process that you, your doctor and pharmacist must go through in order that the exact combination of medicines that will control our elevated blood pressure may be found. This continuing re-adjustment of dosages and drugs takes time and will require that you visit your doctor and pharmacist frequently during this period. Do not get discouraged or think that you are wasting your time. Your doctor and pharmacist are simply trying to find the exact dose that will meet your individual needs.<br />
8. Once your blood pressure is well controlled, your visit to your physician will be less frequent but are still very important. During these visits, your physician will determine how well your blood pressure is controlled, whether your disease has progressed or has been successfully arrested and determine your need for further treatment.<br />
9. You will no doubt see other patients who take different medicines from yours or different doses of the same medicine. This does not necessarily mean that your high blood pressure is milder or more severe than that of your friend. It only reflects a different response to the same medications by different people.<br />
10. Since your medicine will only control your blood pressure and not cure it, you should expect to take this medicine for the rest of your life. On some rare occasions, some patients will be able to discontinue their medication at a future date without an elevation of blood pressure. The vast majority of people, however, require constant daily dosages of medicine to control blood pressure. Since your treatment will no doubt be life long, please understand that your doctor and pharmacist are very much concerned about the cost of your medicine. In selecting your medicine they have not only considered the action of the drug and the severity of disease but the cost of the medication which you will take. You should anticipate the cost of this medication each month and allow for it when arranging your budget.<br />
11. All medications, including antihypertensive drugs, cause side effects. These side effects are usually very mild and last only for a short time after you start taking your medicine.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-80211231637171458492010-08-13T08:15:00.001-07:002010-08-13T08:15:56.762-07:00High Blood PressureHIGH BLOOD PRESSURE<br />
WHAT THE PUBLIC NEEDS TO KNOW<br />
<br />
Are you one of the very many adult Nigerians who have high blood pressure? How do you know if you have high blood pressure?<br />
High blood pressure, known medically by the health profession as hypertension, is also called the “silent killer” because it usually has little or no symptoms in some individuals, strikes people dead without warning. You may not tell if you have high blood pressure because you do not feel sick. One out of every four adults has hypertension but half of them do not even know this.<br />
Only by having your blood pressure taken by a qualified professional and treated by a medical doctor would you stop high blood pressure before it stops you.<br />
<br />
PREFACE<br />
HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE: WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW<br />
There is no doubt that many people have heard or have been told that they are suffering from high blood pressure. The incidence of high blood pressure in our society is so high that it has become the most common disease that people discuss, are afraid of, and when they are told they have it, are anxious to get rid of it. What people discuss shows that they do not understand what high blood pressure is all about. Instead, they have numerous wrong ideas and impressions. However, the circumstances and manner in which people are told about high blood pressure may confuse and frighten a lot of people. In many situations, when the diagnosis of hypertension is made, the medical doctor simply prescribes drugs and tells the patient to take life easy. There is no real explanation of the implications of uncontrolled high blood pressure, hence the need for strict and continued adherence to taking the prescribed drugs. Sometimes when it is called hypertension, some people think they are suffering from two diseases, not knowing that hypertension is the medical term for high blood pressure.<br />
Several books have been written on high blood pressure, but, alas they are written in the medical jargon that is not for all to consume. As a result, many people are anxious to know what high blood pressure (hypertension) is, what causes it, how it affects their life and what drugs to take to reduce their blood pressure to normal.<br />
The author has been involved elsewhere in the mass education and treatment programs developed for persons who are suffering from high blood pressure. The obligation to render this social and public service by writing this book emanated from his years of experience as to what people think high blood pressure is or is not. Therefore, to allay fears reduce confusion as to what to do when one feels that one has high blood pressure (hypertension) and how to take the drugs, it became necessary to reduce the medical literature to a readable form for public consumption. This public awareness effort is based on the fact that the more informed people are about their disease and drugs, the more they will comply with treatment. This book, therefore, will help people understand what the doctors say in the clinics an/d make people appreciated the need for the drugs given for the disease as well as help them adopt habits and lifestyles that would go a long way towards promoting longer and more useful lives.<br />
When people understand the disease better and take their drugs as the doctor or pharmacist tells them, we hope that this will reduce the incidence of stroke, heart and kidney failure as well as sudden death that is very common in the society today.<br />
The omission of the drugs that are used in the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension) was done on purpose. We find it much proper to give the general information on what people should know about their drugs instead of discussing the individual or groups of drugs that are normally used. The latter may encourage poor and dangerous self-medication. The medical doctor is most qualified to decide on which drug each person gets for his disease.<br />
Finally, a request to the reader of this book: our aim is to improve peoples’ understanding of the disease and the need for continued drug-intake in the treatment of high blood pressure (hypertension). In this manner, it has been clearly shown that the complications of the disease are greatly reduced. In this regard the authors would appreciate any constructive criticism and relevant information that would be included eventually in a revised edition.<br />
<br />
Cletus Nze Aguma<br />
<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
As a developing nation, the information explosion is reaching many corners of this country. People are becoming more aware of economic, political and social innovations. At the same time, many more people are becoming aware of their health. After malaria, one of the most serious health problems that many people seem to know something about is high blood pressure. Several years ago, high blood pressure and diabetes (high level of sugar in the blood and urine) were referred to as “big men’s disease”. But today it is becoming obvious to /many people that may one may fall a victim of high blood pressure. People have different understanding of what high blood pressure is and what is not. In writing this book, the intention of the author is to bring into sharp focus to the layman, what high blood pressure is, in order to allay fears and correct wrong beliefs so that people will seek medical care before it is too late. I have attempted to bring the information in as simple a presentation as possible to the public. With better understanding of what high blood pressure is, people should not be afraid of it anymore. They should go to hospitals and see doctors for treatment. Treatment will prolong life, create a healthier nation and provide better quality of life.<br />
<br />
<br />
High Blood Pressure (HBP) – What is is<br />
Everybody has blood pressure. Blood pressure is a measure of the force in the wall of the blood vessel to which the heart pumps blood against. Some degree of blood pressure is absolutely necessary in order to get/ blood and its nutrient elements to all parts of the body. When we us the words – high blood pressure (HBP) it means that the blood pressure in the arterial wall has increased above that which is usually normal for that particular person. When it becomes too high it becomes risky for the person who has it. Therefore HBP does not mean “too much tension” or “too much blood” in the body. HB as a disease comes on very gradually. It is painless but very destructive. The day your doctor tells you that your BP is high is not the day it started. It has taken some months or several years before it finally showed up. The only thing good about HBP is that it is one of the easiest of all diseases to detect in an individual who is suffering from it. In terms of treatment, it is one of the most rewarding in the sense that effective treatment could forestall long-term complications thus extending the patient’s life-span. Many people do not know that they have high blood pressure. Only a very small percentage of those who know, are receiving adequate treatment. Some people are so afraid that they do not want to be told that they have it. High blood pressure is your enemy. Being afraid of it without fighting against it, will not save you from the destructions HBP does to the body.<br />
Facts and Fallacies About High Blood Pressure<br />
Fallacy: Hypertension is nervous tension<br />
Fact: Feeling tension is not a symptom. People who are calm can have HBP as well as those who are tense.<br />
Fallacy: Hypertension (HBP) means “high blood”<br />
Fact: It has no relation to how much blood is in your body.<br />
Fallacy: Too much fried food, onions, pepper and other foods cause HBP<br />
Fact: Too much salt in the food causes increase in blood pressure.<br />
Fallacy: Those who have high blood pressure should not drink any type of alcohol.<br />
Fact: Social drinking does not worsen high blood pressure but cigarette smoking must be avoided.<br />
Fallacy: Only adults can have high blood pressure<br />
Fact: Children as well as adults may suffer from high blood pressure<br />
Fallacy: High blood pressure is hereditary<br />
Fact: High blood pressure is not proved to be hereditary but one’s chances of getting HBP is high if both parents have died of stroke or suffered HBP.<br />
Fallacy: Those who have HBP should always remain calm and not work hard.<br />
Fact: Exercise is as important as drug in the lowering of one’s BP (Blood Pressure)<br />
Fallacy: If one’s blood pressure gets back to normal after taking some drugs, one is cured and can stop taking the drugs.<br />
Fact: Control or lowering the HBP does not mean cure. Keeping HBP under control requires daily treatment.<br />
Fallacy: It is better that one does not measure the blood pressure for fear of discovering HBP.<br />
Fact: High blood pressure is number one cause of stroke, sudden death and other heart diseases, being afraid will not prevent one from getting the stroke etc.<br />
Fallacy: If my blood pressure is high, all I have to do is take drugs to bring it down.<br />
Fact: Effective treatment requires a complete regimen of drugs, diet, rest and exercise. Taking medication at prescribed intervals, however, is the primary basis for keeping HBP under control. One may take drugs, loose weight, reduce salt intake and stop smoking – all these may help solve ones HBP problems.<br />
We have just said that blood pressure is the amount of force needed to circulate the blood throughout the body.<br />
What then is normal blood pressure?<br />
Blood pressure is measured at two levels, when the heart is contracting (systolic) and when it is relaxing between contractions (diastolic). Average systolic blood pressure is about 120 milimetres or mercury, whereas average normal diastolic pressure is 80 milimetres of mercury. This is reported as 120/80 or 120 “over” 80.<br />
When is blood pressure considered to be high?<br />
When the diastolic pressure 90 or higher it is said to be elevated or “high”.<br />
What causes high blood pressure?<br />
We do not know for sure. However, it is thought to be due to narrowing of certain blood vessels (vasoconstriction) and may be related to kidney function. In a small percentage of patients it may be due to a specific cause such as a tumour (pheochromocytoma). For the most part though, the cause of high blood pressure is a complete mystery.<br />
How common is high blood pressure?<br />
It is estimated that between 10 – 15 percent of the adult population of this country have high blood pressure. In terms of numbers, this is about 6 million people. This disease affects both the black and white races. It affects people from all parts of the world. In the United States of America for example, it is estimated that about 10 percent of the adult population or about 20 million people have high blood pressure. Unfortunately, many people who have high blood pressure are not aware of their problems.<br />
At what age does high blood pressure begin?<br />
The average age range for the beginning of high blood pressure is the 30s, however, it can occur at almost any age. Whereas children and people of teenage age can have high blood pressure, the disease becomes more common as we get older.<br />
Is high blood pressure inherited?<br />
The risk of developing hypertension is related to family history. Most studies have indicated that high blood pressure often runs in families. Those who have a family history of this disease are more likely to be hypertensive than those who do not. High blood pressure is more likely to develop in individuals whose parents had the disease than in those whose parents did not have or do not have the disorder. This is simply by chance and it does not have to occur. The importance of family history is that if any people in one’s family have HBP one has to start early to go for yearly medical checkups. If detected early, treatment would stop further damage in the heart and other parts of the body.<br />
<br />
With regard to hypertension, what does the expression “spiking in youth” mean?<br />
In addition to the importance of family history in determining the risk of developing hypertension, there is also evidence that “spiking” of blood pressure early in life are significant. In other words, when a Youngman has his first blood pressure measurement, it is possible to predict, based on this reading, the risk of developing hypertension in later life. For example, if a Youngman who has a physical examination at age 19, shows a diastolic blood pressure of 90mmHg the chances of becoming hypertensive in later life is high than that of a counterpart of the same age whose initial diastolic blood pressure was less than 80mmHg.<br />
Some other reasons why the blood pressure may be high blood pressure<br />
In a majority of people no one knows yet for sure the cause of high blood pressure. However, it is thought to the due to narrowing of certain blood vessels (vasoconstriction) and may be related to kidney function. About 90 – 95 percent of all people suffering from HBP fall into a class we describe as “essential hypertension”. The term “essential” means I do not know. At the moment no one is sure of the cause of high blood pressure in this group of people. Since the cause of high blood pressure is not known, it cannot be prevented or removed. That is why we say that HBP can be controlled but not cured in the great majority of sufferers.<br />
In a small percentage of patients, 10 – 15 percent, HBP is due to something specific such as a tumour (pheochromocytoma) or some disease or damage to the kidneys. In these types of hypertension, when the tumour is removed by surgery or the damaged kidney walls are repaired, the blood pressure comes back to normal. In this small group, one can say that the high blood pressure is cured because the cause has been removed.<br />
However, in the majority of people whose HBP is not curable i.e. the cause is not known, many factors have been shown to contribute to the development of the disease. In some people, there may be a temporary rise in blood pressure. This is why a single blood pressure measurement may not always indicate whether someone has HBP or not. A discussion of these other factors which have been shown to contribute to HBP now follows. Please note that these factors should be translated as causes of HBP per se, only factors that contributes to the development of the disease.<br />
Salt Intake<br />
Whereas obesity and hypertension are interrelated, obesity is neither a necessary nor a sufficient cause of HBP. This is true because many fat (obese) people do not have HBP, infact the mechanism whereby these 2 factors are interrelated is not yet clearly understood. Nonetheless, I have data that show that among groups of individuals, when body weights at young adulthood are compared, people who tend to have relatively greater body weights than their mates of the same age group, tend to have a greater tendency towards developing HBP at middle age. Another important aspect of this problem is that overweighing people, who are hypertensive, often enjoy a decrease in their blood pressures when they loose weight.<br />
Cigarette Smoking<br />
Another hygienic measure that helps in attaining normal blood pressure in someone who has hypertension is stopping cigarette smoking. Simply speaking, the hypertensive patient who smokes is at much greater risk than one who does not. Therefore people with a positive family history for hypertension and/or “spiking” in youth as well as those with established hypertension would be better off not smoking cigarettes.<br />
<br />
<br />
High blood levels of cholesterol and glucose<br />
As with the situation in cigarette smoking, people who have been found, upon medical examination by a qualified doctor, to have high levels of sugar and fats in their blood stream, should cut down on their intake of high calorie sugar-containing foods, saturated fats and cholesterol. Most of our usual African diets do not contain high levels of dietary fat. However in some regions of the continent where dairy and poultry farming yield products with high fat contents, high levels of cholesterol may be obtained in their meals.<br />
It is very likely, though not yet conclusively proven, that the constant presence of high levels of sugar in the blood also adds to the risk of developing high blood pressure. This provides yet another reason for stressing the need to prevent and correct obesity, since the bodies of fat people tend to tolerate sugar (carbohydrate) less well.<br />
<br />
Personality Traits<br />
People have often asked if there is a typical high blood pressure “type” of individual. Generally speaking, the answer is no. personality characteristics have not been proven to cause high blood pressure, even though it is a popular misconception that a hypertensive patient is a nervous, compulsive, never-resting perfectionist who cannot sit still. This is not necessarily the case. Some people with high blood pressure maybe of this type, whereas other is the relaxed, well-adjusted, quiet, calm type.<br />
One single, stressful, never-wrecking experience appears most unlikely to cause a sustained high blood pressure. At the point of immediate aggravation, the blood pressure may have risen, but the rise is only transient in a normal healthy person and very soon returns back to normal. However there is a sufficient evidence to show that prolonged and sustained aggravation, frustration, stress and strain at work for several years may cause high blood pressure. Constant stress and strain will not only help to quicken the development of high blood pressure/in a person prone to getting it, but it will also worsen high blood pressure that is already present. This is why one of the general advices often given to people with high blood pressure is for them to relax more and not worry too much about things.<br />
Psychological Factors<br />
There is no significant difference in the blood pressure of those who live in big towns and those who live in small urban and rural areas. Considering variables like education, occupation, income, place of residence etc, these factors do not seem to affect blood pressures. Circumstances in ones life that cause acute mental stress can initiate sudden though temporary increases in the blood pressure of some people. This does not mean that they now have high blood pressure. If there is a death in a family or loss of a loved one (or property for that matter), the blood pressure of the bereaved individual may suddenly shoot up. However, it should come down to normal after some weeks or months.<br />
If it does not decrease but stays high over a reasonable period of time after the causative incident, the individual may then need to be treated with a drug. In a situation like this, it is still difficult to prove that the death in the family or loss of property as the case may be, caused the high blood pressure. When we realize that many of us who have high blood pressure do not even know it, it should be realized that the person in question could have had the high blood pressure before the death in the family or the loss of a loved one or personal property.<br />
<br />
Blood Pressure: When should it be labeled high?<br />
Is it true, for instance, that normal blood pressure should be 110/80 plus a patient’s age?<br />
Before we begin to screen any population or group of people for hypertension, several other related questions must be answered.<br />
These are:<br />
1) What should be the dividing line that shows when blood pressure is “high”?<br />
2) Is it the blood pressure at the point when the heart is contracting (systolic) or the pressure when the heart is relaxing (diastolic)?<br />
3) Should the blood pressure be considered in the light of the person’s sex and age?<br />
4) Should we use different standards for people of different races, the blacks and whites for example?<br />
5) Is a single blood pressure measurement enough or do we have to repeat several times?<br />
These are all thorny problems for which unfortunately there are no short, clear-cut, answers. These types of questions should not bother you as the patient, let the doctors and other experts in the health care field worry about them. If there is any doubt in your doctor’s mind as to whether your blood pressure is high enough to merit treatment, he will suggest that you return at some other time in the future to see him again for a check-up.<br />
<br />
Degree of severity of high blood pressure<br />
Because we do not often know the cause of high blood pressure and people often have it without being aware of this, this silent killer may be doing damages to some organs of the body, undetected. To make things easier for people who have to treat hypertension/, we classify high blood pressure, depending on certain measurements and observations, into mild, moderate and severe high blood pressure. This classification is based on not just how high the blood pressure reading is, but also on such things as the effects of this raised blood pressure, if any, on such parts of the body as the heart, kidneys, eyes and the brain. This classification is also important in determining the nature of the drug treatment, general management and ultimate follow-up of the patient.<br />
People with the same illness, high blood pressure, who come to a hospital, are often given different drugs. This has something to do with this classification I mentioned a little while ago. Some patients maybe placed on a single drug, others two or three or even more drugs. The doctor may decide, for example to hospitalize some people for some days to lower their blood pressure being more rapidly or in a more controlled atmosphere. When you begin to bee constantly aware of your blood pressure being high, for instance, frequent headaches, blurred vision, nose bleeds etc., it is likely that the high blood pressure has begun to damage certain body organs. Based on some of these symptoms, the doctor decides to put the particular patient on the drugs he prescribes for the patient. This means that the patient should pay close attention to the directions given by the doctor. We have heard people say that they feel they have high blood pressure and would therefore like to take some of the Brinerdin given to their relatives who have the same problem. This practice is dangerous. No matter how mild or moderate the blood pressure is, the only rightful thing to do is to take the drugs as directed only by the doctor to control blood pressure.<br />
<br />
Who suffers from high blood pressure?<br />
HBP is not a disease of any particular race, class or people. It affects both blacks and whites, peoples from all over the world. It has no discrimination for age but it is generally thought to be more common among the older than the younger age groups. On the average, most cases of high blood pressure begin about the age of 30 or within the third decade of life. Many of these cases unfortunately go undetected until the patient reaches the ages of 50 or 60, hence the general false belief that it is normal for a person/ to have high blood pressure as he becomes older. This long time between the onset of the disease and the time it is actually detected, also often means that by the time it is confirmed, the raised blood pressure has caused damage to important body organs like the heart and kidneys or brain (stroke) or led to considerable loss of vision.<br />
<br />
More facts on the incidence of high blood pressure<br />
A survey carried out among the adult population of the United States of America aged 18 – 79 years, between the years 1960 – 1962, showed that about 15% of the whites and 27% of the blacks have high blood pressure. A similar survey in 1974 showed that 24 million Americans, both blacks and whites have high blood pressure. Of these peoples, only about half of this number knows that they have the disease. Of the number who knows that they have the disease, only 50% are receiving drug treatment, and of this last number, again only about 50% are effectively controlled. As a result of these findings, the US government declared hypertension, a national health problem and correspondingly took steps to create a stronger public awareness of this problem. As a result of this effect, today, many more hypertensive Americans are receiving treatment.<br />
In Nigeria, we are not aware of any national programme against high blood pressure. There are a few reports here and there on the prevalence of the disease. Based on our experience for the past 2 years here, we are close to estimating that perhaps one out of every 4 Nigerians has some of raised blood pressure that deserves treatment. We should all be concerned about this. What we need at this point is a nationwide survey, involving every nook and corner of this nation in order to obtain proper incidence figures for this country. As you read this book, pause for a minute and think of how many people in your village have died suddenly of unknown causes or suffered strokes within the past year.<br />
Many of these people were usually thought to have been well until they died in their sleep or soon after a heavy meal. Some of these deaths may have been due to high blood pressure, a disease that often strikes without any previous notice.<br />
As a general rule, high blood pressure is more common in women than in men. However, women can tolerate it better than men. Studies using the racially-mixed population of the United States have shown that it is more common and dos more damage in young black males when compared to their white counterparts. It has also been shown that people who have the disease called diabetes have a greater chance of having high blood pressure. A child from a family where both parents have high blood pressure has a higher chance of having the disease when he grows up than his age counterparts. Nonetheless, it must be emphasized that anyone from any race or any part of this world can suffer from high blood pressure.<br />
<br />
<br />
Why is it important to know if I have high blood pressure?<br />
Earlier in this book, I said that everybody has blood pressure. This pressure is needed to transport blood and nutrient elements to all parts of the body.<br />
When blood pressure becomes abnormally high, it imposes an extra burden on your heart and blood vessels. Pumping against an abnormally high blood pressure causes your heart to over-work. An abnormal strain on your heart can case the walls of your heart to thicken and the heart itself to become enlarged. It is important to treat high blood pressure before the heart is damaged.<br />
Apart from damaging the heart directly, high blood pressure can damage other important pats of the body. Normal blood pressure is needed to transport blood and nourishment to all parts of the body. This blood is carried through large blood vessels called arteries. When blood pressure is high, the pressure in the walls of these arteries also increases. As we naturally get older, the walls of these arteries tend to become less elastic, much thicker, harder and narrower and so less able to tolerate increase in pressure. This hardening of the arteries may progress to the point where no more passage of blood is possible at that point. This may cause death or considerable damage of that artery such that blood supply to tat part of the body is cut off completely or is drastically reduced. Blood vessels in the brain may burst when their walls are sufficiently weakened and the pressure in them is yet so high. This is the type of situation I describe as stroke or cerebrovascular accident. A stroke can cause various degrees of paralysis or even instant death.<br />
<br />
What are the typical symptoms of high blood pressure?<br />
As has been mentioned in previous chapters, one of the big problems of high blood pressure is its lack of symptoms. Typically, a person in the initial stages of the disease feels good. Although headache, easy fatigue, shortness of breath and dizziness can occur with high blood pressure, there are many other disorders in which similar symptoms are present. Some people may experience nose bleeds, blood in the urine, poor vision, and increase in heart beat or even chest pain. Since you can have some of these symptoms with or without having high blood pressure, it is wise therefore to have a doctor or another health professional examine you and determine whether your blood pressure requires treatment. Avoid self-treatment, always.<br />
<br />
<br />
What effect does high blood pressure have on the kidneys?<br />
The kidneys begin to suffer as the tiny arteries in these organs are damaged by the pressure. Eventually the kidneys fail to filter out the waste products of the body. This, of course, leads to sickness and most often, death can follow especially where this situation is allowed to exist unchecked for a long time.<br />
<br />
Measurement of blood pressure<br />
The measurement of blood pressure requires a sphygmomanometer, a stethoscope and a trained health professional – medical doctor, nurse and pharmacist. The measurement is simple and fast. In developed countries of the world like the United States of America, patients suffering form high blood pressure may be taught to measure their blood pressure by themselves. The doctors taking care of them usually see them for several months to reduce and stabilize their blood pressure, then send them home with instructions on when to come back based on the blood pressure readings they record. Whenever they notice nay changes in their normal range of blood pressure, they come back to the doctor in order that their drugs will be re-evaluated and adjusted if necessary.<br />
Here in our country, blood pressures only get measure when one goes to see his doctor, while you are a patient in a hospital or if you request a nurse to do so. Some pharmacists who have learnt to take blood pressures can also do so. Most people with an average intelligence can be taught within a short period of time to take blood pressures. The problem is not who can take blood pressures: the crucial matter is who is in a position to determine what is normal and what is not and above all, what should be done next, if, infact the blood pressure reading is high. The key point that is being made is that once you suspect, either through measurement, or in some other way, that your blood pressure is high, see a qualified medical doctor.<br />
Recording of blood pressures, unfortunately, is not a routine aspect of patient examination in most of our hospital clinics or primary health care delivery areas in Nigeria. This is one area among several others, of our health service, that needs improvement. In some hospitals, blood pressures many not only be unmeasured, but sometimes,. May not even be recognized as abnormal by someone paramedical personnel. Patients may not be alerted that their pressures are high. Sometimes when they are told, it may be said in such a casual manner that the patient may not appreciate the usefulness or seriousness of the information. Stating that the recording of blood pressures should perhaps be routine for any adult that visits a doctor’s clinic or hospital clinic may sound as though I, the author is trying to say how doctors should practice in Nigeria. No, I have no such intention. However, since it can be reasonably said that perhaps, high blood pressure as a component in many disease, is probably second to motor car accidents as the number one cause of all Nigerian adult deaths, concerned medical professionals in our country should take another good, strong look on how to fight this great national enemy.<br />
For non-medical personnel who indulge in recording people’s blood pressures, please note that the readings you get may not always be correct. Above all, even when you do get the correct readings, you may not always be in a position to advise the patients properly. Inaccuracy in your readings or judgment may be due to faulty technique, failure to consider the patient in total perspective or faulty apparatus. Some people’s blood pressure may rise, for example, as soon as they see that recording apparatus. The problem may arise from the recorder itself. The inflating system, the cuff or the pressure registering system, all have to be air tight.<br />
In summary, there are many antihypertensive drugs with varying degrees of potency that are effective in controlling blood pressure in the vast majority of people with high blood pressure. Your doctor will attempt to identify the exact drug or combination of drugs that are needed to control your high blood pressure. These medications may produce side effects which are usually mild and easily treated but which should be reported to your doctor and pharmacist should they occur. Have your physician and pharmacist tell you which medications you are taking and feel free to discuss any questions or problems you have that may be related to your medications. Remember, good blood pressure control depends on you and will provide you with fewer high blood pressure complications if you take your medicines regularly. There should be no leaks at the exhaust valves and rubber connections. The cuff must be intact without torn seams or holes, thus making it possible for the pressure to be evenly distributed; the cuff should neither be too tight nor too loose. The mercury manometer that records the pressure should be checked so as to be sure that it is at zero before the cuff is inflated; if not, inaccurate readings are obtained.<br />
Like most equipments, there are different kinds and designs of blood pressure recording instruments made by a large number of different companies. All these work on the same basic principles and are strictly, not that different from one another. The important thing is for the person using them to have been trained on how to use the instrument and also to make sure that the equipment in use is sound.<br />
In addition to faulty apparatus, poor technique may be responsible for more errors. For example, the posture of the patient with respect to his arm level to the heart is important. It should be neither too high nor too low. The patient should sit with arm stretched out and relaxed, resting on a flat surface. The observer should also take a comfortable position. The environment should be noiseless so that it will be possible to hear the first laudable sound, the reading at which point is recorded as the systolic blood pressure, and the last laudable sound or the diastolic blood pressure. These two readings will then determine whether the pressure is high or low.<br />
It is important to realize that, generally, people who come to see a doctor in his clinic or patients newly admitted into hospitals are anxious and apprehensive. Some people are afraid to find out what their blood pressure readings are like. They do not want to be told that their blood pressure is high. To them it is a sign of doom! As a result of these feelings, they get overtly anxious when they see that instrument. For these kinds of people, words of encouragement in appreciation of their natural anxiety and humorous statements or remarks may be all that is necessary to get them to relax and loosen up. This will make it possible for their true blood pressure reading to be determined. It is important to realize that cigarette smoking, exercise, cold air, cold water, warm baths, a full bladder and heart disease, among other things, may affect the blood pressure readings. This is why it usually takes several years experience for so0meone to measure blood pressures, properly and accurately, in a consistent manner, for a different variety of people, under a wide variety of situations. In conclusion then, you can see that taking blood pressures is not that simple after all.<br />
<br />
Who can measure blood pressure?<br />
Anyone can take blood pressure. Anyone here, means anyone who has been properly trained to measure blood pressure. In some countries like the United States of America, some patients are trained and educated to take their own blood pressure at home. This, not only acts as a tool to modify their drug-taking behaviour but it also helps them to keep an alert eye on this aspect of their health. The primary objective in advising patients to take their own blood pressure at home is to help remind them to take their prescribed drugs regularly. There has been research supporting this fact that people tend to be more compliant with their doctors’ instruction when they have to take their blood pressure. Since high blood pressure is a life-long problem, it has also been felt that perhaps teaching the patient to watch his own blood pressure makes it easier for both the doctor and patient to know when a change in medications or schedules becomes necessary. Essentially, the medical doctor, the nurse, clinical pharmacist or any other trained medical professional still holds the major responsibility for making the initial diagnosis of hypertension or determining when a patient needs to see a doctor in order to have his drugs changed or adjusted.<br />
Some studies have shown that the community pharmacist in co-operation with the physician is the ideal individual to detect hypertension, motivate the patient to seek medical care, and maintain that patient successfully on a prescribed regimen. One important fact is that the patient must become conditioned to long-term therapy. Many physicians are too busy to spend time to explain the nature of the disease, its long-term effects on the body and the other essential things the patient has to know. The pharmacist is the ideal professional to supplement the physician in patient education for any obvious reasons. He is a health professional who is very knowledgeable about drugs and diseases. He is very easily accessible, usually without appointment. If he is there and not busy with any other patient, you can simply walk in and see him. There is a minimum of anxiety on the part of the patient in relating to the pharmacist. People are more inclined to speak to the pharmacist regarding side or adverse effects that they may be experiencing with drugs they are taking, to discuss the cost of drugs and any other reasons that they may have for not taking their drugs as prescribed by the medical doctor.<br />
<br />
Management of HBP<br />
The primary aims or goals in the management of HBP are to prevent sudden death and other damages that are done to body organs. Some experiments have shown that having BP down to normal levels all the time is the only successful way of achieving the above objectives.<br />
<br />
Complications if not treated<br />
A study in the United States of America shows that of a group of people whose blood pressures were not treated – 10 percent suffered stroke. 10 percent suffered severe chest pain. 30 percent suffered renal (kidney) damage. Others suffered seri0ous and fatal complications. Treatment does not mean only drugs. Let us consider some other factors before discussing the drug treatment.<br />
<br />
Diet and weight control<br />
People who are too fat and have HBP should seek help to have their weight reduced to normal. They may need to modify their diet especially with respect to the amount of carbohydrate they eat daily. Weight reduction has been associated with decrease in blood pressure. However a true consideration of ideal weight, usually also takes into account, age, height and bone size.<br />
Salt intake<br />
Before the discovery of some drugs called diuretics, people were advised not to cook with salt. This restriction has been lessened as these drugs would remove any excess salt in the body. Yet it is advisable that food should not be heavily salted for hypertensive patients or in those who have the chance of developing HBP.<br />
Exercise<br />
This plays an important part in the treatment of high blood pressure. Walking is safe. An evening walk of 30 minutes should be carried out if one cannot do swimming, tennis, running and handball. If one intends to start any rigorous type of exercise it is advisable to seek the advice of the medical doctor. There are some patients who heart conditions should preclude them from rigorous activities, consult your doctor before rigorous exercising.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Social Habits<br />
Social drinking will not worsen the blood pressure but too much daily drinking may be dangerous. Cigarette smoking must be avoided in any patient with HBP. There is a high incidence of heart attacks in HBP patients who smoke.<br />
Psychotherapy<br />
Some hypertensives are anxious, tense and restless. If your BP is high, you have to learn to relax. The only way to relax is not just to ask the doctor for sleeping pills like valium. People can learn to relax by doing certain hobbies. People should develop the lifestyle in which they “enjoy” whatever they do, including their work. It is not advisable to become dependent on “sleeping pills” for sleeping or relaxation.<br />
Rest<br />
Unless the hypertensive patient also has severe cardiac or renal disease, extra daily rest, more than that dictated by common sense, is not necessary in this era of effective antihypertensive therapy. It serves no useful purpose, and is objectionable to some patients for whom the daily rest period and the early-to-bed instructions are constant reminders that they are ill, and often produces more mental turmoil, not less. Once you get an adequate night sleep, daily rest periods or naps are not necessary. Instead of daily rest period, regular vacations or holidays, and fostering of hobbies and recreational activities are especially recommended for the patient with high blood pressure.<br />
<br />
Education<br />
It is better that one knows that he/she is suffering from HBP by finding out from the medical doctor than relaying on hearsay, rumours and guess work. Some people may argue with us that doctors do not tell them what they are suffering from, that they keep away from the patients their blood pressure readings and the names of the drugs they are taking. This is true in some cases especially with the elderly and more conservative doctors. Others argue that our society has not advanced to that of the U.S.A hence certain information may be dangerous to the public. They may have reasons to believe so. But the authors believe that it is time we taught our people about hypertension. High blood pressure requires continuous observation and management. In this day and age, patients should be told what their BP is like. Now that effective drugs are available, secrecy can no longer be justified on the grounds of not alarming a patient about a condition for which nothing can be done. Proper and full disclosure of BP readings and the implications involved and a discussion of the benefits of therapy would be one sure way that many of our patients will believe their doctors and take the drugs as directed. Some patients may take their drugs for few weeks and when next their blood pressure is measured and it is normal, they discontinue all treatment. We must educate our patients that since we cannot cure HBP, to control it, means being on the drug without stopping.<br />
<br />
Drug Therapy<br />
It is neither the intention of the authors nor within the scope of this book to discuss the individual drugs that are used in the treatment of hypertension. Information on specific drugs are meant for the medical doctors who select drugs for individual patient based on individual needs. Instead we would like to present general information which all hypertensive patients have or know, regardless of the particular drugs they are taking and no matter which doctor prescribes these.<br />
Let us make one last attempt to emphasize an important point. Drug treatment for hypertension is something that continues for as long as the hypertensive patient lives. We realize that is difficult for patients who do not have any symptoms of any disease to spend money to buy drugs, take them daily and suffer some side effects. This is the main reason many HBP patients stop their treatment, but later pay heavily for it. Drugs may make you get worse at the beginning but better later. If you see a patient with stroke, who cannot move about, has to be washed and fed and taken to the toilet, you will not fail to hit yourself on the head for failing to take your drugs any day. The situation is even worse where there are no immediate family members to take are of the bed-ridden patient. Would you like to like them? <br />
<br />
High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy<br />
Any kind of hypertension (HBP) may have been present before or may be first noticed during pregnancy. Blood pressures in pregnant women are usually at their lowest about the third month. When hypertension occurs during a pregnancy, it is most likely to be noticed during the last three months. Usually, the rise in blood pressure is found when a routine visit shows hypertension, passage of a substance called protein in the patient’s urine or a sudden upshot of blood pressure which on previous visits was not there. Some times the patient would retain a lot of fluids and show a good degree of swelling around the ankles. If this situation is not checked, the patient may develop what is medically referred to as eclampsia and may even have convulsions or fits that resemble those of a patient with epilepsy. Naturally, when this situation arises, the life of the unborn child is endangered. With prompt and proper medical attention, the situation can usually be brought under control and the life of both the mother and child saved.<br />
The measurement of each patient’s blood pressure should be an important part of the routine general care that the pregnant woman receives at antenatal visits whether this is being obtained in a doctor’s clinic, hospital clinic or from private maternity clinics.<br />
When a pregnant mother has had episodes of rises in blood pressure during a pregnancy, she should make it a point of duty to report this fact to the medical personnel who takes care of her during routine antenatal visits for subsequent pregnancies. It is also advisable that she be followed after the pregnancy to be sure that the BP does not continue to remain high.<br />
<br />
High Blood Pressure in Children<br />
Whereas the true incidence of essential hypertension among children is not clearly known, one thing is certain: it rarely occurs in children.<br />
Most cases of high blood pressure in children are fortunately, due to causes that can be corrected, medically; often times by an operation. In many of these cases, some kind of renal disease is usually present and can be found when the necessary medical and laboratory tests are done to investigate the cause of the illness.<br />
Inspite of this rarity expressed above with regard to the type of hypertension described as essential, blood pressure determination should still be part of the routine physical examination done in children. To make it easier for the medical personnel checking the blood pressures to confirm or rule out the abnormal rise in blood pressure, a chart of normal blood pressures for children of various ages should be consulted whenever a diastolic blood pressure of 70mmHg or more is found in a child. The blood pressure cuff used in children should be at least 20% wider than the diameter of the child’s arm because too narrow a cuff will cause falsely-high readings.<br />
In summary then, here are some general rules to follow in order to help you enjoy a normal effective life.<br />
Although there are many medicines to help you, you still have to do your part. Your doctor has given you specific medicines to take, but he may also want you to:<br />
1) Get plenty of relaxation if you feel like your body needs it. Do not wait until you are exhausted to start to rest.<br />
2) Loose weight (especially if your doctor believes you should), then maintain it at the level he suggests.<br />
3) Avoid alcohol and tobacco. Follow your doctor’s advice on how to stop and how to continue to desist.<br />
4) Settle your problems so that they do not worry you and interfere with your rest and peace of mind.<br />
5) Try and have adequate sleep as a rule.<br />
<br />
General Information on Drug Treatment for High Blood Pressure<br />
1. High blood pressure may produce serious life-threatening complications including heart failure, heart attacks, strokes and kidney damage. These problems can be prevented with good blood pressure control. Since high blood pressures are controlled in most patients with medications, it is very important that you take the medications exactly as prescribed. Good blood pressure control depends not only on your physician and pharmacist, but most importantly on you.<br />
2. The medications used in the treatment of high blood pressure are called antihypertensive drugs. Antihypertensive means “against high blood pressure”. Each of these medications has different actions and potencies but all reduce blood pressure. All of these medications are available from your pharmacist, ideally, only with a prescription from your physician. In developed countries usually, there are no drugs available for high blood pressure treatment without this prescription. Therefore, if someone tries to sell you a “wonder” drug which is claimed to provide great benefits for your high blood pressure, do not be fooled. You will only be wasting your money and even more important, endangering your life by not receiving proper care.<br />
3. It should be emphasized again that the drugs presently available only control blood pressure and do not provide a cure for the disease. As long as the medications are taken, high blood pressures are lowered. When these medications are not taken on schedule and doses are missed, blood pressure will not be well controlled and the full benefit of treatment may not be achieved.<br />
4. While it is very important to follow (very closely) the dosage schedule of the medication prescribed for you, taking more doses than prescribed may be as dangerous as taking lesser doses than prescribed. The more doses of antihypertensive drugs you take, the lower your blood pressure. If blood pressure is lowered too much, dangerous complications can occur. Never experiment with your medications. The risks are too great.<br />
5. Some medications may interfere with the action of the antihypertensive drugs you are receiving. These drugs may make the achievement and maintenance of normal blood pressure more difficult. To avoid these problems, do not take any non-prescription medications that are not recommended for patients with high blood pressure without the advice of your medical doctor or pharmacist. Warnings on the side of the packages of these medications indicate which drugs you should not take. These warnings, for example, are found on most cough and cold preparations. If ever you have need for non-prescription medications, be sure to contact your pharmacist for advice.<br />
6. The second thing you should do to avoid receiving drugs which interfere with your antihypertensive drugs is to inform each doctor you see that you have high blood pressure and also tell him what medications you are receiving for it. Once knows this, he will avoid prescribing drugs which may affect your blood pressure control.<br />
7. The number of medications that you receive for your high blood pressure depends in part on the height of your blood pressure initially and your response to medications. There is no one medication that can be given in exactly the same dose to every patient. Therefore it is our practice to give you one or two medications at a low dose and, after waiting for a period of time, rechecking your blood pressure to determine your response. If at that time your blood pressure is well controlled no more medications are added. If your blood pressure is still out of control, additional medication or different medications are added to your drug regimen. This process of slowly adding drugs or increasing doses of individual drugs is called titration. It is a process that you, your doctor and pharmacist must go through in order that the exact combination of medicines that will control our elevated blood pressure may be found. This continuing re-adjustment of dosages and drugs takes time and will require that you visit your doctor and pharmacist frequently during this period. Do not get discouraged or think that you are wasting your time. Your doctor and pharmacist are simply trying to find the exact dose that will meet your individual needs.<br />
8. Once your blood pressure is well controlled, your visit to your physician will be less frequent but are still very important. During these visits, your physician will determine how well your blood pressure is controlled, whether your disease has progressed or has been successfully arrested and determine your need for further treatment.<br />
9. You will no doubt see other patients who take different medicines from yours or different doses of the same medicine. This does not necessarily mean that your high blood pressure is milder or more severe than that of your friend. It only reflects a different response to the same medications by different people.<br />
10. Since your medicine will only control your blood pressure and not cure it, you should expect to take this medicine for the rest of your life. On some rare occasions, some patients will be able to discontinue their medication at a future date without an elevation of blood pressure. The vast majority of people, however, require constant daily dosages of medicine to control blood pressure. Since your treatment will no doubt be life long, please understand that your doctor and pharmacist are very much concerned about the cost of your medicine. In selecting your medicine they have not only considered the action of the drug and the severity of disease but the cost of the medication which you will take. You should anticipate the cost of this medication each month and allow for it when arranging your budget.<br />
11. All medications, including antihypertensive drugs, cause side effects. These side effects are usually very mild and last only for a short time after you start taking your medicine.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-33626582831782569182010-08-10T01:37:00.001-07:002010-08-10T01:37:58.251-07:00ADULT EDUCATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENTADULT EDUCATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT<br />
BY <br />
NJOKU CHIJIOKE<br />
<br />
<br />
CHAPTER ONE<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
1.1 MEANING OF ADULT EDUCATION<br />
Adult education is the practice of teaching and educating adults. This often happens in the workplace, through 'extension' or 'continuing education' courses at secondary schools, at a college or university. Other learning places include folk high schools, community colleges, and lifelong learning centers. The practice is also often referred to as 'Training and Development'. It has also been referred to as andragogy (to distinguish it from pedagogy). A difference is made between vocational education, mostly undertaken in workplaces and frequently related to up-skilling, and non-formal adult education including learning skills or learning for personal development.<br />
1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF ADULT EDUCATION<br />
Educating adults differs from educating children in several ways. One of the most important differences is that adults have accumulated knowledge and experience that can add to or hinder the learning experience. Another difference is that most adult education is voluntary, therefore, the participants are generally better motivated.<br />
Adults frequently apply their knowledge in a practical fashion to learn effectively. They must have a reasonable expectation that the knowledge recently gained will help them further their goals. One example, common in the 1990s, was the proliferation of computer training courses in which adults (not children or adolescents), most of whom were office workers, could enroll. These courses would teach basic use of the operating system or specific application software. Because the abstractions governing the user's interactions with a PC were so new, many people who had been working white-collar jobs for ten years or more eventually took such training courses, either at their own whim (to gain computer skills and thus earn higher pay) or at the behest of their managers.<br />
In the Nigeria, a more general example is that of the secondary schools dropout who returns to school to complete general education requirements. Most upwardly-mobile positions require at the very least a University diploma or equivalent. A working adult is unlikely to have the freedom to simply quit his or her job and go "back to school" full time. Public school systems and community colleges usually offer evening or weekend classes for this reason. In Europe this is often referred to as "second-chance", and many schools offer tailor-made courses and learning programs for these returning learners. <br />
1.3 ADULT EDUCATION IN NIGERIA<br />
Adult education in Nigeria, as in the British West African territory of the Gold Coast, is almost entirely a matter of literacy campaigns conducted by government departments on the one hand, and extra-mural activity by the country's one university college on the other. This article is concerned mainly with the extra-mural work, although something will be said about the increasingly important problem of bridging the gap between literacy work and university extra-mural education. The institution in 1948 of a university college at Ibadan, the capital of Western Nigeria, was one result of a decision by Britain's wartime government to develop higher education in the Colonies, a decision which led also to the establishment of university colleges in the Gold Coast, East Africa, Central Africa, the Sudan and the West Indies, and of a university in Malaya. These steps were preceded by the appointment of a number of commissions, one of which made recommendations concerning higher education in the Colonies generally, while the others dealt with particular areas, one being West Africa. All the commissions strongly urged that at the university colleges which they proposed should be established there should be extra-mural departments to develop adult education, and except in Malaya this advice was everywhere followed. Several reasons were advanced for these recommendations, and received different emphasis in the different reports. They are worth mentioning briefly, because they indicate the kinds of functions which it was thought university adult education could serve in tropical colonial territories, and provide criteria by which the success of the work subsequently done can be assessed.<br />
One which was stressed in several reports was the necessity for associating the staff and graduates of the new universities with the people of the colonies, in order to prevent their development into an exclusive, and perhaps intellectually arrogant, caste within the community. It was further urged that it was very desirable that the university should be fully aware of the educational needs of its region, and that an active extra-mural department could contribute to this. Thirdly, it was stated that colonial territories contained many adults who possessed the abilities and the interests which would have enabled them to study with profit at universities, but had not had the opportunity to do so, and that extra-mural facilities should be provided for them. Finally, emphasis was laid on the importance of adult education, especially as provided by universities, as a means of equipping citizens for the responsibilities of self-government in colonies approaching independence.<br />
In Nigeria the extra-mural department of the university college was set up in 1949; but before that date several tutors from the Extra-Mural Delegacy of Oxford University had visited both that country and the Gold Coast to see how far opportunities existed for the provision of adult education similar to that sponsored by university extra-mural departments in England. In both countries they found much enthusiasm, and started classes and student groups which later came under the aegis of the university colleges, the report of the tutors being that the quality and keenness of the students made extra-mural work of the traditional kind perfectly possible.<br />
<br />
<br />
CHAPTER TWO<br />
2.1 ADULT EDUCATION AND WASTE MANAGEMENT<br />
As we have defined adult education in the previous chapter but we need to relate it waste management but we need to define waste management which is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials.[1] The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it. Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each.<br />
Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management for non-hazardous residential and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibility of the generator<br />
2.2 ADULT EDUCATION AND AWARENESS TO WASTE MANAGEMENT<br />
Adult Education and awareness in the area of waste and waste management is increasingly important from a global perspective of resource management. The Talloires Declaration is a declaration for sustainability concerned about the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental pollution and degradation, and the depletion of natural resources. Local, regional, and global air pollution; accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes; destruction and depletion of forests, soil, and water; depletion of the ozone layer and emission of "green house" gases threaten the survival of humans and thousands of other living species, the integrity of the earth and its biodiversity, the security of nations, and the heritage of future generations. Several universities have implemented the Talloires Declaration by establishing environmental management and waste management programs, e.g. the waste management university project. University and vocational education are promoted by various organizations, e.g. WAMITAB and Chartered Institution of Wastes Management. But in the rural area awareness is also reached to them through the means of radio transmission that clean environment is also healthily environment, that if they want to live healthy that they should keep the surrounding clean by not leaving dirty water around the compound because having such water around is a way of breeding mosquito which can lead to malaria, fever or even high blood pressure. <br />
Most rural areas now apply the sanitation days which the government have set aside to keep the environment which is a welcome development. I will not forget to mention the farms on some of the rural areas, on which some of the farmers rear pigs. If you go some of the environment where the is a piggery farm you will noticed the pollution of the air around their. This case must to be look into where is a problem to the people living around the farm which is not suppose to be their<br />
<br />
<br />
CHAPTER THREE<br />
3.1 PROBLEM FACING WASTE MANAGEMENT IN ADULT EDUCATION<br />
Adult education in Nigeria has been apparently much neglected aspect of educational activities in the country. This neglect could be traced to our colonial heritage where the British colonial masters and the early missionaries who pioneered education in the African Continent paid attention only to formal education to train clerks and interpreters in the Government service and commercial houses; and teachers or chatechists in the church. The complication and the problem of organising and administering non-formal education is yet another reason for the neglect.<br />
However, it was in the Third National Development Plan (1975 - 80) that provision was first made in real terms for adult education in the country by the federal government. The aforesaid plan took into focus the establishment of Center for Adult Education for running correspondence and adult education courses and to conduct research into various aspects of adult end non-formal education. opines that the processes of adult learning and teaching as a systematic study are recent innovation and were formerly largely informal activities. With the growth in research interest in the areas, they become more distinctly defined in terms of form, techniques and strategies involved.<br />
Waste management in Adult education in Nigeria is presently geared towards national development. The objective of the processes of adult education and national development is to get the adults, either as individuals or as a group, to learn and through learning to change their attitude and behaviour by keeping the environment where they live so that they can live healthy. The policy on education states the objectives of adult education as:<br />
1. To provide functional literacy education for adults who have never had the opportunity of any formal education.<br />
2. To provide functional and remedial education for those young people who prematurely dropped out of the formal school system<br />
3. To provide further education for different categories of completers of the formal education system in order to improve their basic knowledge and skills.<br />
4. To provide in-service and on-the-job vocational and professional training for different categories of workers and professionals in order to improve their skills.<br />
5. To give the adult citizens of the country aesthetic, cultural and civic education for public enlightenment.<br />
These objectives have one end in view - to equip the adult with every-thing he needs for life in order to be relevant to his society by helping to solve some of its problems. We have to recognize that development is of man, by man and for man. Man is the master of his destiny and adult education serves to bring about a fundamental change in man´s attitudes and life style. To survive, people must have awareness and to become aware they must be literate. As adult education is faced with the evidence of an appallingly low standard of living which the vast majority of men and women in Nigeria have, despite two and a half decades of national development and development plans, the Federal and State Governments now attempt to ensure that the real targets of development are the human beings who will remain central to all re-definitions and to all revised strategies. Some of the major problems of present day Nigeria are poverty, hunger, indiscipline, unemployment and under-development. To mitigate or solve these problems adult education is important.<br />
The momentum of change in adult education in Nigeria is strongly embedded in the Nigerian national Development Plans of 1970 - 75 and 1975 - 80; which guiding the Federal Government in its national planning process have the following objectives which till date none of them is in place:<br />
1. The building of a united, strong and self-reliant nation.<br />
2. The building of a great and dynamic economy.<br />
3. The building of a just and egalitarian society.<br />
4. The building of a land bright and full of opportunities for all citizens, and lastly,<br />
5. The building of a free and democratic society.<br />
For this objectives to work effectively sanitation need to employed which means that a country who is free from dirt they will be mentally and physically healthy and when someone is well he or she will work earn a living for himself and for the development of the country. From the foregoing national development objectives, one perceives that the nation cannot be strong when the vast majority of its citizens live in ignorance. For development plans to materialise, participation and commitment of the people is essential. People cannot participate if they are not made politically conscious of the significance of development to them as individuals or as a nation. Illiterate people cannot understand the significance of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), defence and loyalty to the country, educational reforms, health campaigns, privatisation policies, nation-building efforts and of course, self satisfaction and self-reliance. Through adult education. the individual fulfils himself within the framework of his society.<br />
Living in Nigeria is becoming more and more difficult not because of inflation, not because of armed robbery, not because of the new political system we are experimenting but mainly because the individual Nigerian does not understand himself adequately well and as a result he does not understand his fellowmen. For Nigeria to move meaningfully forward in its economic, social, cultural and political development, its adult population must be educated. <br />
<br />
3.1 CHALLENGES ON WASTE MANAGEMENT ON ADULT EDUCATION<br />
These challenges encountered by those who took adult education as a profession and the challenges have been put in place in such a way that education in the country have been put in place such as what:<br />
1. Basic Literacy Programme: This is a one-month programme organized and financed by some Local Government Councils in some states of the Federation. It is held under the co-ordination and supervision of the States´ Ministries of Education and Ministries of Environmental.<br />
2. Post Literacy Programme: This is organized by the Ministry of Education and Ministries of Environmental in some States of the Federation for completers of Basic Literacy Programmes and drop outs from formal primary schools to upgrade their knowledge to the level of first school leaving certificates.<br />
3. Women Adult Education Programme: This programme is organized by Christian Missionaries and Local Government Councils. The Ministry of Environmental grants aid to the voluntary organizations to reduce waste in the environment. The course is solely designed to improve the services of literate and illiterate women in the society to live healthy.<br />
4. Distance Education Programme: This programme is organized by the States´ Ministries of Education and some institution of higher education in the country. It is designed for all those who because of the nature of their age are unable to enroll in the regular or formal educational system. The medium of instruction is by correspondence, radio or television so that they can understand what it take and meaning of keep the environment clean.<br />
5. Sandwich Programme: This is organised by various institutions of higher education in the country for adults who stay in other commitments for most of the year and come into residence in their various schools when they can afford it. And it also enriched them with knowledge of sanitation.<br />
6. Nomadic Education Programme: Nigerian nomads are mostly cattle rearers who do not settle in a place because they have to follow their herds of cattle around in search of grazable pasture. They do not receive formal education. Mobile Education Programme has been established to take care of this unfortunate situation.<br />
Nigeria like most developing countries has placed undue emphasis on formal education while apparently neglecting adult and non-formal education. The present economic development in the African Region compares very unfavourably with levels already attained by developed countries as well as by a number of developing countries in other regions. This is because 65% of the African population are illiterates. Adult Education, though taken by the Nigerian society to be a low-cost area of educational system, but from the point of view of return on investment, it is the most immediately productive and profitable for the national economy. <br />
What seems to be needed more in Nigeria today is a development-oriented non-formal education to ensure the principle of self-reliance both in national and individual terms.<br />
Adult literacy although strictly not within the formal system has a great influence on the quantity and quality of education in the formal system. It should be pursued vigorously. Adult literacy and adult education are necessary to ensure an enlightened government and citizenry, whose insights, activities and decisions are very vital to the cause of education and the achievement of national goals through national sanity. Thus change in Adult Education in Nigeria is welcome.<br />
<br />
CHAPTER FOUR<br />
<br />
4.1 SUMARRY<br />
Waste management has relevant significance in education in that it affects the role of the teacher and his or her pedagogy, which in return affects the student’s ability to learn effectively. It can be defined as the ability to reach students in a meaningful way, developing innovative approaches to mandated content while motivating, engaging, and inspiring young adult minds to prepare for ever-advancing technology. However, this definition does little to exemplify precisely how a professional teacher carries himself or herself. Due to the growing autonomy being given to educators, waste management remains one of the most influential attributes of education today. Waste management contains three essential characteristics, competence, performance, and conduct toward keeping the nation clean, which reflect the educator’s goals, abilities, and standards, and directly impact the effectiveness of teaching through the development of these qualities.<br />
<br />
4.2 CONCLUSION<br />
In conclusion, a completed definition of waste management far exceeds the simple notion that an adult be prepared in a certain manner. A professional is trained to handle all situations, as most episodes in the classroom require quick thinking. Also, teacher teaching waste management extends beyond one’s ability to understand content; the educator must discover if the students are being reached in an effective way. With the role of “teacher” becoming more autonomous, an educator must be competent in their studies, perform well under the eye of the administration and parents, while maintaining good conduct to facilitate quality communication in adult on how to maintain a healthy environment.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-6582650357702021672010-08-10T01:36:00.001-07:002010-08-10T01:36:46.402-07:00THE IMPLICATION OF CULTURE UNIVERSAL TO EDUCATIONTHE IMPLICATION OF CULTURE UNIVERSAL TO EDUCATION<br />
BY<br />
NJOKU CHIJIOKE<br />
<br />
The implication off culture universal to education has to start with the meaning of culture, which is person or persons ways of life. It may also be a community ways of eating, dressing or farming.<br />
Culture work with the help of education which in the sense that culture is transmitted from one generation to another through the help of education. For example in north part of Nigeria, where the farmers rear animals like cow each generation that come by the culture is transfer from one generation to other through the help of education in which the older one teach the younger ones how to rear animal.<br />
Trying to relate the culture and education, in aspect now am talking about formal education system which I have to ask a question does education effect culture?<br />
Education as one may say mean transfer of knowledge from one person to another. Taking a case study in the North part of Nigeria formal education is not widely spread as in the 1970s due to the believe and culture guide them on how to rear the cattle. But even when the animal are sick they to apply the herbs or traditional method which was taught them by there fore fathers.<br />
In 1990s they found out that those herbs are not always active. And so the decided to sight the help of veterinary doctors which mostly are from other part of the country or even foreigners. So some of the farmers decide to send their children to school to acquire skills and knowledge. On acquiring skills and knowledge the orientation of formal education and home education are not the same thing for example they are made to learn how to read and write and to understand the language which is not their mother tongue and changes their where of dress and their ways of thinking in which affect the culture and in some case the individual sometimes in search of knowledge may forget his or her mother tongue .<br />
CULTURE SPECIALITIES<br />
Culture specialities have do with the skilled trades and profession through which individual or entire community members can earn their living. For example some of Abia state some of the part like Aba which specializes in trading while some specialize in weaving of basket to earn their living.<br />
Specialties is link with education, what do I mean; special education is education for the gift or talent person, so this is where specialities comes in to help the individual or group of community develop their skill on the talent which they poses. Through culture; education is implies to help their talent to be productive and it let to offer opportunities for economic advancement and social mobility for the individual.<br />
This days ministry of education, ministry of youth and sports and also ministry of commerce work hand-in-hand to provide opportunity in which how fathers have ignored due to ignorance and its importance to economic development.<br />
CULTURE ALTERNATIVES<br />
These group of people undergo discipline other than the ordinary members of society and they are very small in number that share this class of culture they include the priest, artist, painters. This group command respect in the community and they help in the development the community.<br />
The implication culture alternatives to education are that any society that is interest in its survival must be mindful of its system.<br />
In summary my suggestion to these exceptionally brilliant individuals should be trained well to acquire reputable position in this government of this country.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-76959805381418369372010-08-10T01:35:00.001-07:002010-08-10T01:35:54.835-07:00ADULT EDUCATION IN NIGERIAADULT EDUCATION IN NIGERIA<br />
BY<br />
NJOKU CHIJIOKE<br />
<br />
CHAPTER ONE<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
1.1 MEANING OF ADULT EDUCATION<br />
Adult education is the practice of teaching and educating adults. This often happens in the workplace, through 'extension' or 'continuing education' courses at secondary schools, at a college or university. Other learning places include folk high schools, community colleges, and lifelong learning centers. The practice is also often referred to as 'Training and Development'. It has also been referred to as andragogy (to distinguish it from pedagogy). A difference is made between vocational education, mostly undertaken in workplaces and frequently related to up-skilling, and non-formal adult education including learning skills or learning for personal development.<br />
1.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF ADULT EDUCATION<br />
Educating adults differs from educating children in several ways. One of the most important differences is that adults have accumulated knowledge and experience that can add to or hinder the learning experience. Another difference is that most adult education is voluntary, therefore, the participants are generally better motivated.<br />
Adults frequently apply their knowledge in a practical fashion to learn effectively. They must have a reasonable expectation that the knowledge recently gained will help them further their goals. One example, common in the 1990s, was the proliferation of computer training courses in which adults (not children or adolescents), most of whom were office workers, could enroll. These courses would teach basic use of the operating system or specific application software. Because the abstractions governing the user's interactions with a PC were so new, many people who had been working white-collar jobs for ten years or more eventually took such training courses, either at their own whim (to gain computer skills and thus earn higher pay) or at the behest of their managers.<br />
In the Nigeria, a more general example is that of the secondary schools dropout who returns to school to complete general education requirements. Most upwardly-mobile positions require at the very least a University diploma or equivalent. A working adult is unlikely to have the freedom to simply quit his or her job and go "back to school" full time. Public school systems and community colleges usually offer evening or weekend classes for this reason. In Europe this is often referred to as "second-chance", and many schools offer tailor-made courses and learning programs for these returning learners. <br />
1.3 ADULT EDUCATION IN NIGERIA<br />
Adult education in Nigeria, as in the British West African territory of the Gold Coast, is almost entirely a matter of literacy campaigns conducted by government departments on the one hand, and extra-mural activity by the country's one university college on the other. This article is concerned mainly with the extra-mural work, although something will be said about the increasingly important problem of bridging the gap between literacy work and university extra-mural education. The institution in 1948 of a university college at Ibadan, the capital of Western Nigeria, was one result of a decision by Britain's wartime government to develop higher education in the Colonies, a decision which led also to the establishment of university colleges in the Gold Coast, East Africa, Central Africa, the Sudan and the West Indies, and of a university in Malaya. These steps were preceded by the appointment of a number of commissions, one of which made recommendations concerning higher education in the Colonies generally, while the others dealt with particular areas, one being West Africa. All the commissions strongly urged that at the university colleges which they proposed should be established there should be extra-mural departments to develop adult education, and except in Malaya this advice was everywhere followed. Several reasons were advanced for these recommendations, and received different emphasis in the different reports. They are worth mentioning briefly, because they indicate the kinds of functions which it was thought university adult education could serve in tropical colonial territories, and provide criteria by which the success of the work subsequently done can be assessed.<br />
One which was stressed in several reports was the necessity for associating the staff and graduates of the new universities with the people of the colonies, in order to prevent their development into an exclusive, and perhaps intellectually arrogant, caste within the community. It was further urged that it was very desirable that the university should be fully aware of the educational needs of its region, and that an active extra-mural department could contribute to this. Thirdly, it was stated that colonial territories contained many adults who possessed the abilities and the interests which would have enabled them to study with profit at universities, but had not had the opportunity to do so, and that extra-mural facilities should be provided for them. Finally, emphasis was laid on the importance of adult education, especially as provided by universities, as a means of equipping citizens for the responsibilities of self-government in colonies approaching independence.<br />
In Nigeria the extra-mural department of the university college was set up in 1949; but before that date several tutors from the Extra-Mural Delegacy of Oxford University had visited both that country and the Gold Coast to see how far opportunities existed for the provision of adult education similar to that sponsored by university extra-mural departments in England. In both countries they found much enthusiasm, and started classes and student groups which later came under the aegis of the university colleges, the report of the tutors being that the quality and keenness of the students made extra-mural work of the traditional kind perfectly possible.<br />
<br />
<br />
CHAPTER TWO<br />
2.1 PROFESSIONALIZATION IN ADULT EDUCATION<br />
That is way that in recent years, many factors have converged to steadily increase the momentum toward professionalization of the field of adult literacy. Adult education programs are being held to higher standards not only as measured by student outcomes but also in terms of program quality indicators. Given the centrality of teacher competence in both measures of program quality and in learning outcomes, many states are investing in statewide professional development efforts and some are beginning to experiment with various types of competency and credentialing mechanisms.<br />
The goals for professional development in the Summit action agenda include not only promoting professionalization" but also, "creating a comprehensive system of professional development to meet the needs of a diverse profession, and a delivery system [for that development] that includes both degree and non-degree, pre-service and in-service training related to management and instruction . In sum, the professionalization of adult education practitioners is considered by many to be at the core of improving the quality of instruction in adult programs <br />
Progress in improving the quality of instructional practice via professionalization, whether it is through certification, competencies, or accountability mechanisms, must start with a better understanding of the state of professionalism. <br />
Essentially, we wish to know where adult education is as a profession, so we can better decide where to go from here.<br />
2.2 ISSUES IN PROFESSIONALIZATION<br />
Professionalization has been defined as the movement of any field towards some standards of educational preparation and competency.<br />
The term professionalization indicates a direct attempt to <br />
(a) use education or training to improve the quality of practice,<br />
(b) standardize professional responses,<br />
(c) better define a collection of persons as representing a field of endeavor, and <br />
(d) enhance communication within that field<br />
The American Heritage Dictionary defines a professional is as "one who has an assured competence in a particular field or occupation" and a profession as an "occupation or vocation requiring training in the liberal arts or the sciences and advanced study in a specified field". From this perspective adult education is not currently a highly professionalized field. Movement toward a community of adult literacy professionals will require changes on a number of fronts. The ways that adult literacy instructors are educated, certified, trained, inducted into teaching, and continue to learn and be rewarded for continuing professional development all are in need of reform. A. Preservice training and credentialing Adult literacy has no commonly recognized credential or mechanism designed to ensure quality of practice. This absence may be interpreted as an indication that the field of adult education has not yet attained the status of a profession. <br />
<br />
CHAPTER THREE<br />
3.1 PROBLEM FACING PROFESSIONALIZATION IN ADULT EDUCATION<br />
Adult education in Nigeria has been apparently much neglected aspect of educational activities in the country. This neglect could be traced to our colonial heritage where the British colonial masters and the early missionaries who pioneered education in the African Continent paid attention only to formal education to train clerks and interpreters in the Government service and commercial houses; and teachers or chatechists in the church. The complication and the problem of organising and administering non-formal education is yet another reason for the neglect.<br />
However, it was in the Third National Development Plan (1975 - 80) that provision was first made in real terms for adult education in the country by the federal government. The aforesaid plan took into focus the establishment of Center for Adult Education for running correspondence and adult education courses and to conduct research into various aspects of adult end non-formal education. opines that the processes of adult learning and teaching as a systematic study are recent innovation and were formerly largely informal activities. With the growth in research interest in the areas, they become more distinctly defined in terms of form, techniques and strategies involved.<br />
Professionalization of Adult education in Nigeria is presently geared towards national development. The objective of the processes of adult education and national development is to get the adults, either as individuals or as a group, to learn and through learning to change their attitude and behaviour. The policy on education states the objectives of adult education as:<br />
1. To provide functional literacy education for adults who have never had the opportunity of any formal education.<br />
2. To provide functional and remedial education for those young people who prematurely dropped out of the formal school system<br />
3. To provide further education for different categories of completers of the formal education system in order to improve their basic knowledge and skills.<br />
4. To provide in-service and on-the-job vocational and professional training for different categories of workers and professionals in order to improve their skills.<br />
5. To give the adult citizens of the country aesthetic, cultural and civic education for public enlightenment.<br />
These objectives have one end in view - to equip the adult with every-thing he needs for life in order to be relevant to his society by helping to solve some of its problems. We have to recognise that development is of man, by man and for man. Man is the master of his destiny and adult education serves to bring about a fundamental change in man´s attitudes and life style. To survive, people must have awareness and to become aware they must be literate. As adult education is faced with the evidence of an appallingly low standard of living which the vast majority of men and women in Nigeria have, despite two and a half decades of national development and development plans, the Federal and State Governments now attempt to ensure that the real targets of development are the human beings who will remain central to all re-definitions and to all revised strategies. Some of the major problems of present day Nigeria are poverty, hunger, indiscipline, unemployment and under-development. To mitigate or solve these problems adult education is important.<br />
The momentum of change in adult education in Nigeria is strongly embedded in the Nigerian national Development Plans of 1970 - 75 and 1975 - 80; which guiding the Federal Government in its national planning process have the following objectives which till date none of them is in place:<br />
1. The building of a united, strong and self-reliant nation.<br />
2. The building of a great and dynamic economy.<br />
3. The building of a just and egalitarian society.<br />
4. The building of a land bright and full of opportunities for all citizens, and lastly,<br />
5. The building of a free and democratic society.<br />
From the foregoing national development objectives, one perceives that the nation cannot be strong when the vast majority of its citizens live in ignorance. For development plans to materialise, participation and commitment of the people is essential. People cannot participate if they are not made politically conscious of the significance of development to them as individuals or as a nation. Illiterate people cannot understand the significance of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), defence and loyalty to the country, educational reforms, health campaigns, privatisation policies, nation-building efforts and of course, self satisfaction and self-reliance. Through adult education. the individual fulfils himself within the framework of his society.<br />
Living in Nigeria is becoming more and more difficultnot because of inflation, not because of armed robbery, not because of the new political system we are experimenting but mainly because the individual Nigerian does not understand himself adequately well and as a result he does not understand his fellowmen". For Nigeria to move meaningfully forward in its economic, social, cultural and political development, its adult population must be educated. <br />
<br />
<br />
3.1 CHALLENGES ON PROFESSIONALIZATION IN ADULT EDUCATION<br />
These challenges encountered by those who took adult education as a profession and the challenges have been put in place in such a way that education in the country have been put in place such as what:<br />
1. basic Literacy Programme: This is a one-month programme organised and financed by some Local Government Councils in some states of the Federation. It is held under the co-ordination and supervision of the States´ Ministries of Education.<br />
2. Post Literacy Programme: This is organised by the Ministry of Education in some States of the Federation for completers of Basic Literacy Programmes and drop outs from formal primary schools to upgrade their knowledge to the level of first school leaving certificates.<br />
3. Women Adult Education Programme: This programme is organised by Christian Missionaries and Local Government Councils. The Ministry of Education grants aid to the voluntary organisations to reduce costs. The course is solely designed to improve the services of literate and illiterate women in the society.<br />
4. Distance Education Programme: This program-me is organised by the States´ Ministries of Education and some institution of higher education in the country. It is designed for all those who because of the nature of their age are unable to enrol in the regular or formal educational system. The medium of instruction is by correspondence, radio or television.<br />
5. Sandwich Programme: This is organised by various institutions of higher education in the country for adults who stay in other commitments for most of the year and come into residence in their various schools when they can afford it.<br />
6. Nomadic Education Programme: Nigerian nomads are mostly cattle rearers who do not settle in a place because they have to follow their herds of cattle around in search of grazable pasture. They do not receive formal education. Mobile Education Programme has been established to take care of this unfortunate situation.<br />
Nigeria like most developing countries have placed undue emphasis on formal education while apparently neglecting adult and non-formal education. The present economic development in the African Region compares very unfavourably with levels already attained by developed countries as well as by a number of developing countries in other regions. This is because 65% of the African population are illiterates. Adult Education, though taken by the Nigerian society to be a low-cost area of educational system, but from the point of view of return on investment, it is the most immediately productive and profitable for the national economy. <br />
What seems to be needed more in Nigeria today is a development-oriented non-formal education to ensure the principle of self-reliance both in national and individual terms.<br />
Adult literacy although strictly not within the formal system has a great influence on the quantity and quality of education in the formal system. It should be pursued vigorously. Adult literacy and adult education are necessary to ensure an enlightened government and citizenry, whose insights, activities and decisions are very vital to the cause of education and the achievement of national goals. Thus change in Adult Education in Nigeria is welcome.<br />
<br />
CHAPTER FOUR<br />
<br />
4.1 SUMARRY<br />
Professionalisation has relevant significance in education in that it affects the role of the teacher and his or her pedagogy, which in return affects the student’s ability to learn effectively. It can be defined as the ability to reach students in a meaningful way, developing innovative approaches to mandated content while motivating, engaging, and inspiring young adult minds to prepare for ever-advancing technology. However, this definition does little to exemplify precisely how a professional teacher carries himself or herself. Due to the growing autonomy being given to educators, professionalism remains one of the most influential attributes of education today. Teacher professionalism contains three essential characteristics, competence, performance, and conduct, which reflect the educator’s goals, abilities, and standards, and directly impact the effectiveness of teaching through the development of these qualities.<br />
<br />
4.2 CONCLUSION<br />
In conclusion, a completed definition of teacher professionalism far exceeds the simple notion that a teacher be prepared in a certain manner. A professional is trained to handle all situations, as most episodes in the classroom require quick thinking. Also, teacher professionalism extends beyond one’s ability to understand content; the educator must discover if the students are being reached in an effective way. With the role of “teacher” becoming more autonomous, an educator must be competent in their studies, perform well under the eye of the administration and parents, while maintaining good conduct to facilitate quality communication.<br />
<br />
REFERENCE<br />
<br />
Adeyemi, Kola. (2001). Equality of access and catchment area factor in university admissions in Nigeria. Higher Education, 42, 307-332. <br />
<br />
Amonoo-Neizer, Eugene H. (1998). Universities in Africa: the need for adaptation, transformation, reformation and revitalization. Higher Education Policy, 11, 301-309. <br />
Babalola, Joel B. (1998). Cost and financing of university education in Nigeria. Higher Education, 36, 43-66. <br />
<br />
Bangura, Y. (1994). Intellectuals, economic reform and social change: constraints and opportunities in the formation of a Nigerian technocracy. Development and Change, 25:2, 261-305.<br />
<br />
Banya, Kingsley and Elu, Juliet. (2001). The World Bank and financing higher education in Sub-Saharan Africa. Higher Education, 42, 1-34. <br />
<br />
Bashir, Abbas. (2002). Funding of Nigerian universities: which way forward? Paper presented at the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) Seminar “The Plight of the University System in Nigeria: Any Way Out?”. January 16, 2002. Yola: Federal University of Technology. <br />
<br />
Boateng, Kwabia. (2002). Higher education and the labour market: a logical framework for policymakers in Africa’s education sector. Draft. Addis Ababa: Economic Commission for Africa. 18 pages. <br />
<br />
Callaway, A. and Musone A. (1965). Financing of education in Nigeria. IIEP Africa Research Monograph 15. Paris: UNESCO. <br />
<br />
Hartnett, Teresa. (2000). Financing trends and expenditure patterns in Nigerian federal universities: an update. Unpublished report. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. 85 pages. <br />
<br />
Hinchliffe, Keith. (2002). Public expenditures on education: issues, estimates and some implications. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. 45 pages. <br />
<br />
Johnston, Bruce. (2002). Financing higher education in Eastern and Southern Africa: diversifying revenue and expanding accessibility. Conference report of March 24-28, 2002. Buffalo, NY: Center for Comparative and Global Studies in Education, State University of New York at Buffalo. 12 pages. <br />
<br />
Kerr, Clark. (1993). Universal issues in the development of higher education. In: J.B. Balderston and F.E. Balderston (eds.), Higher education in Indonesia: evolution and reform (pp. 19-35). Berkeley: Center for Studies in Higher Education, University of California. <br />
<br />
National Universities Commission. (1992). Preliminary Report of the National Accreditation Exercise of 1990/1991. Unpublished. Abuja, Nigeria: Department of Academic Planning, National Universities Commission.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-90232429877349262792010-08-10T01:34:00.000-07:002010-08-10T01:34:42.464-07:00Financing in Adult Education In NigeriaFinancing in Adult Education In Nigeria<br />
By <br />
Njoku Chijioke<br />
<br />
A responsive model for financing higher education should address three broad areas of public interests: (i) the need to provide hope and educational opportunity to ever larger segments of a country’s population, i.e., increase access; (ii) the need to encourage (and possibility subsidize) study in certain fields important to a country’s economic development; and (iii) the need to ensure a steady flow of talent into careers – such as medicine or teaching – where dramatic shifts in supply and demand can negatively affect the quality of life for a country’s people. <br />
In Nigeria, these three needs have been only partially addressed. As noted above, access has certainly increased both in terms of total enrollments and in terms of disadvantaged groups benefiting from admissions quotas. However, financial instruments such as student loans, scholarships or cross-subsidy by wealthier fee-paying students have not yet been effectively employed to help students of limited means to take advantage of these opportunities. This may be one reason for the apparently high dropout rates noted above. Likewise, government funding of higher education has neither been guided by criteria linked to strategic national priorities, nor by a concern to attract talent (teachers as well as students) into careers linked to the public good. <br />
Historically, university funding has been distributed in broadly equitable ways across both institutions and disciplines with little concern for their performance. The result has been to create a system of excessively homogeneous institutions. This approach, although perhaps justifiable in terms of fairness or useful in reducing competitive tensions and political appeals surrounding the allocation process, does not serve the country’s longer term development interests. For example, just 10% of academic programs of potentially strategic development importance were accredited in 2000. Without disciplinary capabilities approaching international standards in at least a few key professions necessary to underpin economic growth, it is difficult to see how Nigeria will be able to compete successfully in the global knowledge economy. <br />
The source of these problems can be traced largely to insufficient funding of the higher education system. In fact, funding shortfalls have been the norm for many years as enrollments have increased more quickly than the government’s capacity to maintain its proportional financial support. Simply put, the system has not had the financial resources necessary to maintain educational quality in the midst of significant enrollment expansion. These funding constraints have been mainly the result of government insistence that it remain as virtually the sole source of financial support for institutions of higher learning. During the 1990s, for example, up to 93% of university funding was provided by the federal government. In current value terms, the government’s recurrent grants to federal universities would appear to have increased dramatically, from 530 million naira in 1988 to 9.6 billion naira in 1999. In real terms, however, total recurrent grants per student in 1999 were at only one-third of their 1990 level. Thus, increased budgetary allocations have been muted by the effect of rising enrollments. When government funding becomes insufficient to maintain institutional performance in teaching and research, universities elsewhere in the world have sought to supplement their public funding with locally generated income (fees, cost-recovery, business income, investment income, gifts, etc.). This is also true in Nigeria. Locally generated income has contributed a relatively constant share of around 15% of universities’ recurrent budgets in recent years, varying among institutions from a low of 4% to a high of 37% (HARTNETT 2000). In spite of active verbal encouragement from government to increase local income generation, it appears that the universities’ capacity to generate revenues in this way may have been reached. <br />
The principal untapped source of university financing remains undergraduate student tuition fees, which government prohibits Its potential is considerable. Already, income from student fees (for non-degree, distance education, and postgraduate courses only) has risen from 4% to 10% of total income between 1988 and 1998. Additional gains are possible. For example, asking the wealthiest one-third of university students to pay tuition fees equal to one-half of the government’s contribution per student (i.e, about $390) would increase system-wide resources by 14%. Similarly, asking the middle one-third of income-ranked students to pay tuition equal to one-third of government’s contribution per student (i.e., about $260) through participation in a student loan program would increase university financing by an additional 10%. Assuming that government’s contribution remains undiminished, tuition fees structured in this way hold the potential of increasing the universities’ recurrent budget by 24%. This would translate into an increase from about $900 to $1,116 in terms of recurrent expenditures per student, including for the remaining one-third of students who would pay no fees. <br />
At this point, it seems clear to many observers that more creative and adaptable financing strategies are needed in order for Nigerian higher education to offset the likely risks of declining educational quality, resource use efficiency, and learning effectiveness that it now confronts. Institutional responses to resource constraints can range from simple belt-tightening to further income diversification, and beyond to creative entrepreneurship. What progress has Nigeria registered on this front? <br />
To tackle the system’s funding limitations, the government announced its decision in July 2000 that institutions were henceforth awarded administrative and financial autonomy. They were now expected to specialize in areas of comparative advantage that will be identified through participatory strategic planning processes, and government’s future budgetary allocations would consider institutional performance in this area. Government further announced an increase in university funding to a level of $900 per student, and urged universities to generate an additional 10% of their recurrent budget from income-producing activities (several urban universities have already surpassed this target). These steps are important because institutional autonomy without revenue diversification can ring hollow, and because when funding is insufficient, the need for strategically determined expenditures becomes all the more necessary. In other words, the benefits of government’s new autonomy policy will only be captured through active strategic planning by universities. <br />
However, government’s policy approach with regard to tuition charges has been cautious and carefully conditioned. This is because cost-sharing with students remains highly contentious within the country's fragile democratic environment. For this reason, government has stated "While student fees and charges remain a legitimate source of revenue for universities in an environment in which they enjoy autonomy, government policy for the time being is that before fees can be re-introduced or charges can be raised, the students and their sponsors must be economically empowered to be able to pay such fees and charges. This empowerment entails a visible improvement in the take-home pay of workers as well as adequate scholarship and student loan schemes...". <br />
<br />
SUMMARY<br />
Financing. Continued expansion of the higher education system has now exceeded government’s capacity to serve as the principal financier of this growth. Under these conditions, local income generation takes on added importance, and also serves to reinforce policies promoting decentralization and institutional autonomy. Locally generated revenues have grown steadily in recent years, but may be approaching the limits of what is possible under existing circumstances. The only significant financing reform yet outstanding concerns student cost-sharing. In practice, however, announced policy changes in the financial, governance and administrative autonomy of institutions will ideally create the opportunity for cost-sharing to evolve locally through a series of individual institutional decisions rather than to be introduced abruptly by national policy edict. This process is well underway in several African countries (JOHNSTON 2002), and increasingly accepted in others (AMONOO-NEIZER 1998:306; BANYA & ELU 2001:30). Even in Nigeria, the topic is not lacking proponents (BABALOLA 1998:65; BASHIR 2002:7; OKEBUKOLA 1998:317). Whether or not government decides to permit the evolution of these trends in Nigeria will determine how bright or dim the future of higher education is likely to be.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-64572669348542046972010-08-10T01:32:00.001-07:002010-08-10T01:32:54.778-07:00PETROLEUM OR CRUDE OIL IN NIGEIA (PROBLEMS AND PROSPECT)PETROLEUM OR CRUDE OIL IN NIGEIA (PROBLEMS AND PROSPECT)<br />
BY <br />
NJOKU CHIJIOKE<br />
<br />
<br />
CHAPTER ONE<br />
1.1 INTRODUTION<br />
Petroleum or crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds, that is found in geologic formations beneath the earth's surface.<br />
Fuel is any material that is burned or altered to obtain energy and to heat or to move objects.[1] Fuel releases its energy either through a chemical reaction means, such as combustion, or nuclear means, such as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. An important property of a useful fuel is that its energy can be stored to be released only when needed, and that the release is controlled in such a way that the energy can be harnessed to produce work. Examples: Methane, Petrol and Oil.<br />
All carbon-based life forms—from microorganisms to animals and humans—depend on and use fuels as their source of energy. Their cells engage in an enzyme-mediated chemical process called metabolism that converts energy from food or light into a form that can be used to sustain life. [2] Additionally, humans employ a variety of techniques to convert one form of energy into another, producing usable energy for purposes that go far beyond the energy needs of a human body. The application of energy released from fuels ranges from heat to cooking and from powering weapons to combustion and generation of electricity.<br />
<br />
1.2 ORIGIN OF FUEL<br />
Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times, and is now important across society, including in economy, politics and technology. The rise in importance was mostly due to the invention of the internal combustion engine and the rise in commercial aviation<br />
More than 4000 years ago, according to Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, asphalt was used in the construction of the walls and towers of Babylon; there were oil pits near Ardericca (near Babylon), and a pitch spring on Zacynthus. Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river Issus, one of the tributaries of the Euphrates. Ancient Persian tablets indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society.<br />
The term "petroleum" was first used in the treatise De Natura Fossilium, published in 1546 by the German mineralogist Georg Bauer, also known as Georgius Agricola. Today, about 90% of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40% of total energy consumption in the United States, but is responsible for only 2% of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important commodities.<br />
The top three oil producing countries are Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States. About 80% of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the Middle East, with 62.5% coming from the Arab 5: Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Qatar and Kuwait. A large portion of the world's total oil exists as unconventional sources, such as bitumen in Canada and Venezuela and oil shale. While significant volumes of oil are extracted from oil sands, particularly in Canada, logistical and technical hurdles remain, and Canada's oil sands are not expected to provide more than a few million barrels per day in the foreseeable future.<br />
<br />
CHAPTER TWO<br />
2.1 FUEL PRODUCTION<br />
The production of fuel by the partial oxidation of hydrocarbon liquids. In one of its more specific aspects it is concerned with the production of a fuel , for use in turbines, using air as the oxidizing agent for the partial combustion. <br />
It is known to produce fuels by the partial oxidation of hydrocarbon liquids. The prior art suggests air, oxygen-enriched air or relatively pure oxygen as the oxidizing agent. However, so far as is known, only processes in which oxygen-enriched air or relatively pure oxygen is used as the oxidizing agent have attained any commercial significance. It is possible, as the art suggests, to carry out a partial oxidation process using air as the oxidizing agent but unfortunately such processes have not been satisfactory for the production of fuel because, due to the high nitrogen content of the air, the product fuel has an undesirably high content of inert material and a correspondingly low BTU (British Thermal Unit) value. Accordingly, to produce a fuel of low nitrogen content and high BTU (British Thermal Unit) value, commercial processes ordinarily use either oxygen or oxygen-enriched air as the oxidizing medium. <br />
It is possible to improve the BTU value of a partial oxidation product fuel or synthesis fuel by the addition of methane thereto but this is not economical because of the shortage of natural fuel. Carrying out the partial oxidation at a temperature of about 1,300° to 1,600° F. to increase the methane content has also been suggested. However, operation at this temperature level is not advisable as there is the danger of a "flame-out" and a resulting explosion. There is therefore need for a satisfactory process for the production of fuel from hydrocarbon liquids by partial oxidation using air or a fuel containing about 19-21 percent oxygen as the oxidizing agent. <br />
According to our invention, there is provided a process for the production of fuel which comprises subjecting a hydrocarbon liquid optionally in the presence of steam to partial combustion with a fuel having a low oxygen content such as air at a pressure between about 30 and 3,000 psig and at an autogenously-maintained temperature between about 1,600° and 3,000° F to produce a product fuel comprising principally nitrogen, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, injecting hydrocarbon liquid and steam into the product fuel stream at substantially the pressure of the partial oxidation zone to cool the product fuel and heat the steam-hydrocarbon mixture to a temperature below 1,800° F. and above 1,000° F to convert at least a portion of said injected hydrocarbon liquid to methane, cooling the resulting product to condense water there from and recovering a product fuel composed principally of carbon monoxide, nitrogen, hydrogen and methane. <br />
The hydrocarbon liquid used as feed to the process of this invention may be any refinery stream such as naphtha, kerosene, fuel oils or residue-containing oils such as whole crude, atmospheric residua, tar sand oil, shale oil or their mixtures and the like. In this connection it should be understood that the terms hydrocarbon oil and hydrocarbon liquid are used interchangeably and include oils or liquids containing minor amounts of impurities, such as sulfur, nitrogen and metals. The oil feed is preheated to a temperature of between about 200° and 900° F. preferably 250° to 800° F. and if desired mixed with steam. If the oil is liquid at preheating temperature, it is preferably injected as a steam-oil suspension into a fuel generator maintained autogenously at a temperature between about 1,600° and 3,000° F preferably between about 2,000° and 2,500° F. To prevent the possibility of a flame-out, the temperature should be kept above 1,600° F. The hydrocarbon to steam ratio is between about 10 to 1 and 1 to 5 preferably about 5 to 1 by weight. To support the partial oxidation reaction, air preferably preheated to between 500° and 1,800° F. is introduced into the fuel generation zone at an oil to air weight ratio of about 0.15 to 0.20 preferably 0.18. Pressure in the fuel generation zone is maintained at between about 30 and 3,000 psig or higher preferably between 200 and 500 psig. Product fuel composed principally of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide leaves the generator at approximately reaction temperature. <br />
After leaving the first fuel generation zone the partial oxidation product is mixed with additional hydrocarbon oil and steam. The hydrocarbon oil injected into the product stream may be the same type of oil used as feed stock to the first fuel generation zone although it is not necessarily limited thereto. Preferably the injected oil is a distillate oil and more preferably it boils in the naphtha range. A particularly suitable oil for injection at this point of the process is a substantially paraffinic naphtha obtained as a raffinate from a process in which the aromatic hydrocarbons have been removed. In another embodiment, a hydrocarbon oil can be fractionated into a light fraction and a heavy fraction, the light fraction being used as feed to the first fuel generator and the heavy fraction as a scrubbing medium for the removal of entrained particles of carbon from the product fuel. The resulting heavy oil-carbon slurry may then be fed to the first generator. The light fraction may also be injected into the products leaving the first fuel generation zone. It is also possible to use the light fraction as the oil injected into the second generation zone and a portion of the heavy fraction as direct feed to the first fuel generator with the balance of the heavy fraction being used as scrubbing oil. <br />
<br />
The oil and steam are injected into the partial oxidation product fuel stream at substantially the pressure of the partial oxidation or first fuel generation zone, in an amount sufficient to reduce the temperature of the synthesis fuel to below about 1,800° F. for example, 1,000°-1,700° F. If the oil is in vapor form at the injection conditions then the oil and steam are injected as a vaporous mixture. If the oil is liquid at injection conditions then preferably it in injected into the partial oxidation product fuel stream as an oil steam suspension. The mixing may take place in the second fuel generation zone or upstream thereof. <br />
The oil and steam are injected into the product fuel in a ratio of 0.5 to 1 to 10 to 1 parts of oil per part of steam by weight. The reaction conditions in the second fuel generation zone are such that no water is present as liquid. The residence time of the reactants in the second generation zone will vary according to the type of oil injected and the pressure and temperature within the reaction zone. Residence times of from one-half second to 2 minutes may be used although residence times of from 1 second to 10 seconds ordinarily will result in substantial conversion of most injected oils to methane. <br />
After the injected oil is in part converted to methane in the second fuel generation zone the product fueles are subjected to cooling to recover heat therefrom. Advantageously this is accomplished by passing the product fueles through a waste heat boiler or a heat exchanger for the production of steam or in another embodiment for the preheating of the oil charge stock to the first fuel generation zone product fuel for conversion to methane in the second fuel generation zone. In either event conditions within the waste heat boiler or heat exchanger should be such that no condensation of steam to form liquid water takes place. <br />
The cooled fuel leaving the waste heat boiler or heat exchanger then pass to a scrubbing zone. The scrubbing or clean-up of the product fuel may comprise several steps. For example, the product fuel from the heat exchanger may be subjected to scrubbing with water or hydrocarbon oil for the removal of any traces of carbon present therein. <br />
2.2 THE DISTRIBUTION OF FUEL IN NIGERIA<br />
The management of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC, has concluded plans to convene a high level forum of all the key operators in the downstream sector of the oil and gas industry in Nigeria and to find a comprehensive and lasting solution to the fuel supply and distribution challenges facing the downstream sector.<br />
And is expected that Pipeline and Products Marketing Company should work hand in hand in the distribution of fuel in Nigeria.<br />
The NNPC had in the past few months adopted a number of strategies aimed at ameliorating the fuel supply and distribution challenges amongst which was the commencement of distribution of petroleum products from the Ore depot in Ondo state. Though the measures introduced by the NNPC have begun to yield positive results, it has become very clear that if all the stakeholders in the sector do not work together the problem would still linger". That is why NNPC is convening the stakeholders to work out ways all the operators in the downstream sector could cooperate to facilitate a copious supply and effective distribution of fuel and also the petroleum products in Nigeria.<br />
<br />
CHAPTER THREE<br />
3.1 PROBLEMS OF ADEQUATE DISTRIBUTION OF FUEL IN NIGIERA<br />
Nigeria has four existing refineries (2 in Port Harcourt, 1 in Warri and 1 in Kaduna) which were aptly described by the Bureau for Public Enterprise (BPE) as “name plate refineries.” With a combined installed capacity of 445 barrels per stream day, the four refineries by design, would have been able to churn about 20 million litres of petrol on daily basis representing about 60 percent of the petrol need of the country in addition to diesel, dual purpose kerosene amongst other products.<br />
However, the performance outings of all the refineries could best be described as comatose with some completely on ‘sick leave,’ due to high level of administrative incompetence (not technical), inbred corruption in government through the NNPC system, past and present servicing their masters in the Presidency. <br />
But because they are not from certain sections of the country; not in the PDP; and not close to the people in power, such competent Nigerians would never be given the opportunity to bring in their relevant experiences to address the nation’s ever-increasing challenges in critical sectors of the economy.<br />
The National Assembly should with all intent and sincerity please serve the <br />
people of this country whom they are supposed to be representing by outrightly scrapping this ill-conceived and resource-draining agency now that we are talking of petroleum industry reform. The PPPRA was solely packaged by the former President Olusegun Obasanjo to service his political loyalists during his dual role as the president and the sole administrator of the nation’s oil sector (NNPC/DPR) and the agency at best, has continued in that light. Why should somebody like Ali be there if not that it’s a chop-chop arena?<br />
The truth is that as long as the PPPRA or anything that looks like it continues to exist as an agency of the Federal Government, no single refinery can operate optimally anywhere within this country whether government or privately-owned. Mark my word!<br />
Look at the kind of money passing through the agency for doing nothing: it does not refine, it does not even directly import products at least on the surface, it does not market. The agency just exists to confuse Nigerians with the calculus of real and regulated prices of fuels and the vagaries of the global crude oil market. How long can we continue like this?<br />
What pricing are you regulating when artificial scarcities are deliberately created to bleed Nigerians and petrol sells for between N250 and N65 per litre depending on where you are in the country? Why is the PPPRA chairman not canvassing for a taskforce approach in the management of the nation’s existing refineries or even harmonizing per litre price across the country? What is actually the use of PPPRA to the “real” people of this country? It’s just another conduit for the misuse of public funds and that is why we keep seeing funny people take charge of the agency. Just look at the magnitude of the fund that passes through the agency on monthly basis for doing nothing and I mean nothing. No wonder to “they” scramble to head or serve in the agency.<br />
It has severally been said that the continued existence of the PPPRA is one glaring test of sincerity of the Dr Rilwanu Lukman’s oil sector reforms. If the reform sets out to unbundled the NNPC because the organization has over the years become a mere cost centre, it should more desperately scrap the PPPRA (and the PIB- proposed PPRA) which since inception has remained a worse cost centre or rather an outright drain pipe compared to the corruption and fraud problems in the mainstream NNPC.<br />
The conspiracy in the controversial PIB to metamorphose the PPPRA into Petroleum Products Regulatory Authority (PPRA) is an outright aberration to the entire concept of cost-cutting reforms in the nation’s oil industry. <br />
The crucial question Nigerians should ask is: Who are the people involved in the ongoing offshore petroleum product import and NNPC’s bridging aberration? Whosoever that supervises the massive fuel import racket in this country should be challenged to publish a manifest of all the companies involved in the business, their owners (foreign partners and local associates) and the volume each contractor brings in on weekly and monthly basis from designated countries. If that can be done, it will help to unmask the masquerade behind this racket. <br />
It is very unfortunate that all pronouncements coming from government on this embarrassing fuel scarcity issue point to the rulers’ glaring inability to tackle a most basic need of the country. And instead of seeking workable solutions to this disgraceful problem, the NNPC as usual, in place of efficient, adequate supply of oil, are spending energy and resources feeding Nigerians daily with more blame trading and excuses. <br />
The Group Managing Director of Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Mr. Mohammed Barkindo, just last week attempted yet another unsatisfactory defense. His words: “We were taken aback by a recent happening when one of the jetties diverted a large amount of petroleum products that was put at its disposal, which we had to refer to the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) to investigate and recover the value, if not the products.” What a shame? Did the owners of the jetty divert the petroleum products to the spirit world? Was it not into the same Nigerian market where the PPPRA was supposed to be regulating and supervising?<br />
Why out of the over 18 licenses for private refineries dished out by Obasanjo, no single licensee even attempted to mobilize to site even before Yar’adua came with his confusion of revoking some of the licenses for what he rightly described as glaring fraud in the oil-for-infrastructure deal? It has suddenly become easier for vandals to cook out petrol and diesel than for the NNPC to churn out products from the existing refineries. These are issues we have to address with the urgency it deserves and now is the time.<br />
3.2 SOLUTION TO THE DISTRIBUTION OF FUEL IN NIGERIA<br />
According to NUPENG's paper, "the refineries that are supposed to be producing refined products for the end users are in a comatose state. It is a shame that the four refineries at Alesa Eleme, Warn, and Kaduna are not functioning. This is a big problem despite the huge sums of money that have been budgeted by past and present administrations towards their turn-around-maintenance and crude oil pipeline repairs.<br />
The massive importation of petroleum products is also a big cause for concern and a drain on our scarce foreign exchange. It does not make good economic sense for the sixth largest producer of petroleum products to be involved in massive importation of petroleum products. Similarly the way and manner refined petroleum products are allocated and distributed to other stakeholders by the NNPC calls for question.<br />
The use of selected depots for the storage of petroleum products imported by the NNPC is equally discriminatory because it helps to create artificial scarcity. There are depots with computerized equipments that the NNPC can use for adequate storage of petroleum products but they are allowed to remain fallow while the nation suffers from scarcity.<br />
Other suggestions of the are "The huge sums of monies owed major marketers in bridging and subsidy is another headache. Most of them have refused to import products due to huge debts owed them by the government. The recent approval given for the payment of N32 billion is just a tip of the iceberg, considering over N95 billion owed them by the Petroleum products Pricing and Regulatory Agency (PPPRA).<br />
The iss ue of vandalized crude oil pipelines especially at Chanomi creeks is another problem militating against free flow of crude oil to Kaduna and Warri refineries. The refusal by commercial banks to give loans to operators in the sector to import petroleum products is also militating against the availability of the products. The ruptured and vandalised NNPC/PPMC network pipelines that traverse the nooks and crannies of the country is another problem.<br />
The dilapidated highways in the country is also becoming a nightmare for effective distribution of petroleum products, as oi! trucks and trailers have become victims of accidents and fire along these roads that are in state of decay. Despite the huge sums of monies allocated for the revitalisation of the railways, not much development has been noticed. The railways that used to transport petroleum products from the ports to other parts of the country has become a mere shadow of itself,<br />
Proffering solutions to petrol scarcity, the oil workers union called on the government to immediately fix the four refineries "so that they can produce at optimum capacity and at least meet 80 percent of local consumption demand of the petroleum products market. It will.take the political will of government to make them work by reducing the bureaucratic bottlenecks involved in downstream transactions.<br />
The bad roads in the country should be repaired, now that we are in the dry season. If the roads are rehabilitated, there will be fewer accidents and products distribution will be more efficient. We note that Federal Road Maintenance Agency (FERMA) is underfunded and must therefore be well funded and NUPENG should be on the board of the corporation as a part of the originators of the plan to set up the organization. The railway system needs to be revitalized to bring back its lost glory.<br />
<br />
<br />
CHAPTER FOUR<br />
4.1 SUMMARY<br />
In the summary of this term I will put it like this that the federal government should build more refineries through public-private-sector participation while fixing the existing ones. The government should increase security surveillance on the NNPC/PPMC pipeline right of way to stem further vandalisation and carry out regular maintenance to reduce the frequency of pipeline rupture. The law enforcement agents should be given warnings to stop harassing and shooting tanker drivers doing their legitimate duties all in the name of extortion. Such erring officers should be. brought to book. The NNPC must stop the use of selective use of some depots to the detriment of others with adequate capacity. Access roads to the depots should be maintained to reduce accidents and damages to oil trucks. Petroleum Equalisation Fund (PEF) and Directorate of Petroleum Resources (DPR) officials must work on public holidays to endorse waybills to enable tanker drivers load and distribute fuel on such days because they are on essential services to the nation on such occasions.<br />
4.2 CONCLUSION<br />
While write this paper I notice that the NNPC does not have a monopoly to the solutions that it was willing to carry all other stakeholders along in its drive to find a lasting antidote to the fuel problem, going into a deregulated environment the downstream sector must get its act together to face these issues. Deregulation itself is not likely to solve all these challenges over night. Therefore, the sector must get together and present their own perspective on how to end the problem of adequate distribution of fuel in Nigeria.<br />
<br />
REFERENCES<br />
Boele, R., Fabig, H., Wheeler, D. (2001). Shell, Nigeria and the Ogoni: A Study in Unsustainable Development: I. The Story of Shell, Nigeria and the Ogoni People- Environment, Economy, Relationships: Conflict and Prospects for Resolution. Sustainable Development, 9, 74-86. <br />
Carter, P. (2007). U.S. Department of State. Remarks on U.S. and International Cooperation in the Niger River Delta.<br />
<br />
Egan, J. (1997) Niger Delta Environmental Survey Final Report Phase I; Volume I: Environmental and Socio-Economic Characteristics (Lagos: Niger Delta Environmental Survey).<br />
<br />
Junger, S. (2007). A Human Rights, Environmental And Economic Monstrosity and Amnesty in Nigeria: Oil, Poverty and Violence.<br />
<br />
<br />
Olajuwon, Bola (2007). "29 per cent urban Nigerians shun bank accounts, says study". The Guardian (Lagos) (Guardian Newspapers Limited, via nigeriaworld.com).Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-72357876789820157852010-08-09T07:04:00.001-07:002010-08-09T07:04:29.783-07:00Blackout Looms as PHCN Workers Embark on StrikeBlackout Looms as PHCN Workers Embark on Strike<br />
BY<br />
NJOKU CHIJIOKE<br />
<br />
The relative stability in power supply in the country may soon be disrupted as electricity workers under the aegis of the National Union of Electricity Employees (NUEE) have directed their members to embark on indefinite strike action from Monday.<br />
The workers are protesting against the Federal Gover-nment’s planned privatisation of the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) and failure to pay the workers accrued benefits amounting to over N69 billion.<br />
The news of the imminent strike came hours after fire gutted the old Ijora Power Station in Lagos yesterday, destroying electrical equipment worth millions of naira.<br />
The workers are protesting non-payment of arrears of monetisation from 2003 to date, balance of 150 per cent salary increase and casualisation of PHCN workforce.<br />
Vice-President of Lagos/ Ogun Zone of NUEE, Mr. Mbang Obol Ntukube, said the government and PHCN management reneged on the agreement reached in May to address their grievances within four weeks.<br />
Ntukube noted that the workers had since submitted their account details to the management but no payment was made.<br />
On the possibility of negotiating with the government over the weekend to avert the strike, he said the workers are tired of holding talks with the government.<br />
“We are not meeting with them again. What kind of meeting? They keep on wasting PHCN resources in holding meetings. Is it not government that is paying? It is from PHCN resources. You know what it costs to meet at Sheraton. We go there to meet every day at the expense of PHCN. We won’t meet again; we want payment,” he said.<br />
Ntukube disclosed that Lagos/Ogun Zone was in total support of the actions of the National Secretariat of NUEE against the privatisation of PHCN and warned agents of privatisation to steer clear of PHCN installations, as the workers cannot guarantee their safety.<br />
On the allegation that the workers are not doing enough to improve electricity supply, Zonal Organising Secretary, Mr. Richard Kedee, said without the efforts of the workers, the whole electricity network would have collapsed over long years of neglect. He pointed out that the workers cannibalised old equipment to repair new ones.<br />
Both the NUEE and the Senior Staff Association of Electricity and Allied Companies (SSAEAC) had earlier insisted that there was no going back on the July 25 deadline handed down to the management of the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) to address their grievances.<br />
Meanwhile, THISDAY gathered that yesterday’s fire incident at the old Ijora Power Station was caused by welders working for an advertising agency, which was mounting a billboard at the top of the gigantic building.<br />
It took the intervention of the men of the Lagos State Fire and Safety Services, Nigeria Ports Authority, Police and the Federal Road Safety Commission to put out the inferno.<br />
At the time of the incident, the power station was not transmitting electricity as it had been abandoned over the years.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5669855635425401898.post-71501222331629756422010-08-09T07:00:00.001-07:002010-08-09T07:00:54.263-07:00Online Researchers (What Culture has led me into)It is a fact that the concept of culture is a mark of people’s identity. But before one can discuss further on this issue, it will be good to examine the definition, and aspects of culture.<br />
Culture according to Edward Tylor is; <br />
That complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of a society.<br />
<br />
This aspects of culture according to sociologists include the material culture which refers to the visible physical objects produces and given meaning by the people. This could be clothes, shoes arrows, bows etc.<br />
The non-material culture on the other hand, refers to the creations of human beings that are not in the physical form. They include norms, languages, rules, ideas and values etc. <br />
Let us now examine how these aspects of culture play a role in identifying a group of people in the society.<br />
Material Culture; this type of culture as stated before is the physical aspect of culture. It is of course a good mark of identity of people in a given society. The way people dress, the kind of house people live in marks the nature of the people. For instance, in Nigeria, the Northern part of the country is known for their type of attire. i.e. the type of cloth that covers their body from the top to their feet of commonly called agbada. Even when a person that is not from the same part of the country puts on the same type of clothe, he will be regarded as an offspring of the Northern land or that he was brought up in their environment or a likely environment. Also in the South Eastern part of the country before the colonial rule, their women were used to a type of cloth called ‘Jigida’ and ‘Ogodo’ for the male counterpart. The people from the Western world were also known for their dress code i.e. pair of trousers and suites of shirts and shorts.<br />
Non-Material Culture: This is the aspect of culture that is not in the physical form. One of the major part of the this aspect of culture is the language. Language as an aspect of culture also plays a major role in identifying different people from different groups of the society. The use of language is still prevalent in today’s societies in the sense that, the language spoken by any individual marks where he is born or trained. For instance, in a country like Nigeria, where there are about four hundred (400) languages from different ethnic groups. It is through language that one can separate a person from the Northern part of the country from other parts of the country. This language differences is also found in the South-eastern part of the country that is made up of five states. These states have their different languages. In some states, in the south-eastern part of the country, for example Enugu, there are different language spoken in different Local Governments, Communities and even villages. This is how one knows who is from this particular area and who is not. The case of an individual speaking different language at a time is as a result of one being trained in a different society other than where he was born.<br />
One can see from this examples that language is of no doubt a good mark of identity of a group of people in the society and differentiates them from other groups in the society.<br />
Values as one of the aspects of culture is defined as an embodiment of the ideas about what is good or bad; desirable and undesierable.<br />
This is of no doubt another mark of identity of the people from different cultural backgrounds. This is true because some behaviuors may look good in the view in a particular context i.e. the society where they are practiced and may be bad in another society. That is the meaning of the saying that “one man’s meat is another man’s poison”. This is aspect of culture is very common in the most societies of today. For instance, it is believed that two biological relation can intermarry themselves in a county like China i.e. two persons from the same parents. But such situation is seen as an abomination in a country like Nigeria most especially in the south-eastern part of the country. <br />
Also in the south-eastern part of the country, it is an abomination to make love or have sexual intercourse with a girl out of wedlock. But in the North Central region of the country, it is seen as a daily routine. It is even done sometimes in the presence of the girl’s parents. Most times, the parents of the girl child use to present their daughter to their visitors as ‘Kola’ for pleasure and satisfaction.<br />
It is also seen from this point and examples that what people enjoy doing and is rejected by another set of people is also marks the cultural background of the people<br />
Knowledge as one of the aspects of culture is also defined as the body of beliefs, skills, facts accumulated by people over time. The knowledge acquired by a set of people always differentiates them from another group or set of people. The skills of creating machines, automobiles and other useful devices differentiates the developed countries from the developing ones. This aspect o culture is seen in countries like, Japan, China, America and other developed countries. For Example, the skills to create automobile differentiates Japan from other countries of the world.<br />
Even in some parts of Nigeria, some communities and some states and regions are known for their skills in the production of certain unique materials. For example, the northern part of Nigeria is known for their skills in agricultural production. This shows that knowledge is a major player in the identification of people from different areas of the society.<br />
In summary, it can be deduced from these points that culture is truly the mark of identity of any group of people in a given society. This is seen in the study of the aspects of culture and the implications of the aspects of culture on different groups of the society.<br />
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14088241882425252436noreply@blogger.com0